<documentID-CLB-Dataset="113276"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846"ID-GBIF-Dataset="9558e1fb-e556-41cb-879e-7db7330181c5"ID-PMC="PMC9848741"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1116-1"ID-Pensoft-UUID="01801FD3E0435089A9718AB0B2F8DF79"ID-PubMed="36760986"ID-ZooBank="5A9FB0ABB37B4569A1F016DFB9AE3F7A"ModsDocID="1313-2970-1116-1"checkinTime="1659663417563"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Chimienti, Giovanni, Terraneo, Tullia Isotta, Vicario, Silvia, Marchese, Fabio, Purkis, Sam J., Abdulla Eweida, Ameer, Rodrigue, Mattie & Benzoni, Francesca"docDate="2022"docId="0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109"docLanguage="en"docName="ZooKeys 1116: 1-22"docOrigin="ZooKeys 1116"docPubDate="2022-08-04"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846"docTitle="Bathypathes thermophila Chimienti 2022, sp. nov."docType="treatment"docUuid="6D09BCE9-D0B6-4DA0-922A-2324A29380B3"docUuidSource="ZooBank"docVersion="5"id="01801FD3E0435089A9718AB0B2F8DF79"lastPageNumber="1"masterDocId="01801FD3E0435089A9718AB0B2F8DF79"masterDocTitle="A new species of Bathypathes (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from the Red Sea and its phylogenetic position"masterLastPageNumber="22"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="1"updateTime="1732855078192"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="07EC4305CD71C407D415CB67795C90EE">A new species of Bathypathes (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from the Red Sea and its phylogenetic position</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="F2FA180DBA1D5EB3019BEA126016FB8F">Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy & CoNISMa, Rome, Italy</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="2001B2776A2A630A064254F73C13E450">Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="BB1287CB581E0A308BE6ED31A1557556">Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePartid="83F777E544C5A6B7970E27CFED6454EF">Purkis, Sam J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="B7EB9990231642A5D8E7B891233F57C6">Center for Carbonate Research, Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA & Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Annapolis, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="BA49185DD68F5ACCF7666E2216F91BA7">Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia</mods:affiliation>
<figureCitationid="842B583C02C3259F6526197B7468CF01"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Figs 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="A39F9DC0D31CEE452DE32EC26CB88EF0"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="EF9A05927B777B93EE1D13667AFC410E"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="F4"captionText="Figure 4. Scanning Electron Microscope of the spines of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45 (a-f, h), MUZAC- 6665 (g, i) a stem and pinnule form the middle portion of the corallum b stem from the upper part of the corallum with c detail of the spines. Pinnule from the middle portion of the corallum with details of d proximal portion e distal portion, and f terminal portion g polypar spines on pinnule h row with three polypar spines on a distal pinnule i bifurcated polypar spine on pinnule. The right side of vertical skeletal elements and the upper side of horizontal ones is the polypar side. Scale bars: 500 µm (a, b); 100 µm (c-g); 50 µm (h, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure4"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723391"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">, 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="A03492ECAE7EC716D7638354A7798EA5"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">, 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="9D90B5F3C5ACE42DF93A044AC41E1059"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
<locationid="00E02F775158D8C497FC08DBA64A371F"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:00E02F775158D8C497FC08DBA64A371F"county="Shusha Island"latitude="27.8933"longLatPrecision="5"longitude="34.83665"municipality="Red Sea"name="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</location>
<locationid="8998739CDA93E1FD39B6F8A8A12AACF5"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:8998739CDA93E1FD39B6F8A8A12AACF5"county="Shusha Island"latitude="27.8933"longLatPrecision="5"longitude="34.83665"municipality="Red Sea"name="South of Magna">South of Magna</location>
<locationid="352462ED7EEEF5484FF2B550C5171EE6"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:352462ED7EEEF5484FF2B550C5171EE6"county="Shusha Island"latitude="27.8933"longLatPrecision="5"longitude="34.83665"municipality="Red Sea"name="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</location>
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<figureCitationid="F01BBAB7ACEDC26096F2F7D0445E11B8"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">2a, b</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="09BFDE5FAC6F41B5BA1894FF438330E5"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">3a-e</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="2D9326FD68A91A32D5CE808AD8500D9D"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">2c</figureCitation>
), regularly decreasing in diameter from the base to the top. Lower unpinnulated section of the stem (stalk) much shorter than upper pinnulated section. Pinnules simple, up to 20 cm long and subequal in length over most of the corallum, except for proximal and distal ones that are shorter. Pinnules arranged alternately in two lateral rows along the stem (Fig.
<figureCitationid="455E193CE675D7E53258DD71D09085EB"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">2d</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="4B29D737FF32469AC7458500B5EBA77D"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">3f</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="50B28BD03F47929E76285BEEAD9642B9"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">2d</figureCitation>
) and oriented slightly forward in the polypar side with respect to the stem. Pinnular basal diameter 0.18-0.40 mm (0.11 in young colonies). Spacing of pinnules on the same side 2.8-4.3 mm (Fig.
<figureCitationid="2D4C8EE35700AAC9025BDBB6FF81CA65"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">2d</figureCitation>
Spines on the pinnules smooth, laterally compressed, triangular, acute, simple or rarely bifurcated, 0.015-0.025 mm tall (occasionally down to 0.008 mm or up to 0.028 mm), with polypar spines almost the same size of abpolypar ones or slightly larger. Four or five rows of spines in lateral view, each row bearing from one to three spines (Fig.
<figureCitationid="AA3DB17C96629B9CCDCDA4D8B11B6B1B"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="F4"captionText="Figure 4. Scanning Electron Microscope of the spines of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45 (a-f, h), MUZAC- 6665 (g, i) a stem and pinnule form the middle portion of the corallum b stem from the upper part of the corallum with c detail of the spines. Pinnule from the middle portion of the corallum with details of d proximal portion e distal portion, and f terminal portion g polypar spines on pinnule h row with three polypar spines on a distal pinnule i bifurcated polypar spine on pinnule. The right side of vertical skeletal elements and the upper side of horizontal ones is the polypar side. Scale bars: 500 µm (a, b); 100 µm (c-g); 50 µm (h, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure4"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723391"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">4d-i</figureCitation>
bifurcated polypar spine on pinnule. The right side of vertical skeletal elements and the upper side of horizontal ones is the polypar side. Scale bars: 500
Spines on the stem smooth, laterally compressed, triangular in profile, acute, simple and enlarged at the base, 0.020-0.030 mm tall. Spines uniformly distributed around the stem, arranged in 10-14 longitudinal rows, each one bearing one to three parallel spines (Fig.
<figureCitationid="0C015BEB5252762E421C67DB2C708284"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="F4"captionText="Figure 4. Scanning Electron Microscope of the spines of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45 (a-f, h), MUZAC- 6665 (g, i) a stem and pinnule form the middle portion of the corallum b stem from the upper part of the corallum with c detail of the spines. Pinnule from the middle portion of the corallum with details of d proximal portion e distal portion, and f terminal portion g polypar spines on pinnule h row with three polypar spines on a distal pinnule i bifurcated polypar spine on pinnule. The right side of vertical skeletal elements and the upper side of horizontal ones is the polypar side. Scale bars: 500 µm (a, b); 100 µm (c-g); 50 µm (h, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure4"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723391"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">4a-c</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="C597B81971112C0C675C1AA68873E120"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">2e</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="0E3DEA0A15C9A74471079FF693EF7047"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">2f-i</figureCitation>
). Polyps sharply divided into three regions, with pairs of tentacles 0.5 mm long (contracted polyps) and 0.2-0.3 mm apart, and prominent oral cones. Polyps distance ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mm, generally 1 mm, with a density of 10-15 polyps per 3 cm.
<paragraphid="185D8A464CCC8E6047544F47387CD30B"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Description of the holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="ECACB785FC28A5A542CF4A39DA50B167"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">The holotype (MNHN-IK-2016-45) is a complete colony with an intact basal disk and apex. The colony is attached to the subfossil remains of an irregular echinoid encrusted by various small invertebrates. The colony is 74.5 cm long with a stem basal diameter of 1.8 mm. The unpinnulated stalk is 4 cm long. The basal disk is 7 mm in diameter with numerous, erect and acute spines, up to 0.9 mm tall, all over its surface. The pinnules are simple, bilateral and arranged alternately. Although pinnules are quite flexible, some of them are broken off. The longest remaining ones are ~ 20 cm in length with a basal diameter of ~ 0.28-0.40 mm. The number of pinnules on the corallum is 186 on one side and 181 on the other. Some pinnules are missing at the base of the corallum, likely broken and lost during collection with the sampling manipulator. Within each row, the pinnules are spaced 2.8-3.5 mm apart on the apical portion of the corallum, 3.2-3.7 mm on the middle area and 3.4-4.0 mm on the basal one. The resulting pinnular density is 14 per 3 cm (total for both rows) on the proximal portion of the stem to ~ 16-18 per 3 cm in the median and towards the distal end. The central axial canal is 0.31 mm wide on a pinnule 0.42 mm in diameter, and 0.10 mm on a pinnule 0.22 mm in diameter.</paragraph>
The stem is characterised by six or seven rows of spines in lateral view, although in some areas their distribution can be irregular. A single, 4-cm branch is present in the proximal area of the corallum, and a dichotomous ramification is present in the median area (Fig.
<figureCitationid="3E0A87990C02DFAACA79F3243A267908"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">3c, d</figureCitation>
<paragraphid="5FCB49E803F00B5BB9398397448D20DF"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Pinnular spines are small, from 0.017 to 0.022 mm tall, and 0.20-0.31 mm apart. Spines can be double or triple, particularly in the proximal portion of pinnules. Bifurcated spines are also present, although not common.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="C637928E0CD51A1A9C709F34EC812137"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">The polyps are 1.5-2.0 mm in transverse diameter, rarely smaller than 1.5 mm. Polyps density is 11-15 polyps per 3 cm on the stem and 11-13 polyps per 3 cm on the pinnules.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="C43265940B597E47422FBBB3321D187E"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Description of the paratypes.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="B9806970FD020E2C0A1B6DC4DCC89B09"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">The general morphology of the four paratypes analysed is similar to that of the holotype, with a monopodial corallum and pinnules simple, bilateral and arranged alternately. All paratypes have elongated polyps occurring in a single series on one side of the pinnules and of the stem.</paragraph>
<figureCitationid="DCD3673419002BAC00ED7512546646B9"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5a, b</figureCitation>
), with a stem basal diameter of 1 mm. The unpinnulated stalk is 2.8 cm long, while the basal disk is 4 mm in diameter with tall spines, up to 1 mm, erect or curved upwards. The pinnules are up to 9 cm long with a basal diameter of 0.25-0.35 mm and a pinnular density of 14-16 per 3 cm (Fig.
<figureCitationid="70D2B550719152A570C07BE526FD2C6E"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5c</figureCitation>
). Distance between adjacent pinnules on one side of the stem is 3.3-4.2 mm, except for one couple of pinnules in the median part of the colony that is not alternately arranged. The stem is characterised by six rows of spines in lateral view, although in some areas their distribution is more irregular. Rows are uniformly distributed around the stem, and host spines 0.020-0.028 mm tall. Spines on the pinnules are 0.018-0.022 mm tall, and 0.13-0.20 mm apart (Fig.
<figureCitationid="6285A934B634871BFB8206E4472AA3DE"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5e</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="FA6F348D8037C243C25D508EB203E792"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5d</figureCitation>
), rarely up to 3.0 mm, while young ones can be only 1.3 mm. They are mostly 1 mm apart, although distance can range between 0.8 and 2.3 mm. Density of 10 polyps per 3 cm.
<figureCitationid="B456769CAE32BD566DA12998A3455D3A"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5f, g</figureCitation>
), with a stem basal diameter of 1.6 mm. The unpinnulated stalk is 3 cm long, while the basal disk is 6.2 mm in diameter with spines up to 1.2 mm tall, erect or curved upwards. Pinnules up to 16 cm long with a basal diameter of 0.30-0.40 mm and a pinnular density of 12-15 per 3 cm. One couple of pinnules at the median and two at the distal part of the stem interrupt the alternate arrangement, being on the same side. A single, primary branch is present on one side of the colony and a single, secondary one on the other side (Fig.
<figureCitationid="FED8BDA6FA382698328EC9DC05C34315"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">3e</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="114A0A43D48E62E91295FF8E9A6DFCB1"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5i</figureCitation>
). Spines on the stem arranged in 6-7 rows per side and 0.020-0.030 mm tall. Polyps 2.0-2.5 mm in transverse diameter (occasionally up to 3.0 mm or down to 1.3 mm), with a density of 10-12 polyps per 3 cm (Fig.
<figureCitationid="93DA01223083339C96C89B01222FA638"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5h</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="58BA575E63A787B4119237F2A6FCEEF8"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5j</figureCitation>
), with a stem basal diameter of 0.6 mm. The unpinnulated stalk is 1.6 cm long, while the basal disk is 4 mm in diameter with spines up to 0.8 mm tall (Fig.
<figureCitationid="53F33A448A81F3955B588E808B5707F0"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5m</figureCitation>
). The pinnules are up to 7 cm long with a basal diameter of 0.11 mm and a pinnular density of 18-20 per 3 cm. The pinnules are characterised by four or five rows of spines in lateral view, with spines 0.012-0.016 mm tall and 0.10-0.22 mm apart (Fig.
<figureCitationid="3527CC12C4C8E28820A39636D12454B4"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5l</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="3EE5AA00C5254D1A0B69B38996145C87"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5k</figureCitation>
<paragraphid="1C36C5E81C0234DC8A540F9765CBF04E"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Paratype KAUST-NTN0056-3 is a complete colony 26 cm long, with a stem basal diameter of 0.9 mm. The unpinnulated stalk is 3.0 cm long, while the basal disk is 2.7 mm in diameter with tall spines, erect or curved upwards, up to 0.9 mm tall. Pinnules up to 11 cm long with a basal diameter of 0.18-0.26 mm and a pinnular density of 14-17 per 3 cm. Pinnules are alternate, with adjacent ones spaced 3.2-4.3 mm, except for one, single pair of pinnules present on the same side of the stem, in the median part of the colony. The central axial canal is 0.07 mm in diameter on a pinnule 0.12 mm in diameter. Pinnules with four rows of spines in lateral view, mostly 0.008-0.012 mm tall (some up to 0.018 mm) and 0.10-0.18 mm apart. Stem bearing five rows of spines in lateral view, 0.016-0.020 mm tall. The colony was found dead, without polyps.</paragraph>
(love, preference for), referring to the occurrence of this species in the rather warm Red Sea waters, especially compared to the water temperatures usually measured in other bodies of water within the same depth range.
<bibRefCitationid="009C30A1A61ED3D1285DB8A1D95791C4"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002"author="Qurban, MA"journalOrPublisher="Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="35 - 43"refId="B26"refString="Qurban, MA, Krishnakumar, PK, Joydas, TV, Manikandan, KP, Ashraf, TTM, Quadri, SI, Wafar, M, Qasem, A, Cairns, SD, 2014. In-situ observation of deep water corals in the northern Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia. Deep-sea Research. Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers 89: 35 - 43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002"title="In-situ observation of deep water corals in the northern Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia. Deep-sea Research."url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002"volume="89"year="2014">Qurban et al. (2014</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="84402D2FC10E361806CB5BECB0A67586"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the known occurrences of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. Black dots: observed colonies during the 2020 OceanX-Neom Red Sea Expedition; red dots: sampled colonies; triangles: photographic record by Qurban et al. (2014). Black squares indicate the occurrence of an aggregation of colonies. Codes indicate the submersible (NTN) or remotely operated vehicle (CHR) dives. Coordinates and depth ranges for each dive are reported in Suppl. material 1."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723388"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="26745ED4301F1DE1B316773CDD16C5E8"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the known occurrences of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. Black dots: observed colonies during the 2020 OceanX-Neom Red Sea Expedition; red dots: sampled colonies; triangles: photographic record by Qurban et al. (2014). Black squares indicate the occurrence of an aggregation of colonies. Codes indicate the submersible (NTN) or remotely operated vehicle (CHR) dives. Coordinates and depth ranges for each dive are reported in Suppl. material 1."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723388"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
sp. nov. seems to grow preferentially on scattered hard substrates (e.g., rocks, fresh, fossil or subfossil shells, coral rubble, and subfossil sea urchin tests) surrounded by mud, although it can occur also on rocky bottoms. The holotype (MNHN-IK-2016-45) had settled on a subfossil test of an irregular echinoid, recovered on a sloping rocky substrate covered in a thin muddy layer. The paratypes occurred on muddy bottom with scattered biogenic small substrates (KAUST-NTN0037-8, MUZAC-6665) and on hardground surrounded by mud (MUZAC-6666, KAUST-NTN0056-3).
<bibRefCitationid="F168CD174FB5905CD6880E51A17263DB"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002"author="Qurban, MA"journalOrPublisher="Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="35 - 43"refId="B26"refString="Qurban, MA, Krishnakumar, PK, Joydas, TV, Manikandan, KP, Ashraf, TTM, Quadri, SI, Wafar, M, Qasem, A, Cairns, SD, 2014. In-situ observation of deep water corals in the northern Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia. Deep-sea Research. Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers 89: 35 - 43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002"title="In-situ observation of deep water corals in the northern Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia. Deep-sea Research."url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002"volume="89"year="2014">Qurban et al. (2014</bibRefCitation>
sp. nov. lives in relatively warm waters. The species is quite common in the bathyal zone of the Red Sea, where a total of 335 colonies were observed within this study (Suppl. material 1, 2). Aggregations of up to two colonies m-2 were found at 280-300 m depth in two different areas (Fig.
<figureCitationid="1DA5CE85359B51E468665CC9F489FEA2"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the known occurrences of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. Black dots: observed colonies during the 2020 OceanX-Neom Red Sea Expedition; red dots: sampled colonies; triangles: photographic record by Qurban et al. (2014). Black squares indicate the occurrence of an aggregation of colonies. Codes indicate the submersible (NTN) or remotely operated vehicle (CHR) dives. Coordinates and depth ranges for each dive are reported in Suppl. material 1."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723388"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="65E087EC9C3D8E76D821219E8F0E1D9D"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Distribution and associations of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a aggregations of colonies (white arrows) b detail of four co-occurring colonies. Epibionts c, d unidentified spider crabs e unidentified crinoid. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c-e)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723393"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">6a-d</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="BEB2CCA352A76A69A71FC4979B4DAE36"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Distribution and associations of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a aggregations of colonies (white arrows) b detail of four co-occurring colonies. Epibionts c, d unidentified spider crabs e unidentified crinoid. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c-e)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723393"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">6c-e</figureCitation>
Molodtsova, Opresko and Wagner 2022 show alternate subpinnules. The former is characterised by a peculiar broadening of the stem in the middle region, to which the species name refers (
in the pinnular rows of spines (four or five per side homogenously distributed vs. six or seven on one side and four on the other) and in the size of the spines (0.015-0.025 mm vs. 0.040 mm). Finally, the basal diameter of the stem of
in having a colony which can bear one or a few branches (vs unbranched), higher pinnular density (12-20 vs. 6-12 pinnules per 3 cm), shorter pinnular spines (0.008-0.028 vs 0.030-0.080 mm) with higher density (5-8 vs. 4-5 spines per mm), smaller polyps (1.5-2.5 vs. 3-5 mm in transverse diameter), and higher density of polyps (10-15 vs. 6-7.5 polyps per 3 cm).
<figureCitationid="C9A27D4A29A13324EB5C3BE9A2D6B31A"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">3a-e</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="92DA337BF9EC64C790BD9B625999EA39"DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.5.1"author="Opresko, DM"journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="401 - 422"refId="B24"refString="Opresko, DM, Molodtsova, T, 2021. New species of deep-sea Antipatharians from the North Pacific (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia), Part 2. Zootaxa 4999 (5): 401 - 422, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.5.1"title="New species of deep-sea Antipatharians from the North Pacific (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia), Part 2."url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.5.1"volume="4999"year="2021">Opresko and Molodtsova (2021)</bibRefCitation>
sp. nov. colonies did not reveal signs of past issues, suggesting that occasional branching can be due to the division of a primary polyp. On the contrary, signs of recovery after mechanical damage were observed on the skeletal of
<figureCitationid="C2E7D7B45D20496CD8F390A28D8799C5"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">3g</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="5E2A617D9D1F0AB9F4622356049789D3"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">3i</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="2380EB8A9229CF76BF1C61D9B8564DFD"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">3h</figureCitation>
