640 lines
76 KiB
XML
640 lines
76 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1116-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="01801FD3E0435089A9718AB0B2F8DF79" ID-ZooBank="5A9FB0ABB37B4569A1F016DFB9AE3F7A" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1116-1" checkinTime="1659663417563" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Chimienti, Giovanni, Terraneo, Tullia Isotta, Vicario, Silvia, Marchese, Fabio, Purkis, Sam J., Abdulla Eweida, Ameer, Rodrigue, Mattie & Benzoni, Francesca" docDate="2022" docId="0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1116: 1-22" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1116" docPubDate="2022-08-04" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846" docTitle="Bathypathes thermophila Chimienti 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="6D09BCE9-D0B6-4DA0-922A-2324A29380B3" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="01801FD3E0435089A9718AB0B2F8DF79" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="01801FD3E0435089A9718AB0B2F8DF79" masterDocTitle="A new species of Bathypathes (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from the Red Sea and its phylogenetic position" masterLastPageNumber="22" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1659663417563" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new species of Bathypathes (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from the Red Sea and its phylogenetic position</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Chimienti, Giovanni</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2581-3430</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy & CoNISMa, Rome, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">giovanni.chimienti@uniba.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Terraneo, Tullia Isotta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vicario, Silvia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Marchese, Fabio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Purkis, Sam J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Center for Carbonate Research, Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA & Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Annapolis, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Abdulla Eweida, Ameer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Neom, Saudi Arabia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rodrigue, Mattie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>OceanX, New York, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Benzoni, Francesca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-1309</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-08-04</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1116</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>22</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1116-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">5A9FB0ABB37B4569A1F016DFB9AE3F7A</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">01801FD3E0435089A9718AB0B2F8DF79</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6D09BCE9-D0B6-4DA0-922A-2324A29380B3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/6D09BCE9-D0B6-4DA0-922A-2324A29380B3" authority="Chimienti" authorityName="Chimienti" authorityYear="2022" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila" status="sp. nov.">Bathypathes thermophila Chimienti</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning Electron Microscope of the spines of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45 (a-f, h), MUZAC- 6665 (g, i) a stem and pinnule form the middle portion of the corallum b stem from the upper part of the corallum with c detail of the spines. Pinnule from the middle portion of the corallum with details of d proximal portion e distal portion, and f terminal portion g polypar spines on pinnule h row with three polypar spines on a distal pinnule i bifurcated polypar spine on pinnule. The right side of vertical skeletal elements and the upper side of horizontal ones is the polypar side. Scale bars: 500 µm (a, b); 100 µm (c-g); 50 µm (h, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723391" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 5</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: MNHN-IK-2016-45 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
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), Red Sea, Duba Channel,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="27.643801" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="27.6438">27.643801°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="35.455505" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="35.455505">35.455505°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.03" unit="m" value="303.0">303 m</quantity>
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,
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<date value="2020-10-09">9 Oct 2020</date>
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,
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<taxonomicName genus="Neptune" lsidName="Neptune" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Neptune</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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submersible (collection code NTN0028-6).
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-10-12" collectingDateMax="2020-11-07" collectingDateMin="2020-10-12" county="Shusha Island" elevation="278" latitude="27.8933" location="Red Sea" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="34.83665" municipality="Red Sea" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: KAUST-NTN0037-8,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:8B875FA0DAAEFE200EA96BE59D0592F4" county="Shusha Island" latitude="27.8933" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="34.83665" municipality="Red Sea" name="Red Sea">Red Sea</location>
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, off
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:1F34763BFB026091E80A8F0FFA669459" county="Shusha Island" latitude="27.8933" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="34.83665" municipality="Red Sea" name="Haql">Haql</location>
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(
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:00E02F775158D8C497FC08DBA64A371F" county="Shusha Island" latitude="27.8933" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="34.83665" municipality="Red Sea" name="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</location>
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),
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<geoCoordinate degrees="29.264796" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="29.264795">29.264796°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="34.920449" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="34.92045">34.920449°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.78" unit="m" value="278.0">
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<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.78" unit="m" value="278.0">278 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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,
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<collectingDate value="2020-10-21">21 Oct 2020</collectingDate>
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,
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<taxonomicName genus="Neptune" lsidName="Neptune" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Neptune</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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submersible (collection code NTN0037-8); MUZAC-6665,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:C59D45370065F3C99D60F2F8612B2068" county="Shusha Island" latitude="27.8933" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="34.83665" municipality="Red Sea" name="Red Sea">Red Sea</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:8998739CDA93E1FD39B6F8A8A12AACF5" county="Shusha Island" latitude="27.8933" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="34.83665" municipality="Red Sea" name="South of Magna">South of Magna</location>
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(
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:352462ED7EEEF5484FF2B550C5171EE6" county="Shusha Island" latitude="27.8933" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="34.83665" municipality="Red Sea" name="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</location>
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),
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<geoCoordinate degrees="28.31497" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="28.31497">28.31497°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="34.68936" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="34.68936">34.68936°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2299999999999995" unit="m" value="323.0">
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<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2299999999999995" unit="m" value="323.0">323 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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,
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<collectingDate value="2020-10-25">25 Oct 2020</collectingDate>
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,
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<taxonomicName genus="Neptune" lsidName="Neptune" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Neptune</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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submersible (collection code NTN0040-2); MUZAC-6666,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:7C4301F6F7CD5953038B8F9F326FA262" county="Shusha Island" latitude="27.8933" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="34.83665" municipality="Red Sea" name="Red Sea">Red Sea</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DF109C5A73D5B3E89EAD1C2DD426109:2A697926E4847637CB144A957243DFDF" county="Shusha Island" latitude="27.8933" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="34.83665" municipality="Red Sea" name="South Sila Island">South Sila Island</location>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="27.562322" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="27.562323">27.562322°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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||
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<geoCoordinate degrees="35.283313" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="35.283314">35.283313°E</geoCoordinate>
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||
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,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.29" unit="m" value="629.0">
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<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.29" unit="m" value="629.0">629 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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||
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,
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<collectingDate value="2020-10-12">12 Oct 2020</collectingDate>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Holocephali" family="Chimaeridae" genus="Chimaera" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chimaera" order="Chimaeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chimaera</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
ROV (collection code CHR0011-2); KAUST-NTN0056-3,
|
||
|
|
<collectingMunicipality>Red Sea</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
|
|
, off
|
||
|
|
<collectingCounty>Shusha Island</collectingCounty>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="27.8933" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="27.8933">27.8933°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="34.83665" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="34.83665">34.83665°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.97" unit="m" value="597.0">
|
||
|
|
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.97" unit="m" value="597.0">597 m</elevation>
|
||
|
|
</quantity>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<collectingDate value="2020-11-07">7 Nov 2020</collectingDate>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Neptune" lsidName="Neptune" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Neptune</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
submersible (collection code NTN0056-3)
|
||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chimienti" authorityYear="2022" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bathypathes thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov.,
|
||
|
|
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
|
|
(MNHN-IK-2016-45)
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
colony in situ
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
dry colony
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
base and stem
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
alternate arrangement of pinnules
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
polyps on both stem and pinnules, with
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">f</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
detail of a polyp
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
pinnular terminal polyp
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">h, i</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars:
|
||
|
|
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a, b</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
);
|
||
|
|
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
);
|
||
|
|
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d, e</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 200
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">f, h</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 100
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g, i</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</caption>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
Colony attached though a basal disk, monopodial, generally unbranched or with a few, random branches, and pinnulate (Figs
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3a-e</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Stem cylindrical (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2c</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), regularly decreasing in diameter from the base to the top. Lower unpinnulated section of the stem (stalk) much shorter than upper pinnulated section. Pinnules simple, up to 20 cm long and subequal in length over most of the corallum, except for proximal and distal ones that are shorter. Pinnules arranged alternately in two lateral rows along the stem (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2d</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), although one or few couples of pinnules can be occasionally present on the same side (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3f</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Pinnules inclined of 30° in frontal view (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2d</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
) and oriented slightly forward in the polypar side with respect to the stem. Pinnular basal diameter 0.18-0.40 mm (0.11 in young colonies). Spacing of pinnules on the same side 2.8-4.3 mm (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2d</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), with a pinnular density of 12-18 per 3 cm (up to 20 in young colonies), including pinnules on both sides.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Branching and damages in
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chimienti" authorityYear="2022" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bathypathes thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov.
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK-2016-45)
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
ramification observed in situ
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
ramification at the middle of the colony with
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC-6665
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right)
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">f</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
cicatricial nodule on a pinnule
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">h</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">i</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a, b</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 1 cm (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c, e</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 1 mm (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d, f</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 100
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g-i</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</caption>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
Spines on the pinnules smooth, laterally compressed, triangular, acute, simple or rarely bifurcated, 0.015-0.025 mm tall (occasionally down to 0.008 mm or up to 0.028 mm), with polypar spines almost the same size of abpolypar ones or slightly larger. Four or five rows of spines in lateral view, each row bearing from one to three spines (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning Electron Microscope of the spines of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45 (a-f, h), MUZAC- 6665 (g, i) a stem and pinnule form the middle portion of the corallum b stem from the upper part of the corallum with c detail of the spines. Pinnule from the middle portion of the corallum with details of d proximal portion e distal portion, and f terminal portion g polypar spines on pinnule h row with three polypar spines on a distal pinnule i bifurcated polypar spine on pinnule. The right side of vertical skeletal elements and the upper side of horizontal ones is the polypar side. Scale bars: 500 µm (a, b); 100 µm (c-g); 50 µm (h, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723391" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4d-i</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), with a density of 5-8 spines per mm (considering double or triple spines as one). Rows can be less obvious on some pinnules.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723391" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Scanning Electron Microscope of the spines of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chimienti" authorityYear="2022" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bathypathes thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov., MNHN-IK-2016-45 (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a-f, h</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
), MUZAC-6665 (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g, i</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
stem and pinnule form the middle portion of the corallum
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
stem from the upper part of the corallum with
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
detail of the spines. Pinnule from the middle portion of the corallum with details of
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
proximal portion
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
distal portion, and
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">f</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
terminal portion
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
polypar spines on pinnule
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">h</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
row with three polypar spines on a distal pinnule
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">i</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
bifurcated polypar spine on pinnule. The right side of vertical skeletal elements and the upper side of horizontal ones is the polypar side. Scale bars: 500
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a, b</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 100
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c-g</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 50
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">h, i</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</caption>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
Spines on the stem smooth, laterally compressed, triangular in profile, acute, simple and enlarged at the base, 0.020-0.030 mm tall. Spines uniformly distributed around the stem, arranged in 10-14 longitudinal rows, each one bearing one to three parallel spines (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning Electron Microscope of the spines of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45 (a-f, h), MUZAC- 6665 (g, i) a stem and pinnule form the middle portion of the corallum b stem from the upper part of the corallum with c detail of the spines. Pinnule from the middle portion of the corallum with details of d proximal portion e distal portion, and f terminal portion g polypar spines on pinnule h row with three polypar spines on a distal pinnule i bifurcated polypar spine on pinnule. The right side of vertical skeletal elements and the upper side of horizontal ones is the polypar side. Scale bars: 500 µm (a, b); 100 µm (c-g); 50 µm (h, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723391" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4a-c</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Spines often random on the proximal stem and near the basal disk. Basal disk with numerous, elongated spines up to 1.2 mm tall.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
Polyps present on one side on both pinnules and stem (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2e</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), elongated along the transverse axis, 1.5-2.5 mm in transverse diameter (rarely smaller or larger) and 0.5 mm large (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov., holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) a colony in situ b dry colony c base and stem d alternate arrangement of pinnules e polyps on both stem and pinnules, with f detail of a polyp g pinnular terminal polyp h, i apical polyp of the colony. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 5 cm (c); 1 mm (d, e); 200 µm (f, h); 100 µm (g, i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2f-i</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Polyps sharply divided into three regions, with pairs of tentacles 0.5 mm long (contracted polyps) and 0.2-0.3 mm apart, and prominent oral cones. Polyps distance ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mm, generally 1 mm, with a density of 10-15 polyps per 3 cm.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of the holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The holotype (MNHN-IK-2016-45) is a complete colony with an intact basal disk and apex. The colony is attached to the subfossil remains of an irregular echinoid encrusted by various small invertebrates. The colony is 74.5 cm long with a stem basal diameter of 1.8 mm. The unpinnulated stalk is 4 cm long. The basal disk is 7 mm in diameter with numerous, erect and acute spines, up to 0.9 mm tall, all over its surface. The pinnules are simple, bilateral and arranged alternately. Although pinnules are quite flexible, some of them are broken off. The longest remaining ones are ~ 20 cm in length with a basal diameter of ~ 0.28-0.40 mm. The number of pinnules on the corallum is 186 on one side and 181 on the other. Some pinnules are missing at the base of the corallum, likely broken and lost during collection with the sampling manipulator. Within each row, the pinnules are spaced 2.8-3.5 mm apart on the apical portion of the corallum, 3.2-3.7 mm on the middle area and 3.4-4.0 mm on the basal one. The resulting pinnular density is 14 per 3 cm (total for both rows) on the proximal portion of the stem to ~ 16-18 per 3 cm in the median and towards the distal end. The central axial canal is 0.31 mm wide on a pinnule 0.42 mm in diameter, and 0.10 mm on a pinnule 0.22 mm in diameter.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
The stem is characterised by six or seven rows of spines in lateral view, although in some areas their distribution can be irregular. A single, 4-cm branch is present in the proximal area of the corallum, and a dichotomous ramification is present in the median area (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3c, d</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pinnular spines are small, from 0.017 to 0.022 mm tall, and 0.20-0.31 mm apart. Spines can be double or triple, particularly in the proximal portion of pinnules. Bifurcated spines are also present, although not common.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The polyps are 1.5-2.0 mm in transverse diameter, rarely smaller than 1.5 mm. Polyps density is 11-15 polyps per 3 cm on the stem and 11-13 polyps per 3 cm on the pinnules.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of the paratypes.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The general morphology of the four paratypes analysed is similar to that of the holotype, with a monopodial corallum and pinnules simple, bilateral and arranged alternately. All paratypes have elongated polyps occurring in a single series on one side of the pinnules and of the stem.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
Paratype KAUST-NTN0037-8 is a complete colony of 27 cm in length (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), with a stem basal diameter of 1 mm. The unpinnulated stalk is 2.8 cm long, while the basal disk is 4 mm in diameter with tall spines, up to 1 mm, erect or curved upwards. The pinnules are up to 9 cm long with a basal diameter of 0.25-0.35 mm and a pinnular density of 14-16 per 3 cm (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5c</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Distance between adjacent pinnules on one side of the stem is 3.3-4.2 mm, except for one couple of pinnules in the median part of the colony that is not alternately arranged. The stem is characterised by six rows of spines in lateral view, although in some areas their distribution is more irregular. Rows are uniformly distributed around the stem, and host spines 0.020-0.028 mm tall. Spines on the pinnules are 0.018-0.022 mm tall, and 0.13-0.20 mm apart (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5e</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Each pinnule bears 4-5 rows of spines in lateral view. Polyps are generally 1.9-2.5 mm in transverse diameter (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5d</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), rarely up to 3.0 mm, while young ones can be only 1.3 mm. They are mostly 1 mm apart, although distance can range between 0.8 and 2.3 mm. Density of 10 polyps per 3 cm.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Paratypes of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chimienti" authorityYear="2022" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bathypathes thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. KAUST-NTN0037-8
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
lateral view
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
polyp
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC-6665
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">f</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
colony in situ on muddy bottom
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
dry colony in frontal view
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">h</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
distal polyps
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">i</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC-6666
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">j</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">k</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
polyps on pinnule
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">l</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">m</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a, f, g, j</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 1 cm (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b, c</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 1 mm (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d, h, k, m</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 100
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e, i, l</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</caption>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
Paratype MUZAC-6665 is a complete colony of 45 cm in length (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5f, g</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), with a stem basal diameter of 1.6 mm. The unpinnulated stalk is 3 cm long, while the basal disk is 6.2 mm in diameter with spines up to 1.2 mm tall, erect or curved upwards. Pinnules up to 16 cm long with a basal diameter of 0.30-0.40 mm and a pinnular density of 12-15 per 3 cm. One couple of pinnules at the median and two at the distal part of the stem interrupt the alternate arrangement, being on the same side. A single, primary branch is present on one side of the colony and a single, secondary one on the other side (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3e</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Pinnular spines 0.021-0.028 mm tall, 0.12-0.30 mm apart, and arranged in 4-5 rows in lateral view (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5i</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Spines on the stem arranged in 6-7 rows per side and 0.020-0.030 mm tall. Polyps 2.0-2.5 mm in transverse diameter (occasionally up to 3.0 mm or down to 1.3 mm), with a density of 10-12 polyps per 3 cm (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5h</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
Paratype MUZAC-6666 is a complete colony of 14 cm in length (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5j</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), with a stem basal diameter of 0.6 mm. The unpinnulated stalk is 1.6 cm long, while the basal disk is 4 mm in diameter with spines up to 0.8 mm tall (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5m</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). The pinnules are up to 7 cm long with a basal diameter of 0.11 mm and a pinnular density of 18-20 per 3 cm. The pinnules are characterised by four or five rows of spines in lateral view, with spines 0.012-0.016 mm tall and 0.10-0.22 mm apart (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5l</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Polyps are 1.5-2.0 mm in transverse diameter, 1.5-2.0 mm apart, with a density of 9-10 polyps per 3 cm (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paratypes of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. KAUST-NTN 0037 - 8 a colony in situ, on a muddy bottom with scattered biogenic hard substrate b dry colony in frontal view (polypar side) and in c lateral view d polyp e spines on a proximal pinnule. MUZAC- 6665 f colony in situ on muddy bottom g dry colony in frontal view h distal polyps i proximal spines on a pinnule from the lower part of the corallum. MUZAC- 6666 j colony in situ on a hard ground, with a spider crab as epibiont k polyps on pinnule l spines arrangement on pinnule form the upper part of the corallum m base of the colony. Upper side of horizontal skeletal elements is the polypar side. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, f, g, j); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, h, k, m); 100 µm (e, i, l)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5k</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratype KAUST-NTN0056-3 is a complete colony 26 cm long, with a stem basal diameter of 0.9 mm. The unpinnulated stalk is 3.0 cm long, while the basal disk is 2.7 mm in diameter with tall spines, erect or curved upwards, up to 0.9 mm tall. Pinnules up to 11 cm long with a basal diameter of 0.18-0.26 mm and a pinnular density of 14-17 per 3 cm. Pinnules are alternate, with adjacent ones spaced 3.2-4.3 mm, except for one, single pair of pinnules present on the same side of the stem, in the median part of the colony. The central axial canal is 0.07 mm in diameter on a pinnule 0.12 mm in diameter. Pinnules with four rows of spines in lateral view, mostly 0.008-0.012 mm tall (some up to 0.018 mm) and 0.10-0.18 mm apart. Stem bearing five rows of spines in lateral view, 0.016-0.020 mm tall. The colony was found dead, without polyps.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
The species name is derived from the Greek words
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">thermos</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
(hot) and
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">philia</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
(love, preference for), referring to the occurrence of this species in the rather warm Red Sea waters, especially compared to the water temperatures usually measured in other bodies of water within the same depth range.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
A colony matching the macro-morphology of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. is shown in
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002" author="Qurban, MA" journalOrPublisher="Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 43" refId="B26" refString="Qurban, MA, Krishnakumar, PK, Joydas, TV, Manikandan, KP, Ashraf, TTM, Quadri, SI, Wafar, M, Qasem, A, Cairns, SD, 2014. In-situ observation of deep water corals in the northern Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia. Deep-sea Research. Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers 89: 35 - 43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002" title="In-situ observation of deep water corals in the northern Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia. Deep-sea Research." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002" volume="89" year="2014">Qurban et al. (2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
: fig. 3F), where it is reported as an "unidentified sea fan". It is reported from two areas off Duba (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the known occurrences of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. Black dots: observed colonies during the 2020 OceanX-Neom Red Sea Expedition; red dots: sampled colonies; triangles: photographic record by Qurban et al. (2014). Black squares indicate the occurrence of an aggregation of colonies. Codes indicate the submersible (NTN) or remotely operated vehicle (CHR) dives. Coordinates and depth ranges for each dive are reported in Suppl. material 1." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723388" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), at 360-720 m depth, extending the known distribution further south from our sampling area. To date,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. is only known from the Gulf of Aqaba and northern Red Sea (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the known occurrences of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. Black dots: observed colonies during the 2020 OceanX-Neom Red Sea Expedition; red dots: sampled colonies; triangles: photographic record by Qurban et al. (2014). Black squares indicate the occurrence of an aggregation of colonies. Codes indicate the submersible (NTN) or remotely operated vehicle (CHR) dives. Coordinates and depth ranges for each dive are reported in Suppl. material 1." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723388" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), from 195 to 720 m depth.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="habitat">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chimienti" authorityYear="2022" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bathypathes thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. seems to grow preferentially on scattered hard substrates (e.g., rocks, fresh, fossil or subfossil shells, coral rubble, and subfossil sea urchin tests) surrounded by mud, although it can occur also on rocky bottoms. The holotype (MNHN-IK-2016-45) had settled on a subfossil test of an irregular echinoid, recovered on a sloping rocky substrate covered in a thin muddy layer. The paratypes occurred on muddy bottom with scattered biogenic small substrates (KAUST-NTN0037-8, MUZAC-6665) and on hardground surrounded by mud (MUZAC-6666, KAUST-NTN0056-3).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
Water temperature on the seabed was 22 °C, as also reported off Duba by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002" author="Qurban, MA" journalOrPublisher="Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 43" refId="B26" refString="Qurban, MA, Krishnakumar, PK, Joydas, TV, Manikandan, KP, Ashraf, TTM, Quadri, SI, Wafar, M, Qasem, A, Cairns, SD, 2014. In-situ observation of deep water corals in the northern Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia. Deep-sea Research. Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers 89: 35 - 43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002" title="In-situ observation of deep water corals in the northern Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia. Deep-sea Research." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002" volume="89" year="2014">Qurban et al. (2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
: fig. 6), indicating that
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. lives in relatively warm waters. The species is quite common in the bathyal zone of the Red Sea, where a total of 335 colonies were observed within this study (Suppl. material 1, 2). Aggregations of up to two colonies m-2 were found at 280-300 m depth in two different areas (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the known occurrences of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. Black dots: observed colonies during the 2020 OceanX-Neom Red Sea Expedition; red dots: sampled colonies; triangles: photographic record by Qurban et al. (2014). Black squares indicate the occurrence of an aggregation of colonies. Codes indicate the submersible (NTN) or remotely operated vehicle (CHR) dives. Coordinates and depth ranges for each dive are reported in Suppl. material 1." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723388" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
, Suppl. material 1), where
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. was the only erect organism (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution and associations of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a aggregations of colonies (white arrows) b detail of four co-occurring colonies. Epibionts c, d unidentified spider crabs e unidentified crinoid. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c-e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723393" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6a-d</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). There, it enhances the benthic structural complexity on flat or gently sloping seabed covered by a mud veneer.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. is often used as habitat by crinoids, spider crabs, and other epibionts (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution and associations of Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a aggregations of colonies (white arrows) b detail of four co-occurring colonies. Epibionts c, d unidentified spider crabs e unidentified crinoid. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c-e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723393" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6c-e</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723393" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
Distribution and associations of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chimienti" authorityYear="2022" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bathypathes thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov.
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
aggregations of colonies (white arrows)
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
detail of four co-occurring colonies. Epibionts
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c, d</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
unidentified spider crabs
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
unidentified crinoid. Scale bars: 10 cm (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a, b</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
); 1 cm (
|
||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c-e</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</caption>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comparisons">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
Within the genus
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brook" authorityYear="1889" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bathypathes</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. platycaulus" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="platycaulus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. platycaulus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
Totton, 1923 and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. pseudoalternata" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoalternata">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. pseudoalternata</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
Molodtsova, Opresko and Wagner 2022 show alternate subpinnules. The former is characterised by a peculiar broadening of the stem in the middle region, to which the species name refers (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Totton, AK" journalOrPublisher="Zoology (Jena, Germany)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="97 - 120" refId="B32" refString="Totton, AK, 1923. Coelenterata, Part III, Antipatharia (and their Cirripede commensals). British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910-1913, Natural History Reports. Zoology (Jena, Germany) 5: 97 - 120" title="Coelenterata, Part III, Antipatharia (and their Cirripede commensals). British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910 - 1913, Natural History Reports." volume="5" year="1923">Totton 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
), while
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. has a cylindrical stem all along the corallum which lacks a flattened region.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chimienti" authorityYear="2022" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bathypathes thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. also differs from
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. platycaulus" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="platycaulus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. platycaulus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
in the pinnular rows of spines (four or five per side homogenously distributed vs. six or seven on one side and four on the other) and in the size of the spines (0.015-0.025 mm vs. 0.040 mm). Finally, the basal diameter of the stem of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. platycaulus" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="platycaulus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. platycaulus</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
increases in width in the first 7 cm (from 1.5 mm to 1.75 mm) after which it tapers away gradually up to ~ 0.28 mm at the apex (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Totton, AK" journalOrPublisher="Zoology (Jena, Germany)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="97 - 120" refId="B32" refString="Totton, AK, 1923. Coelenterata, Part III, Antipatharia (and their Cirripede commensals). British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910-1913, Natural History Reports. Zoology (Jena, Germany) 5: 97 - 120" title="Coelenterata, Part III, Antipatharia (and their Cirripede commensals). British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910 - 1913, Natural History Reports." volume="5" year="1923">Totton 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
), being somehow flattered. Conversely, the stem diameter of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. decreases slightly and constantly from the base to the apex.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chimienti" authorityYear="2022" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bathypathes thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. differs from
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. pseudoalternata" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoalternata">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. pseudoalternata</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
in having a colony which can bear one or a few branches (vs unbranched), higher pinnular density (12-20 vs. 6-12 pinnules per 3 cm), shorter pinnular spines (0.008-0.028 vs 0.030-0.080 mm) with higher density (5-8 vs. 4-5 spines per mm), smaller polyps (1.5-2.5 vs. 3-5 mm in transverse diameter), and higher density of polyps (10-15 vs. 6-7.5 polyps per 3 cm).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
|
|
Large colonies, approximately higher than 40 cm, can show one or few ramifications (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3a-e</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Despite
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.5.1" author="Opresko, DM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="401 - 422" refId="B24" refString="Opresko, DM, Molodtsova, T, 2021. New species of deep-sea Antipatharians from the North Pacific (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia), Part 2. Zootaxa 4999 (5): 401 - 422, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.5.1" title="New species of deep-sea Antipatharians from the North Pacific (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia), Part 2." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.5.1" volume="4999" year="2021">Opresko and Molodtsova (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
suggesting that monopodial colonies of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brook" authorityYear="1889" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathypathes" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bathypathes</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
can have one ramification due to damaging events, skeletal analysis in proximity of the branching in
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. colonies did not reveal signs of past issues, suggesting that occasional branching can be due to the division of a primary polyp. On the contrary, signs of recovery after mechanical damage were observed on the skeletal of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" genus="B." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. thermophila" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thermophila">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. thermophila</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sp. nov. without the occurrence of ramifications. These signs were evident mostly as a skeletal swelling (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3g</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), a chaotic pattern of spines (Fig.
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3i</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
), or a drastic narrowing of the pinnular section (Fig.
|
||
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Branching and damages in Bathypathes thermophila sp. nov. a example of a colony in situ with different branches. Holotype (MNHN-IK- 2016 - 45) b ramification observed in situ c ramification at the middle of the colony with d detail of the ramification. Paratype MUZAC- 6665 e primary branch (on the left) and secondary branch (on the right) f example of two pinnules present on the same side of the stem with respect to the alternate pattern g cicatricial nodule on a pinnule h narrowing of the pinnular section possibly due to an injury and a subsequent recovery i spines arranged irregularly over a skeletal scar. Scale bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, e); 1 mm (d, f); 100 µm (g-i)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1116.79846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/723390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3h</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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