<documentid="8BABC406BE884B4FB8BB29A5BCBE5D4F"ID-CLB-Dataset="2869"ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab021"ID-GBIF-Dataset="9ad2cd5f-60d4-4c02-819f-fea89dda74f7"ID-ISSN="0024-4082"ID-Zenodo-Dep="5799206"ID-ZooBank="A93B7D7A-1F8E-4E59-B86D-67814E01F797"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe"checkinTime="1640158773547"checkinUser="plazi"docAuthor="Shiganova, Tamara A. & Abyzova, Galina A."docDate="2022"docId="03A38E58FFA6AB345E3D39F222AEB197"docLanguage="en"docName="zlab021.pdf"docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194"docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article"docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8"docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article"docStyleVersion="7"docTitle="Beroe cucumis Fabricius 1780"docType="treatment"docVersion="6"lastPageNumber="308"masterDocId="FF9AF620FFADAB3F5F2B3B55270AB74E"masterDocTitle="Revision of Beroidae (Ctenophora) in the southern seas of Europe: systematics and distribution based on genetics and morphology"masterLastPageNumber="322"masterPageNumber="297"pageNumber="308"updateTime="1732700878030"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="FC09DE1ED31AEE076ED717F6C19C9AF4">Revision of Beroidae (Ctenophora) in the southern seas of Europe: systematics and distribution based on genetics and morphology</mods:title>
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345EF239F2259DB58E"author="Fabricius, O"box="[473,663,679,704]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"refId="ref15290"refString="Fabricius, O. 1780. Fauna Groenlandica. Copenhagen and Leipzig: J. G. Rothe, 450."type="book"year="1780">FABRICIUS, 1780</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="133123CBFFA6AB345DF4385927EEB40F"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="10.[145,224,882,904]"captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,842]"captionTargetId="figure-528@10.[145,1425,195,842]"captionTargetPageId="10"captionText="Figure 6. Beroe cucumis. A, aboral end (photo A. Semenov); B, oral view with mouth; C, adult ctenophore from the White Sea (photo A. Semenov); D, adult ctenophore from the Great Belt (photo H. U. Riisgård from Shiganova et al., 2014b)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799225"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799225/files/figure.png"pageId="11"pageNumber="308">Fig. 6C, D</figureCitation>
). The adult length varies from
<quantityid="4CF292ABFFA6AB345D4B387E240DB40F"box="[608,775,811,833]"metricMagnitude="-1"metricUnit="m"metricValue="1.0"metricValueMax="1.5"metricValueMin="0.5"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"unit="mm"value="100.0"valueMax="150.0"valueMin="50.0">50 to 150 mm</quantity>
. Its length to width ratio (l/w) ranges 1.6–2.2. This ratio is variable: we observed specimens, which were shorter and longer, wider or slenderer, but never less than for
Juvenile individuals may be narrower in the oral part of the body. Similar individuals were illustrated by
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345D0138B125C7B4B7"author="Mayer AG"box="[554,717,995,1017]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="1 - 58"refId="ref17236"refString="Mayer AG. 1912. Ctenophores of the Atlantic coast of North America. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 162: 1 - 58."type="journal article"year="1912">Mayer (1912)</bibRefCitation>
. The meridional canals lie under eight rows of ciliary combs, which extend about three-quarters of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth or a bit longer, but not up to the mouth. Its meridional canals have numerous diverticulae, which may branch out in adult ctenophores, but do not anastomose with each other, and do not connect with paragastral canals. At the aboral end, two oval polar-plates (
<figureCitationid="133123CBFFA6AB345D123F8D2584B3A0"box="[569,654,1240,1262]"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="10.[145,224,882,904]"captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,842]"captionTargetId="figure-528@10.[145,1425,195,842]"captionTargetPageId="10"captionText="Figure 6. Beroe cucumis. A, aboral end (photo A. Semenov); B, oral view with mouth; C, adult ctenophore from the White Sea (photo A. Semenov); D, adult ctenophore from the Great Belt (photo H. U. Riisgård from Shiganova et al., 2014b)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799225"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799225/files/figure.png"pageId="11"pageNumber="308">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
) surround the sense organ at the oval aboral pole, and are fringed with a row of short, branched papillae. Macrociliaries have three-toothed macrociliary tips with a somewhat larger middle tooth (
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345EA63E06258EB226"author="Tamm SL & Tamm S"box="[397,644,1363,1385]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="79 - 89"refId="ref19509"refString="Tamm SL, Tamm S. 1993. Diversity of macrociliary size, tooth patterns, and distribution in Beroe (Ctenophora). Zoomorphology 113: 79 - 89."type="journal article"year="1993">Tamm & Tamm, 1993</bibRefCitation>
was previously believed to be a widespread species, continuously distributed from the Arctic to the Antarctic (
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345E363EBB251AB14D"author="Pages F & Orejas C"box="[285,528,1518,1540]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="51 - 57"refId="ref18222"refString="Pages F, Orejas C. 1999. Medusae, siphonophores and ctenophores of the Magellan region. Scientia Marina 63: 51 - 57."type="journal article"year="1999">Pages & Orejas, 1999</bibRefCitation>
), but according to our genetic and morphological studies, and by comparison of published data, this species has a bipolar distribution, inhabiting cold polar and temperate waters, while being absent from tropical and subtropical zones.
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345F873DF3265BB1F5"author="Sirenko BI"box="[172,337,1702,1724]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"refId="ref19329"refString="Sirenko BI. 2001. List of species of free-living invertebrates of Eurasian Arctic seas and adjacent deep waters. Moscow: Russian Academy of Science, Zoological Institute."type="book"year="2001">Sirenko, 2001</bibRefCitation>
), including the Barents Sea (
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345D923DF32626B194"author="Manko MK & Panasiuk-Chodnicka AA & Zmijewska MI"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="466 - 479"refId="ref17156"refString="Manko MK, Panasiuk-Chodnicka AA, Zmijewska MI. 2015. Pelagic coelenterates in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean-species diversity and distribution as water mass indicators. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 44: 466 - 479."type="journal article"year="2015">
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<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345E063DB62580B1B6"author="Kosobokova KN & Pertsova NM"box="[301,650,1763,1785]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="223 - 266"refId="ref16712"refString="Kosobokova KN, Pertsova NM. 2018. Zooplankton of the White Sea: communities, structure, seasonal dynamics, spatial distribution, and ecology. In: Lisitzin AP, Gordeev V, eds. Biogeochemistry of the atmosphere, ice and water of the White Sea. Cham: Springer, 223 - 266."type="book chapter"year="2018">Kosobokova & Pertsova, 2018</bibRefCitation>
), the Kara Sea (
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345FF53C572534B059"author="Dvoretsky VG & Dvoretsky AG"box="[222,574,1794,1816]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="38 - 55"refId="ref15112"refString="Dvoretsky VG, Dvoretsky AG. 2017. Macrozooplankton of the Arctic - the Kara Sea in relation to environmental conditions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 188: 38 - 55."type="journal article"year="2017">Dvoretsky & Dvoretsky, 2017</bibRefCitation>
), the Laptev Sea (
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345F803C7526F2B078"author="Abramova E & Tuschling K"box="[171,504,1824,1846]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="141 - 164"refId="ref14533"refString="Abramova E, Tuschling K. 2005. A 12 - year study of the seasonal and interannual dynamics of mesozooplankton in the Laptev Sea: significance of salinity regime and life cycle patterns. Global and Planetary Change 48: 141 - 164."type="journal article"year="2005">Abramova & Tuschling, 2005</bibRefCitation>
), the East-Siberian Sea and the Chukchi Sea (
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345E863C6A2592B01B"author="Ershova EA & Hopcroft RR & Kosobokova KN"box="[429,664,1855,1877]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="1461 - 1481"refId="ref15231"refString="Ershova EA, Hopcroft RR, Kosobokova KN. 2015. Interannual variability of summer mesozooplankton communities of the western Chukchi Sea: 2004 - 2012. Polar Biology 38: 1461 - 1481."type="journal article"year="2015">
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345FDF3C0B26C6B03D"author="Raskoff KA & Purcell JE & Hopcroft RR"box="[244,460,1885,1908]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="207 - 217"refId="ref18433"refString="Raskoff KA, Purcell JE, Hopcroft RR. 2005. Gelatinous zooplankton of the Arctic Ocean: in situ observations under the ice. Polar Biology 28: 207 - 217."type="journal article"year="2005">
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345EF23C0B25A7B03D"author="Purcell JE & Hopcroft, RR & Kosobokova, KN & Whitledge TE"box="[473,685,1886,1908]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="127 - 135"refId="ref18353"refString="Purcell JE, Hopcroft, RR, Kosobokova, KN, Whitledge TE. 2010. Distribution, abundance, and predation effects of epipelagic ctenophores and jellyfish in the western Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 57: 127 - 135."type="journal article"year="2010">
is known to occur in the northern and north-eastern Atlantic (
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C873AEF236AB681"author="Fabricius, O"box="[940,1120,442,464]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"refId="ref15290"refString="Fabricius, O. 1780. Fauna Groenlandica. Copenhagen and Leipzig: J. G. Rothe, 450."type="book"year="1780">Fabricius, 1780</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B443AEE2221B681"author="Van Soest RWM"box="[1135,1323,442,464]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="119 - 126"refId="ref19688"refString="Van Soest RWM. 1973. Planktonic coelenterates collected in the North Atlantic Ocean. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 43: 119 - 126."type="journal article"year="1973">Van Soest, 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345A103AEF24BFB6A0"author="Granhag L & Majaneva S & Friis Moller L"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="455 - 463"refId="ref15877"refString="Granhag L, Majaneva S, Friis Moller L. 2012. First recordings of the ctenophore Euplokamis sp. (Ctenophora, Cydippida) in Swedish coastal waters and molecular identification of this genus. Aquatic Invasions 7: 455 - 463."type="journal article"year="2012">
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CEA3A8C23ADB6A1"author="Licandro P & Blackett M & Fischer A & Hosia A & Kennedy J & Kirby RR & Raab K & Stern R & Tranter P"box="[961,1191,473,495]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="173 - 191"refId="ref16859"refString="Licandro P, Blackett M, Fischer A, Hosia A, Kennedy J, Kirby RR, Raab K, Stern R, Tranter P. 2015. Biogeography of jellyfish in the North Atlantic, by traditional and genomic methods. Earth System Science Data 7: 173 - 191."type="journal article"year="2015">
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B983A8C229FB6A0"author="Knutsen T & Hosia A & Falkenhaug T & Skern-Mauritzen R & Wiebe PH & Larsen RB & Aglen A & Berg E"box="[1203,1429,473,495]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="158"refId="ref16610"refString="Knutsen T, Hosia A, Falkenhaug T, Skern-Mauritzen R, Wiebe PH, Larsen RB, Aglen A, Berg E. 2018. Coincident mass occurrence of gelatinous zooplankton in northern Norway. Frontiers in Marine Science 5: 158."type="journal article"year="2018">
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(
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C68394224C7B565"author="Mayer AG"box="[835,973,534,556]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="1 - 58"refId="ref17236"refString="Mayer AG. 1912. Ctenophores of the Atlantic coast of North America. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 162: 1 - 58."type="journal article"year="1912">Mayer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
;
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occurs also in the temperate and subpolar waters of the South Atlantic and Antarctic (
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B6D385E2238B46F"author="Siegel V & Harm U"box="[1094,1330,779,801]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="115 - 139"refId="ref19237"refString="Siegel V, Harm U. 1996. The composition, abundance, biomass and diversity of the epipelagic zooplankton communities of the southern Bellingshausen Sea (Antarctic) with special references to krill and salps. Archive of Fishery and Marine Research 44: 115 - 139."type="journal article"year="1996">Siegel & Harm, 1996</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CAF387F23C0B471"author="Mianzan HW & Guererro R"box="[900,1226,810,832]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="215 - 224"refId="ref17345"refString="Mianzan HW, Guererro R. 2000. Environmental patterns and biomass distribution of gelatinous macrozooplankton. Three study cases in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Scientia Marina 64: 215 - 224."type="journal article"year="2000">Mianzan & Guererro, 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
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<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B9338912296B497"author="Kasuya T & Ishimaru T & Murano M"box="[1208,1436,963,985]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="419 - 427"refId="ref16442"refString="Kasuya T, Ishimaru T, Murano M. 2000. Seasonal variations in abundance and size composition of the lobate ctenophore Bolinopsis mikado (Moser) in Tokyo Bay, central Japan. Journal of Oceanography 56: 419 - 427."type="journal article"year="2000">
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C1038B723B9B4B9"author="Napazakov VV & Chuchukalo VI"box="[827,1203,994,1016]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="343 - 351"refId="ref17871"refString="Napazakov VV, Chuchukalo VI. 2011. Feeding of Albatrossia pectoralis (Macrouridae) on the continental slope of eastern Kamchatka and the Kurils. Journal of Ichthyology 51: 343 - 351."type="journal article"year="2011">Napazakov & Chuchukalo 2011</bibRefCitation>
); north-east Pacific, eastern Bering Sea (
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B013F5423E9B358"author="Hoff GR & Britt LL"box="[1066,1251,1025,1047]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="300"refId="ref16203"refString="Hoff GR, Britt LL. 2011. Results of the 2010 eastern Bering Sea upper continental slope survey of groundfish and invertebrate resources. US Department of Commerce, NOAA technical memorandum NMFS-AFSC- 224, 300."type="journal article"year="2011">
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B173F75223CB37B"author="Pages F & Orejas C"box="[1084,1334,1055,1077]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="51 - 57"refId="ref18222"refString="Pages F, Orejas C. 1999. Medusae, siphonophores and ctenophores of the Magellan region. Scientia Marina 63: 51 - 57."type="journal article"year="1999">Pages & Orejas, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345A6F3F4A24BFB31A"author="Oliveira OM & Miranda TP & Araujo EM & Ayon P & Posso CM & Cepeda-Mercado AA & Cordova P & Cunha AF & Genzano GN & Haddad MA & Mianzan HW"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="1 - 256"refId="ref18165"refString="Oliveira OM, Miranda TP, Araujo EM, Ayon P, Cedeno- Posso CM, Cepeda-Mercado AA, Cordova P, Cunha AF, Genzano GN, Haddad MA, Mianzan HW. 2016. Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters. Zootaxa 4194: 1 - 256."type="journal article"year="2016">
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;
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CCD3F082367B33C"author="Edgar GJ"box="[998,1133,1117,1139]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="279 - 299"refId="ref15146"refString="Edgar GJ. 1997. A new genus and three new species of Apseudomorph tanaidacean (Crustacea) from the Darwin region, 279 - 299, In: Hanly JR, Caswell G, Megirian D, Larson HK, eds. Proceedings of the Sixth International Marine Biological Workshop. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia. Darwin, Australia: Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory and the Australian Marine Science Association."type="book chapter"year="1997">Edgar, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B523F082263B33C"author="Gershwin, LA & Zeidler W & Davie PJ"box="[1145,1385,1117,1139]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="1 - 45"refId="ref15776"refString="Gershwin, LA, Zeidler W, Davie PJ. 2010. Ctenophora of Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 54: 1 - 45."type="journal article"year="2010">
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B7A3F2E23D0B3DF"author="Ralph PM"box="[1105,1242,1147,1169]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="70 - 82"refId="ref18403"refString="Ralph PM. 1950. Ctenophores from the waters of Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 78: 70 - 82."type="journal article"year="1950">Ralph, 1950</bibRefCitation>
), it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of the ecology and distribution of these two species. It is possible that there are areas of overlap in their habitat and geography. According to previous records,
occurs in the areas between temperate and subtropical climatic zones, like the east coast of the
<collectingCountryid="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345A243EC5224FB2EB"box="[1295,1349,1424,1445]"name="United States of America"pageId="11"pageNumber="308">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345A7E3EC52478B28D"author="Mayer AG"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="1 - 58"refId="ref17236"refString="Mayer AG. 1912. Ctenophores of the Atlantic coast of North America. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 162: 1 - 58."type="journal article"year="1912">Mayer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C553EFB2360B28D"author="Harbison GR & Madin LP & Swanberg NR"box="[894,1130,1454,1476]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="233 - 256"refId="ref16173"refString="Harbison GR, Madin LP, Swanberg NR. 1978. On the natural history and distribution of oceanic ctenophores. Deep Sea Research 25: 233 - 256."type="journal article"year="1978">
<collectingCountryid="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345A463EFB22A8B28D"box="[1389,1442,1454,1475]"name="United States of America"pageId="11"pageNumber="308">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C683E982339B2AC"author="Wrobel D & Mills C"box="[835,1075,1485,1507]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"refId="ref19790"refString="Wrobel D, Mills C. 1998. Pacific coast pelagic invertebrates. A guide to the common gelatinous animals. Monterey: Sea Challengers & Monterey Bay Aquarium."type="book"year="1998">Wrobel & Mills, 1998</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C513EBE24EFB14F"author="Liu JY"box="[890,997,1515,1537]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="50719"refId="ref16951"refString="Liu JY. 2013. Status of marine biodiversity of the China Seas. PLoS One 8: e 50719."type="journal article"year="2013">Liu, 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CDA3EBE2391B14F"author="Yin J & Zhang G & Li C & Wang S & Zhao Z & Wan A"box="[1009,1179,1515,1537]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="1144 - 1151"refId="ref19858"refString="Yin J, Zhang G, Li C, Wang S, Zhao Z, Wan A. 2017. Community composition, abundance and biomass of zooplankton in Zhangzi Island waters, northern Yellow Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 35: 1144 - 1151."type="journal article"year="2017">
<bibRefCitationid="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B8D3EB9229FB14F"author="Wang M & Cheng F"box="[1190,1429,1515,1537]"pageId="11"pageNumber="308"pagination="3774 - 3775"refId="ref19713"refString="Wang M, Cheng F. 2019. The complete mitochondrial genome of the Ctenophore Beroe cucumis, a mitochondrial genome showing rapid evolutionary rates. Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4: 3774 - 3775."type="journal article"year="2019">Wang & Cheng, 2019</bibRefCitation>
). However, additional ecological and genetic studies of individuals in these areas are required to clarify the species identification and distribution.
