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<mods:title id="24E997040486A5112CC64D57E11C0EFE">A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C34950FAFF97FFEAFCADFEACDF1CDEFD" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEC0371FF97FFEAFCADFEACDF76DE20" blockId="33.[807,1119,318,341]" box="[807,1119,318,341]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="D0A4B41DFF97FFEAFCADFEACDF76DE20" box="[807,1119,318,341]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF97FFEAFCADFEACDF76DE20" ID-CoL="C49RW" authority="Thomas" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1899" box="[807,1119,318,341]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quichua">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF97FFEAFCADFEACD8D1DE20" box="[807,1016,318,341]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Coendou quichua</emphasis>
Thomas
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC0371FF97FFEAFD52FEE3DF1CDEFD" blockId="33.[699,1228,369,1741]" box="[728,1077,369,392]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34950FAFF97FFE9FD52FE1CDB9DDE45" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEC0371FF97FFEAFD52FE1CDFEEDD6E" blockId="33.[699,1228,369,1741]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
OTHER MATERIAL: I examined three NHRS specimens (A58/2822, A58/2962, A59/2962) collected by Ludovic Söderström in 1911 at ‘‘Tablon above Tumbaco’’ with recorded elevations of 9000– 
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[
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].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC0371FF97FFEAFD52FDB3DF07DC0E" blockId="33.[699,1228,369,1741]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
TAXONOMY: 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF97FFEAFCFAFDB3DF6FDD4D" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1899" box="[880,1094,545,568]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quichua">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF97FFEAFCFAFDB3DF6FDD4D" box="[880,1094,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Coendou quichua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a morphologically distinctive porcupine whose diagnostic characters were accurately described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF97FFEAFD6AFDEBD8BEDDE5" author="Thomas, O." box="[736,919,633,656]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="152 - 155" refId="ref25154" refString="Thomas, O. 1899. On new small mammals from South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 (3): 152 - 155." type="journal article" year="1899">Thomas (1899)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF97FFEAFC28FDEBDF7FDDE5" author="Cabrera, A." box="[930,1110,633,656]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="309 - 732" refId="ref21669" refString="Cabrera, A. 1961. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales '' Bernardino Rivadavia' ' (Ciencias Zoologicas) 4 (2): 309 - 732." type="journal article" year="1961">Cabrera (1961)</bibRefCitation>
, however, treated 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF97FFEAFC99FD05D858DDDB" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1899" box="[787,881,663,686]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quichua">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF97FFEAFC99FD05D858DDDB" box="[787,881,663,686]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">quichua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF97FFEAFBDEFD05D83EDDBE" authority="Tschudi" authorityName="Tschudi" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF97FFEAFBDEFD05DFE2DDDB" box="[1108,1227,663,686]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C. bicolor</emphasis>
Tschudi
</taxonomicName>
without providing any justification for doing so. Although 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF97FFEAFC5FFD43DFBEDD9D" author="Emmons, L. H." box="[981,1175,721,744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref22285" refString="Emmons, L. H. 1990. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book" year="1990">Emmons (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF97FFEAFB2EFD43D863DC70" author="Albuja" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="163 - 203" refId="ref21159" refString="Albuja V. L. 1991. Lista de vertebrados del Ecuador: mamiferos. Revista Politecnica 16: 163 - 203." type="journal article" year="1991">Albuja (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF97FFEAFCD6FD7CD8D2DC70" author="Tirira" box="[860,1019,750,773]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref25510" refString="Tirira S., D. 1999. Mamiferos del Ecuador [vol.] II. Quito: Museo de Zoologia, Pontifica Universidad Catolica del Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Tirira (1999)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF97FFEAFBC9FD7CD804DC56" author="Alberico, M. &amp; V. Rojas-Diaz &amp; J. G. Moreno" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="595 - 612" refId="ref21101" refString="Alberico, M., V. Rojas-Diaz, and J. G. Moreno. 1999. Aporte sobre la taxonomia y distribucion de los puercoespines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae) en Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas, y Naturales 23 (supplemento especial): 595 - 612." type="journal article" year="1999">Alberico et al. (1999)</bibRefCitation>
have subsequently recognized that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF97FFEAFD31FCBBD830DC35" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1899" box="[699,793,809,832]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quichua">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF97FFEAFD31FCBBD830DC35" box="[699,793,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">quichua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a valid species, some checklists (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF97FFEAFC8CFCD4D880DC28" author="Woods, C. A." box="[774,937,838,861]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="771 - 806" refId="ref25944" refString="Woods, C. A. 1993. Suborder Hystricognathi. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (editors), Mammal species of the world, 2 nd ed.: 771 - 806. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press." type="book chapter" year="1993">Woods, 1993</bibRefCitation>
) continue to treat this name as a synonym of 
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<emphasis id="B927DF63FF97FFEAFC59FCF6DF0EDC0E" box="[979,1063,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC0371FF97FFE9FD52FC13DB9DDE45" blockId="33.[699,1228,369,1741]" lastBlockId="34.[124,653,193,480]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
To date, no rationale has been provided for the zoogeographically incoherent and morphologically divergent collection of taxa that 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF97FFEAFD31FC4BD847DC85" author="Cabrera, A." box="[699,878,985,1008]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="309 - 732" refId="ref21669" refString="Cabrera, A. 1961. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales '' Bernardino Rivadavia' ' (Ciencias Zoologicas) 4 (2): 309 - 732." type="journal article" year="1961">Cabrera (1961)</bibRefCitation>
lumped together as 
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<emphasis id="B927DF63FF97FFEAFBE8FC4BD826DB7B" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Coendou bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although this name has been applied by authors to a wide range of morphologies, specimens collected in the vicinity of the Peruvian 
<typeStatus id="54E8BDD3FF97FFEAFC9EFBDCD86FDB10" box="[788,838,1102,1125]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">type</typeStatus>
locality (e.g., AMNH 147500, FMNH 65799) are distinctively large porcupines (ca. 
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total length) with tails that are almost as long as the combined length of head­and­body; the visible dorsal pelage consists entirely of bicolored (blacktipped) quills, of which those over the forequarters are conspicuously longer than those over the lower back and rump. By contrast, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF97FFEAFD31FAC5D817DA1B" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1899" box="[699,830,1367,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quichua">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF97FFEAFD31FAC5D817DA1B" box="[699,830,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C. quichua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much smaller (ca. 
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or less) with a proportionately much shorter tail (approximately half the length of head­andbody) and tricolored (pale­tipped) dorsal quills that are not conspicuously longer over the forequarters than on the lower back and rump. Cranially, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF97FFEAFC07F995D8C2D96B" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1899" box="[909,1003,1543,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quichua">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF97FFEAFC07F995D8C2D96B" box="[909,1003,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">quichua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a proportionately narrower rostrum than 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF97FFEAFB9BF9B6DF4CD94E" box="[1041,1125,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF97FFEAFB9BF9B6DF4CD94E" box="[1041,1125,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, smaller orbits, less expanded jugals, and less inflated frontal sinuses. Other relevant morphological comparisons will be provided in an upcoming generic revision (Voss, in prep.), but the characters given here together with other traits mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF94FFE9FEE1FF53D900DFAD" author="Emmons, L. H." box="[363,553,193,216]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref22285" refString="Emmons, L. H. 1990. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book" year="1990">Emmons (1990)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF94FFE9FDECFF53DA4CDF80" author="Alberico, M. &amp; V. Rojas-Diaz &amp; J. G. Moreno" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="595 - 612" refId="ref21101" refString="Alberico, M., V. Rojas-Diaz, and J. G. Moreno. 1999. Aporte sobre la taxonomia y distribucion de los puercoespines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae) en Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas, y Naturales 23 (supplemento especial): 595 - 612." type="journal article" year="1999">Alberico et al. (1999)</bibRefCitation>
are sufficient for unambiguous identifications of these dissimilar taxa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34950FAFF94FFE9FF13FEA4DAE5DD4A" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEC0371FF94FFE9FF13FEA4D947DE95" blockId="34.[124,653,193,480]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
REMARKS: The original specimen tag of NHRS A58/2822 notes that the animal was ‘‘found in the underbrush’’. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF94FFE9FE4DFEE3D9A4DEFD" author="Lonnberg, E." box="[455,653,369,392]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref23677" refString="Lonnberg, E. 1913. Mammals from Ecuador and related forms. Arkiv for Zoologi 8 (16): 1 - 36, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1913">Lönnberg (1913)</bibRefCitation>
originally reported this material as having been collected above Tumbaco, without mentioning the actual collecting site (Tablón).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC0371FF94FFE9FF3EFD99DAE5DD4A" blockId="34.[180,597,523,575]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF94FFE9FF3EFD99DAE5DD4A" authority="(Stolzmann)" baseAuthorityName="Stolzmann" baseAuthorityYear="1865" class="Mammalia" family="Cuniculidae" genus="Cuniculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taczanowskii" subGenus="Stictomys">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF94FFE9FF3EFD99DA03DD57" box="[180,298,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cuniculus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF94FFE9FEB7FD99DA85DD57" box="[317,428,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Stictomys</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF94FFE9FE35FD99D97CDD57" box="[447,597,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">taczanowskii</emphasis>
(Stolzmann)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34950FAFF94FFE9FF13FDC9DB97DA47" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEC0371FF94FFE9FF13FDC9DADFDD07" blockId="34.[124,653,603,1330]" box="[153,502,603,626]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC0371FF94FFE9FF13FDEBDBD2DC70" blockId="34.[124,653,603,1330]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">OTHER MATERIAL: A single specimen that I have not examined (QCAZ 954) was collected in the páramo near Paso de Guamaní by G. Onore in 1993 (D. Tirira, personal commun.).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC0371FF94FFE9FF13FC99DB97DA47" blockId="34.[124,653,603,1330]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
TAXONOMY: The mountain paca is morphologically distinctive (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF94FFE9FE2EFCBBD979DC35" author="Thomas, O." box="[420,592,809,832]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="237 - 238" refId="ref25484" refString="Thomas, O. 1924. Some notes on pacas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 (13): 237 - 238." type="journal article" year="1924">Thomas, 1924</bibRefCitation>
) and was formerly distinguished generically (as 
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF94FFE9FFF6FCF6DBC2DC0E" box="[124,235,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Stictomys</emphasis>
) from the lowland paca (
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF94FFE9FD9DFCF6DB9DDCED" class="Mammalia" family="Cuniculidae" genus="Cuniculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paca">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF94FFE9FD9DFCF6DB9DDCED" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cuniculus paca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Although only a single species of mountain paca is currently recognized, no critical analysis of morphological or molecular data is currently available to test the hypothesis that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF94FFE9FE91FC64DAFFDB78" baseAuthorityName="Stolzmann" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[283,470,1014,1037]" class="Mammalia" family="Cuniculidae" genus="Cuniculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taczanowskii">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF94FFE9FE91FC64DAFFDB78" box="[283,470,1014,1037]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C. taczanowskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from 
<collectingCountry id="F34443E1FF94FFE9FDA6FC64D9A4DB78" box="[556,653,1014,1037]" name="Ecuador" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F34443E1FF94FFE9FF3BFB81DBC1DB5F" box="[177,232,1043,1066]" name="Peru" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Peru</collectingCountry>
) is actually conspecific with populations from 
<collectingCountry id="F34443E1FF94FFE9FEAAFBA3DAB1DB3D" box="[288,408,1073,1096]" name="Venezuela" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F34443E1FF94FFE9FE6AFBA3D97ADB3D" box="[480,595,1073,1096]" name="Colombia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Colombia</collectingCountry>
that were formerly known as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF94FFE9FE20FBDCD908DB10" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[426,545,1102,1125]" class="Mammalia" family="Cuniculidae" genus="Cuniculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sierrae">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF94FFE9FE20FBDCD908DB10" box="[426,545,1102,1125]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C. sierrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF94FFE9FFF6FBF9DA02DBF7" author="Thomas, O." box="[124,299,1131,1154]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="584 - 591" refId="ref25254" refString="Thomas, O. 1905. New Neotropical Molossus, Conepatus, Nectomys, Proechimys, and Agouti, with a note on the genus Mesomys. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 (15): 584 - 591." type="journal article" year="1905">Thomas, 1905</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF94FFE9FEB6FBF9D930DBF7" author="Krumbiegel, V. I." box="[316,537,1131,1154]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="223 - 238" refId="ref23428" refString="Krumbiegel, V. I. 1940. Die Saugetiere der Sudamerika-Expeditionen Prof. Dr. Kriegs. 7. Pakas. Zoologische Anzeiger 132: 223 - 238." type="journal article" year="1940">Krumbiegel, 1940</bibRefCitation>
). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1998) recently ruled that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF94FFE9FFF6FB56DA8ADBAF" authority="Brisson, 1762" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[124,419,1219,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Cuniculidae" genus="Cuniculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF94FFE9FFF6FB56DBDBDBAE" box="[124,242,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cuniculus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC27E80FF94FFE9FF76FB51DA8ADBAF" author="M. J. Brisson" box="[252,419,1219,1242]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="64 - 71" refId="ref23181" refString="ICZN. 1998. Opinion 1894 [of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]. Regnum animale..., ed. 2 (M. J. Brisson, 1762): rejected for nomenclatural purposes, with the conservation of the mammalian generic names Philander (Marsupialia), Pteropus (Chiroptera), Glis, Cuniculus, and Hydrochoerus (Rodentia), Meles, Lutra and Hyaena (Carnivora), Tapirus (Perissodactyla), Tragulus and Giraffa (Artiodactyla). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 55: 64 - 71." type="journal article" year="1762">Brisson, 1762</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, is the oldest available name for pacas, previously referred by most American authors to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5378F2FF94FFE9FE34FB6CDB93DA47" authority="Lacepede, 1799" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" class="Mammalia" family="Cuniculidae" genus="Agouti" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927DF63FF94FFE9FE34FB6CD925DA60" box="[446,524,1278,1301]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Agouti</emphasis>
Lacépède, 1799
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>