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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4725636" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189107714" ID-ISSN="1997-3500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4725636" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1619623649741" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Seifert, Bernhard" docDate="2021" docId="F52B87F65E106166FF5EDE7FFE531B99" docLanguage="en" docName="myrmecNews.31_133-179_printable.pdf" docOrigin="Myrmecological News 31" docSource="http://zoobank.org/0e55c0d7-531a-48d7-a078-148b96bd461d" docTitle="Formica frontalis SANTSCHI 1919" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="172" masterDocId="0912FF8E5E366141FFC9DA41FF91193E" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="133" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" updateTime="1643400285664" updateUser="diego">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Seifert, Bernhard</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Myrmecological News</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-04-28</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>31</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>133</mods:start>
<mods:end>179</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://zoobank.org/0e55c0d7-531a-48d7-a078-148b96bd461d</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:133</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1997-3500</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5582216</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0E55C0D7-531A-48D7-A078-148B96BD461D</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4725636" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189107714" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4725636" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E106166FF5EDE7FFE531B99" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F52B87F65E106166FF5EDE7FFE531B99" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
<subSubSection box="[151,663,1086,1114]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="38.[151,663,1086,1114]" box="[151,663,1086,1114]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
<heading bold="true" box="[151,663,1086,1114]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" reason="0">
<treatmentCitation box="[151,663,1086,1114]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
<taxonomicName authority="SANTSCHI, 1919" authorityName="SANTSCHI" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,663,1086,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,663,1086,1114]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,424,1086,1114]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Formica frontalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation box="[431,663,1087,1114]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">SANTSCHI, 1919</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="38.[151,773,1137,2024]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
<treatmentCitation box="[151,708,1137,1158]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
<taxonomicName authority="SANTSCHI, 1919" authorityName="SANTSCHI" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,708,1137,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="truncorum" variety="frontalis">
<emphasis box="[151,376,1137,1158]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Formica truncorum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis box="[431,527,1137,1158]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">frontalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation box="[535,708,1137,1158]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">SANTSCHI, 1919</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
[
<typeStatus box="[721,772,1137,1158]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">type</typeStatus>
investigation]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="38.[151,773,1137,2024]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
Investigated was the
<typeStatus box="[437,543,1201,1223]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">lectotype</typeStatus>
worker (by present designation), labelled in Santschi’s handwriting “
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">Formica truncorum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authorityName="SANTSCHI" authorityYear="1919" box="[280,427,1265,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="truncorum" variety="frontalis">F. v. frontalis</taxonomicName>
type Sants”, “
<collectingCountry box="[585,678,1265,1286]" name="Spain" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Espagne</collectingCountry>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E106166FF5EDE7FFE531B99:785D603B5E106167FD67DEB0FEB11C19" country="Spain" county="De la Fuente" municipality="Pozuelo de Calatrava" name="Pozuelo de Calatrava" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Pozuelo de Calatrava</location>
(de la Fuente)”; depository NHM Basel. The original description reports as type locality nothing but “
<collectingMunicipality box="[161,405,1361,1383]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Pozuelo de Calatrava</collectingMunicipality>
(
<collectingCounty box="[422,575,1361,1383]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">De la Fuente</collectingCounty>
)”. Accordingly, a worker specimen depicted in AntWeb (
<bibRefCitation accessDate="2021-01-15" author="ANTWEB" box="[600,764,1393,1415]" firstAuthor="ANTWEB" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" publicationUrl="https://www.antweb.org&gt;" refId="ref44610" refString="ANTWEB 2021: AntWeb Version 8.54. 4. - &lt;https: // www. antweb. org&gt;, retrieved on 15 January 2021." title="AntWeb Version 8.54. 4." type="url" year="2021">
<specimenCode box="[600,764,1393,1415]" collectionCode="ANTWEB" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">ANTWEB 2021</specimenCode>
</bibRefCitation>
) under CASENT0912253, labelled “SIERRA DE QUADAR-
<collectionCode box="[151,228,1457,1478]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">RAMA</collectionCode>
Dusmet” and “type” has no type status.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="38.[151,773,1137,2024]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
All material examined. Numeric phenotypical data were recorded in 11 samples with
<specimenCount box="[570,689,1521,1543]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="worker">26 workers</specimenCount>
and six gynes from
<collectingCountry box="[280,346,1553,1575]" name="Spain" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Spain</collectingCountry>
.
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E106166FF5EDE7FFE531B99:785D603B5E106167FEADDC50FE181F18" box="[356,393,1553,1574]" country="Spain" name="For" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">For</location>
details, see SI1, SI2, and SI3.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="38.[151,773,1137,2024]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
Geographical range. According to
<bibRefCitation author="TINAUT &amp; MARTINEZ-IBANEZ" firstAuthor="TINAUT" journalOrPublisher="Graellsia" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" pagination="31 - 41" part="54" refId="ref47472" refString="TINAUT, A. &amp; MARTINEZ-IBANEZ, D. 1998: Taxonomy and distribution of Formica dusmeti EMERY, 1909 and of F. frontalis SANTSCHI, 1919 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Graellsia 54: 31 - 41." title="Taxonomy and distribution of Formica dusmeti EMERY, 1909 and of F. frontalis SANTSCHI, 1919 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1998">TINAUT &amp; MARTINEZ-IBANEZ (1998)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="ESPADALER &amp; GOMEZ" box="[473,770,1617,1639]" firstAuthor="ESPADALER" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" pagination="39 - 41" part="50" refId="ref45434" refString="ESPADALER, X. &amp; GOMEZ, C. 2000: Formica dusmeti EMERY, 1909, an Iberian endemic ant species: description of the male and distribution (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). - Annales Zoologici 50: 39 - 41." title="Formica dusmeti EMERY, 1909, an Iberian endemic ant species: description of the male and distribution (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2000">ESPADALER &amp; GOMEZ (2000)</bibRefCitation>
rather homogenously distributed over entire
<collectingCountry box="[648,714,1649,1671]" name="Georgia" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Iberia</collectingCountry>
with the altitude of 15 sites being 1160 ±
<quantity box="[539,605,1680,1702]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="m" value="450.0">450 m</quantity>
, which is lower than in
<taxonomicName authorityName="EMERY" authorityYear="1909" box="[236,426,1713,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dusmeti">
<emphasis box="[236,426,1713,1734]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Formica dusmeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="38.[151,773,1137,2024]" lastBlockId="38.[816,1437,177,1287]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
Diagnosis of worker (
<tableCitation box="[515,600,1744,1767]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="15.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,288,1993]" captionTargetId="graphics-48@15.[150,1436,281,2018]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Tab.5: Workers of the Formica truncorum species complex; head size and RAV-corrected data for the assumption of each individual having a head size of 1750 µm; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Tab. 5</tableCitation>
, key). Medium-sized, mean and maximum
<collectionCode box="[494,524,1777,1798]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">CS</collectionCode>
over all morphological and social phenotypes 1792 and
<quantity box="[516,614,1809,1831]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.045" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="2045.0">2045 µm</quantity>
. Head moderately elongated,
<collectionCode box="[331,362,1841,1862]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15579" name="Babes-Bolyai University" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="Herbarium">CL</collectionCode>
/ CW
<subScript attach="left" box="[429,467,1850,1864]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
1.102. Clypeal morphology as in
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[213,438,1873,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[213,438,1873,1894]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Formica truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scape long and slender,
<collectionCode box="[723,751,1873,1894]" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode box="[151,180,1905,1926]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">CS</collectionCode>
<subScript attach="left" box="[181,219,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
0.993,
<collectionCode box="[302,330,1905,1926]" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
/ Smax
<subScript attach="left" box="[419,457,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
10.60. Petiole scale narrow, PeW /
<collectionCode box="[220,249,1937,1958]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">CS</collectionCode>
<subScript attach="left" box="[249,287,1946,1960]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
0.450. Eyes without or with short microsetae, EyeHL
<subScript attach="left" box="[226,264,1978,1992]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
<quantity box="[271,341,1969,1991]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 µm</quantity>
. Dorsal plane of scape without or with only single setae, nSc
<subScript attach="left" box="[382,420,2010,2024]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
0.7. Setae number on each place of the body smaller than in
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[1112,1260,177,198]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[1112,1260,177,198]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">F. truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but setae length equal or even larger, nCH
<subScript attach="left" box="[1099,1137,218,232]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
14.5, nGu
<subScript attach="left" box="[1250,1288,218,232]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
19.5, nPn
<subScript attach="left" box="[1398,1436,218,232]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
59.5, nMes
<subScript attach="left" box="[931,969,250,264]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
26.1, nPr
<subScript attach="left" box="[1068,1106,250,264]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
29.2, nMet
<subScript attach="left" box="[1224,1262,250,264]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
10.2, OccHL
<subScript attach="left" box="[1399,1437,250,264]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
<quantity box="[816,897,273,294]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="114.0">114 µm</quantity>
, GuHL
<subScript attach="left" box="[973,1011,282,296]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
<quantity box="[1017,1101,273,294]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.04" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="204.0">204 µm</quantity>
, mPnHL
<subScript attach="left" box="[1197,1235,282,296]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
<quantity box="[1241,1310,273,294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="97.0">97µm</quantity>
, MetHL
<subScript attach="left" box="[1398,1436,282,296]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
<quantity box="[816,897,305,327]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="161.0">161 µm</quantity>
. Dorsal surface of head usually without the deep and broad microfoveolae characteristic for
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[1282,1430,337,358]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[1282,1430,337,358]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">F. truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Pigmentation as in the latter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="38.[816,1437,177,1287]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
Diagnosis of gyne (
<tableCitation box="[1145,1231,401,423]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="18.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[159,1322,261,1996]" captionTargetId="graphics-27@18.[151,1437,249,2018]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Tab.8: Gynes of the Formica truncorum species complex; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Tab. 8</tableCitation>
). Only specimens from a single supercolony were available. These were much larger than
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[944,1167,465,486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[944,1167,465,486]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Formica truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gynes of the polygynous to supercolonial social form,
<collectionCode box="[1142,1172,497,518]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">CS</collectionCode>
<quantity box="[1180,1276,497,519]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.106" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="2106.0">2106 µm</quantity>
. Head capsule in dorsal view less trapezoidal than in
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[1272,1429,529,550]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[1272,1429,529,550]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">F. truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, clypeal shape as in that species. Scape rather long and slender,
<collectionCode box="[914,943,593,614]" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode box="[972,1003,593,614]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">CS</collectionCode>
0.872,
<collectionCode box="[1092,1121,593,614]" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
/ Smax 9.30. Petiole wider than in
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[909,1066,625,646]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[909,1066,625,646]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">F. truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, PeW /
<collectionCode box="[1161,1192,625,646]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">CS</collectionCode>
0.686. Setae on eyes short, EyeHL
<quantity box="[974,1045,657,678]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 µm</quantity>
. Setae on dorsum of scape usually absent, nSc 0.2. Setae on remaining parts of body present, less numerous than in
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[1124,1275,721,742]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[1124,1275,721,742]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">F. truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but of similar length, nCH 23.4, OccHL
<quantity box="[1084,1164,753,774]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.02" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="202.0">202µm</quantity>
, nGu 34.8, GuHL
<quantity box="[1351,1432,753,774]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.87" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="287.0">287µm</quantity>
, PnHL
<quantity box="[887,970,784,806]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="255.0">255 µm</quantity>
, nMet 26.3, MetHL
<quantity box="[1187,1269,784,806]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.52" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="252.0">252µm</quantity>
, nPe 10.8. Dorsum of first gaster tergite moderately shiny, with dense transverse microripples and dilute pubescence (sqPDG
<quantity box="[816,919,880,902]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="12.25">12.25µm</quantity>
), microfoveolae often absent. Pigmentation as in
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[816,965,913,934]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[816,965,913,934]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">F. truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="38.[816,1437,177,1287]" lastBlockId="39.[151,771,177,679]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
Taxonomic comments and clustering results. The geographic ranges of
<taxonomicName authorityName="SANTSCHI" authorityYear="1919" box="[1191,1388,977,998]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
<emphasis box="[1191,1388,977,998]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Formica frontalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[816,1040,1009,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[816,1040,1009,1030]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Formica truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are disjunct, and the morphological distinctness of the two species is strong enough to consider them as heterospecific. The eleven Iberian nest samples of
<taxonomicName authorityName="SANTSCHI" authorityYear="1919" box="[846,970,1105,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
<emphasis box="[846,970,1105,1126]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">F. frontalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from 37 Panpalaearctic nest samples of
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[996,1147,1137,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[996,1147,1137,1158]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">F. truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
using the characters
<collectionCode box="[1388,1416,1137,1158]" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode box="[816,845,1169,1190]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">CS</collectionCode>
<subScript attach="right" box="[846,884,1178,1192]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
, PeW /
<collectionCode box="[974,1003,1169,1190]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">CS</collectionCode>
<subScript attach="left" box="[1003,1041,1178,1192]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
, EyeHL
<subScript attach="left" box="[1130,1168,1178,1192]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
, nCH
<subScript attach="left" box="[1232,1270,1178,1192]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
, nMet
<subScript attach="left" box="[1343,1381,1178,1192]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
, and MetHL
<subScript attach="left" box="[895,933,1210,1224]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">1750</subScript>
(
<figureCitation box="[950,1028,1201,1223]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[816,851,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[820,1435,1350,1875]" captionTargetId="graphics-1008@38.[583,1461,1341,1909]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="Fig.34: Nest-sample means of a linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis of workers of Formica frontalis (black rhombs) and Formica truncorum (white dots).Six phenotypic characters were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582287/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
). The classification error by an LDA was 4.2% in
<specimenCount box="[955,1078,1233,1255]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" type="worker">118 worker</specimenCount>
specimens. It is worth mentioning that gynes from highly polygynous or supercolonial
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[151,300,177,198]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[151,300,177,198]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">F. truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations have a much smaller size than the investigated gynes from the
<taxonomicName authorityName="SANTSCHI" authorityYear="1919" box="[508,631,209,230]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
<emphasis box="[508,631,209,230]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">F. frontalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
supercolony at Puerto de Navacerrado (SaNo. 149 and 150), which provides additional support for heterospecificity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582287" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5582287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582287/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" startId="38.[816,851,1905,1927]" targetBox="[820,1435,1350,1875]" targetPageId="38">
<paragraph blockId="38.[816,1437,1905,2023]" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">
Fig. 34: Nest-sample means of a linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis of workers of
<taxonomicName authorityName="SANTSCHI" authorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Formica frontalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(black rhombs) and
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[1065,1271,1969,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
<emphasis box="[1065,1271,1969,1990]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="171">Formica truncorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(white dots). Six phenotypic characters were considered.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="172" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="39.[151,771,177,679]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
Biology. Compared with
<taxonomicName authority=", TINAUT &amp; MARTINEZ-IBANEZ (1998)" authorityName="TINAUT &amp; MARTINEZ-IBANEZ" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dusmeti">
<emphasis box="[489,678,305,326]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Formica dusmeti</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation author="TINAUT &amp; MARTINEZ-IBANEZ" firstAuthor="TINAUT" journalOrPublisher="Graellsia" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" pagination="31 - 41" part="54" refId="ref47472" refString="TINAUT, A. &amp; MARTINEZ-IBANEZ, D. 1998: Taxonomy and distribution of Formica dusmeti EMERY, 1909 and of F. frontalis SANTSCHI, 1919 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Graellsia 54: 31 - 41." title="Taxonomy and distribution of Formica dusmeti EMERY, 1909 and of F. frontalis SANTSCHI, 1919 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1998">TINAUT &amp; MARTINEZ-IBANEZ (1998)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
reported a more frequent occurrence in
<taxonomicName box="[312,406,369,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[312,406,369,390]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in conifer forests, which is probably not due to a preference of broad-leafed woodland but rather a consequence of the lower altitudinal range. The species is also found in open treeless habitats with low shrubs. Nest construction is similar to
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">Formica truncorum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
not showing the large regular mounds seen in the
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[190,336,561,582]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[190,336,561,582]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Formica rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex. The above-ground part is usually a rather flat accumulation of plant material, or the nests are completely under stones around which some plant material is deposited.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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