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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8e14a5b5-aa20-4050-b2b4-f393764fc6c7" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-981-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7C44C797C4125A71BAE032A55E6FA5DC" ID-ZooBank="5194AAC86B8A473F8A41470A60182A0B" ModsDocID="1313-2970-981-1" checkinTime="1604011718171" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pall-Gergely, Barna, Sajan, Sheikh, Tripathy, Basudev, Meng, Kaibaryer, Asami, Takahiro &amp; Ablett, Jonathan D." docDate="2020" docId="92ADF073031452A2B1D93D1072C3B8D2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 981: 1-220" docOrigin="ZooKeys 981" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583" docTitle="Dicharax Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="7C44C797C4125A71BAE032A55E6FA5DC" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7C44C797C4125A71BAE032A55E6FA5DC" masterDocTitle="Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue" masterLastPageNumber="220" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1634714035540" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pall-Gergely, Barna</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Otto ut 15, Budapest, H- 1022, Hungary</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6167-7221</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">pallgergely2@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sajan, Sheikh</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India &amp; Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248 002, Uttarakhand, India</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-6824</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tripathy, Basudev</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Meng, Kaibaryer</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Asami, Takahiro</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390 - 8621, Japan</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5706-0272</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ablett, Jonathan D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Mollusca Section, Invertebrates Division, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museums, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>981</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>220</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-981-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">5194AAC86B8A473F8A41470A60182A0B</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7C44C797C4125A71BAE032A55E6FA5DC</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168715003" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:92ADF073031452A2B1D93D1072C3B8D2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/92ADF073031452A2B1D93D1072C3B8D2" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Genus
<taxonomicName LSID="92ADF073-0314-52A2-B1D9-3D1072C3B8D2" authority="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff, 1900" authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
Dicharax Kobelt &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
, 1900
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Charax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charax" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Charax</taxonomicName>
Benson, 1859: 177.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Dicharax</taxonomicName>
Kobelt &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
, 1900: 186 (new replacement name for
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Charax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charax" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Charax</taxonomicName>
Benson, 1859, non
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Charax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charax" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Charax</taxonomicName>
Scopoli, 1777 [
<taxonomicName class="Pisces" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="class">Pisces</taxonomicName>
]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus (Dicharax)" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dicharax">Chamalycaeus (Dicharax)</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation author="Thiele, J" journalOrPublisher="Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B213" refString="Thiele, J, 1929. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena" title="Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1." year="1929">Thiele 1929</bibRefCitation>
: 108; Wenz, 1938: 478;
<bibRefCitation author="Egorov, RV" journalOrPublisher="Egorov, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B45" refString="Egorov, RV, 2013. Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R. Egorov, Moscow" title="Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R." year="2013">Egorov 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 37.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus (Sigmacharax)" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Sigmacharax">Chamalycaeus (Sigmacharax)</taxonomicName>
Kuroda, 1943: 8.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus (Cipangocharax)" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cipangocharax">Chamalycaeus (Cipangocharax)</taxonomicName>
Kuroda, 1943: 11.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus (Awalycaeus)" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Awalycaeus">Chamalycaeus (Awalycaeus)</taxonomicName>
Kuroda, 1951: 73-74.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus (Awalycaeus)" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Awalycaeus">Chamalycaeus (Awalycaeus)</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation author="Egorov, RV" journalOrPublisher="Egorov, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B45" refString="Egorov, RV, 2013. Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R. Egorov, Moscow" title="Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R." year="2013">Egorov 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 35-36.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus (Cipangocharax)" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cipangocharax">Chamalycaeus (Cipangocharax)</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation author="Egorov, RV" journalOrPublisher="Egorov, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B45" refString="Egorov, RV, 2013. Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R. Egorov, Moscow" title="Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R." year="2013">Egorov 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 36.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus (Sigmacharax)" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Sigmacharax">Chamalycaeus (Sigmacharax)</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation author="Egorov, RV" journalOrPublisher="Egorov, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B45" refString="Egorov, RV, 2013. Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R. Egorov, Moscow" title="Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R." year="2013">Egorov 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 37-38.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Dicharax</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" author="Pall-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 124" refId="B162" refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Hunyadi, A, Đỗ, ĐS, Naggs, F, Asami, T, 2017. Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus. Zootaxa 4331 (1): 1 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" title="Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" volume="4331" year="2017">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
et al. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
: 10;
<bibRefCitation author="Pall-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="Venus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 16" refId="B157" refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Asami, T, 2017. A new species of Metalycaeus hitherto undistinguished from M. vinctus (Pilsbry, 1902). Venus 75 (1-4): 1 - 16" title="A new species of Metalycaeus hitherto undistinguished from M. vinctus (Pilsbry, 1902)." volume="75" year="2017">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
and Asami 2017
</bibRefCitation>
: 14 (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1951" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Awalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Awalycaeus" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Awalycaeus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Cipangocharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cipangocharax" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Cipangocharax</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1943" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Sigmacharax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sigmacharax" order="Gastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Sigmacharax</taxonomicName>
are synonyms).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1857" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus hebes" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Hebes">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alycaeus hebes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benson, 1857 (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa A Dicharax hebes (Benson, 1857) (SMF 109244; type species of Dicharax) B D. (?) abei (Kuroda, 1951) (NSMT 50125; type species of Awalycaeus) C D. (?) biexcisus (Pilsbry, 1902) (NSMT 263; type species of Cipangocharax) D D. (?) itonis (Kuroda, 1943) (NSMT 78866; type species of Sigmacharax). Close-up images of the aperture are not to scale. All photographs: Barna Pall-Gergely." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468658" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13A</figureCitation>
), SD
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12890" author="Gude, GK" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B74" refString="Gude, GK, 1921. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Mollusca. III. Land operculates (Cyclophoridae, Truncatellidae, Assimineidae, Helicinidae). Taylor and Francis, London, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12890" title="The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Mollusca. III. Land operculates (Cyclophoridae, Truncatellidae, Assimineidae, Helicinidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12890" year="1921">Gude (1921</bibRefCitation>
: 236);
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1951" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Awalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Awalycaeus abei" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Abei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Awalycaeus abei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kuroda, 1951 (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa A Dicharax hebes (Benson, 1857) (SMF 109244; type species of Dicharax) B D. (?) abei (Kuroda, 1951) (NSMT 50125; type species of Awalycaeus) C D. (?) biexcisus (Pilsbry, 1902) (NSMT 263; type species of Cipangocharax) D D. (?) itonis (Kuroda, 1943) (NSMT 78866; type species of Sigmacharax). Close-up images of the aperture are not to scale. All photographs: Barna Pall-Gergely." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468658" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13B</figureCitation>
), by monotypy (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1951" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Awalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Awalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Awalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1902" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus biexcisus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Biexcisus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alycaeus biexcisus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Pilsbry, 1902 (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa A Dicharax hebes (Benson, 1857) (SMF 109244; type species of Dicharax) B D. (?) abei (Kuroda, 1951) (NSMT 50125; type species of Awalycaeus) C D. (?) biexcisus (Pilsbry, 1902) (NSMT 263; type species of Cipangocharax) D D. (?) itonis (Kuroda, 1943) (NSMT 78866; type species of Sigmacharax). Close-up images of the aperture are not to scale. All photographs: Barna Pall-Gergely." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468658" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13C</figureCitation>
), by monotypy (
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cipangocharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cipangocharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cipangocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1943" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus (Sigmacharax) itonis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Itonis" subGenus="Sigmacharax">Chamalycaeus (Sigmacharax) itonis</taxonomicName>
Kuroda, 1943 (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa A Dicharax hebes (Benson, 1857) (SMF 109244; type species of Dicharax) B D. (?) abei (Kuroda, 1951) (NSMT 50125; type species of Awalycaeus) C D. (?) biexcisus (Pilsbry, 1902) (NSMT 263; type species of Cipangocharax) D D. (?) itonis (Kuroda, 1943) (NSMT 78866; type species of Sigmacharax). Close-up images of the aperture are not to scale. All photographs: Barna Pall-Gergely." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468658" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13D</figureCitation>
), by monotypy (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1943" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Sigmacharax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sigmacharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sigmacharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468658" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Benson" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax hebes" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Hebes">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax hebes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Benson, 1857) (SMF 109244; type species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. abei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Abei">D. (?) abei</taxonomicName>
(Kuroda, 1951) (NSMT 50125; type species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1951" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Awalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Awalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Awalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. biexcisus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Biexcisus">D. (?) biexcisus</taxonomicName>
(Pilsbry, 1902) (NSMT 263; type species of
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cipangocharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cipangocharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cipangocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. itonis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Itonis">D. (?) itonis</taxonomicName>
(Kuroda, 1943) (NSMT 78866; type species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1943" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Sigmacharax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sigmacharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sigmacharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Close-up images of the aperture are not to scale. All photographs: Barna
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Shell very small to very large (D: 1-11 mm), in most cases the spire low (dorsal side flattened), spire rarely elevated (shell globular); protoconch low in nearly all species, smooth or finely pitted, not spirally striated; R1 usually glossy, sometimes ribbed (ribs can vary from weak to strong), but spiral lines almost always absent; R2 of variable length, typically with prominent ribs which are bent in an anterior direction, but many species have smooth R2 or straight ribs; R3 well developed, often with blunt or sharp swelling, in some taxa reduced (mostly '
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1951" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Awalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Awalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Awalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
'). Operculum thin or with various outer funnel-like structure resulting from modifications of the multispiral lamina. Central tooth typical for the family: 5-7 cusps, broad, central cusp pointed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">This genus can be recognised by the absence of spiral striation on the entire shell (protoconch and teleoconch). Very few species with spiral striation are classified in this genus.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabits a large geographic area from the southeastern Himalayan region to Japan, and through the Malay Peninsula to the southern arc of the Malay Archipelago up to Sumatra and Java. There are also isolated occurrences in the Western Ghats of India and in the southwestern Himalaya (see Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Distribution of Dicharax Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff, 1900." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468659" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">14</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468659" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kobelt &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
, 1900.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cipangocharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cipangocharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cipangocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, introduced as the subgenus of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moellendorff" authorityYear="1897" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chamalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was described for a single species,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1902" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus biexcisus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Biexcisus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alycaeus biexcisus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The diagnosis of
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cipangocharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cipangocharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cipangocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was in fact the abbreviated description of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1902" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus biexcisus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Biexcisus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alycaeus biexcisus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Kuroda, T" journalOrPublisher="Venus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="7 - 11" refId="B101" refString="Kuroda, T, 1943. New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus. Venus 13 (1-3): 7 - 11" title="New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus." volume="13" year="1943">Kuroda (1943)</bibRefCitation>
indicated some features in italics, emphasising the importance of these characters to distinguish
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cipangocharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cipangocharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cipangocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other members of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moellendorff" authorityYear="1897" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chamalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These characters were the extraordinary thickness of the operculum, and the closely coiled outer belt on the outer surface of the operculum. The Japanese
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moellendorff" authorityYear="1897" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chamalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species described since
<bibRefCitation author="Kuroda, T" journalOrPublisher="Venus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="7 - 11" refId="B101" refString="Kuroda, T, 1943. New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus. Venus 13 (1-3): 7 - 11" title="New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus." volume="13" year="1943">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kuroda’s">Kuroda's</normalizedToken>
(1943)
</bibRefCitation>
paper showed that there are transitional character states between the thick and belted operculum of
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. biexcisus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Biexcisus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. biexcisus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the thin and unbelted opercula of most Japanese
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moellendorff" authorityYear="1897" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chamalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation author="Minato, H" journalOrPublisher="Chiribotan" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 3" refId="B125" refString="Minato, H, 1993. A key to the species of the genus Cipangocharax (Alycaeidae). Chiribotan 24 (1): 1 - 3" title="A key to the species of the genus Cipangocharax (Alycaeidae)." volume="24" year="1993">Minato 1993</bibRefCitation>
). For example, the operculum of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Minato &amp; Abe" authorityYear="1982" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cipangocharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cipangocharax kiuchii" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Kiuchii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cipangocharax kiuchii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively slim, whereas that of &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chamalycaeus</emphasis>
&quot;
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cipangocharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="miyazakii" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Miyazakii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">miyazakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is exceptionally thickened. Consequently, the thickness of the operculum is not a distinguishing feature between
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cipangocharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cipangocharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cipangocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other Japanese species assigned to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moellendorff" authorityYear="1897" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chamalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The outer opercular belt is missing in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. placenovitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Placenovitas">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. placenovitas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a species being otherwise very similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. biexcisus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Biexcisus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. biexcisus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), therefore this character is also not stable within the genus. Moreover, the outer belt is known to be present and absent within the same species, or even population (see under
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Reinhardt" baseAuthorityYear="1877" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus nipponensis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Nipponensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chamalycaeus nipponensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax simplicilabris" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Simplicilabris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax simplicilabris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" author="Pall-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 124" refId="B162" refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Hunyadi, A, Đỗ, ĐS, Naggs, F, Asami, T, 2017. Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus. Zootaxa 4331 (1): 1 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" title="Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" volume="4331" year="2017">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
et al. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
). The other distinctive character mentioned by
<bibRefCitation author="Kuroda, T" journalOrPublisher="Venus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="7 - 11" refId="B101" refString="Kuroda, T, 1943. New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus. Venus 13 (1-3): 7 - 11" title="New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus." volume="13" year="1943">Kuroda (1943)</bibRefCitation>
is the sinuated columellar margin. This region is not sinuated either in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. placenovitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Placenovitas">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. placenovitas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. okamurai" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Okamurai">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. okamurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, this character is also not stable within the genus. Moreover, Japanese
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moellendorff" authorityYear="1897" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chamalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with unstriated protoconchs show an extraordinary diversity in terms of the formation of the aperture (
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. expanstoma" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Expanstoma">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. expanstoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. okamurai" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Okamurai">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. okamurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. yanoshigehumii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Yanoshigehumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. yanoshigehumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), indicating that the morphological variation is very high between species. Consequently, among the Japanese species with unstriated protoconch, it would not be legitimate to classify certain species into separate (sub)genera from the others. Furthermore, the species classified into the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1943" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Sigmacharax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sigmacharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sigmacharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also do not differ considerably from the rest of Japanese species with a smooth protoconch. Therefore, based on the absence of the spiral striation on the entire shell, these species are classified in the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The overlapping ribs near the tube (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. R 2 ribs of Japanese Dicharax Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff, 1900 species A, B Dicharax (?) abei (Kuroda, 1951), NSMT 50125 C, D Dicharax (?) biexcisus (Pilsbry, 1902), NSMT 263 E, F Dicharax (?) itonis (Kuroda, 1943), NSMT 78866. All images: Barna Pall-Gergely." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468660" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15</figureCitation>
) may a synapomorphic character of Japanese and Korean
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this character was also found in the Chinese species
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. alticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Alticola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D. alticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" author="Pall-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 124" refId="B162" refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Hunyadi, A, Đỗ, ĐS, Naggs, F, Asami, T, 2017. Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus. Zootaxa 4331 (1): 1 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" title="Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" volume="4331" year="2017">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
et al. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
), which is, due to the geographic distance, probably only distantly related. The morphological variation within the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(especially in northeastern India and in the Malay Archipelago) is so large, that at the current time we do not find it meaningful to separate the Japanese and Korean species into a separate subgenus within
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468660" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 15.</emphasis>
R2 ribs of Japanese
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kobelt &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
, 1900 species
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kuroda" baseAuthorityYear="1951" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax abei" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Abei">Dicharax (?) abei</taxonomicName>
(Kuroda, 1951), NSMT 50125
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(?)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pilsbry" baseAuthorityYear="1902" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="biexcisus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Biexcisus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">biexcisus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pilsbry, 1902), NSMT 263
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kuroda" baseAuthorityYear="1943" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax itonis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Itonis">Dicharax (?) itonis</taxonomicName>
(Kuroda, 1943), NSMT 78866. All images: Barna
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1951" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Awalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Awalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Awalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a peculiar group of alycaeids due to the reduced (short, un-swollen) R3. However, in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yano &amp; Matsuda" authorityYear="2016" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Awalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Awalycaeus yanoshokoae" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Yanoshokoae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Awalycaeus yanoshokoae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is a moderately developed R3, which can be interpreted as an intermediate form between
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1951" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Awalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Awalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Awalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the rest of Japanese alycaeids which have a smooth protoconch. Given that the other shell characters (absence of spiral striation, merged R2 ribs) are similar to the other Japanese species, we also treat
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1951" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Awalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Awalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Awalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Such 'over
<normalizedToken originalValue="spitting’">spitting'</normalizedToken>
of generic taxa inhabiting Japan has also been documented in the pulmonate family
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1855" family="Clausiliidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Clausiliidae</taxonomicName>
, which is a character-rich family such as the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1864" family="Alycaeidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Alycaeidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12319" author="Pall-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="185 - 193" refId="B158" refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Asami, T, Solymos, P, 2019. Subspecies description rates are higher in morphologically complex land snails. Zoologica Scripta 48: 185 - 193, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12319" title="Subspecies description rates are higher in morphologically complex land snails." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12319" volume="48" year="2019">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
et al. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/127/1998/21" author="Nordsieck, H" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Molluskenkunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="21 - 32" refId="B152" refString="Nordsieck, H, 1998. Critical revision of the system of the Japanese Phaedusinae, proposed by Minato (1994) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae). Archiv fuer Molluskenkunde 127: 21 - 32, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/127/1998/21" title="Critical revision of the system of the Japanese Phaedusinae, proposed by Minato (1994) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/127/1998/21" volume="127" year="1998">Nordsieck (1998)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the Japanese clausiliid genera and subgenera correspond only to subgenera and species groups of Western Palaearctic clausiliids. This claim was confirmed by recent molecular phylogeny (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx023" author="Motochin, R" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="795 - 845" refId="B148" refString="Motochin, R, Wang, M, Ueshima, R, 2017. Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (4): 795 - 845, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx023" title="Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx023" volume="181" year="2017">Motochin et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
For the sake of simplicity, this genus is divided into three sections: typical (with curved R2 ribs), atypical (without the typical R2 sculpture), and those species from Japanese and Korean localities (including species formerly classified into
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1951" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Awalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Awalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Awalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cipangocharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cipangocharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cipangocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1943" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Sigmacharax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sigmacharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sigmacharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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