<documentid="F4B111273AE3410A7E9E338C62B4406C"ID-DOI="10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099"ID-ISSN="2713-8615"ID-Zenodo-Dep="13144615"IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe"IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe"checkinTime="1722438108010"checkinUser="felipe"docAuthor="Blakemore, Robert J."docDate="2013"docId="03CA8049FFB9FFE23626FF195C50F85C"docLanguage="en"docName="JSpeciesRes.2.2.99-126.pdf"docOrigin="Journal of Species Research 2 (2)"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2013.2.2.099"docStyle="DocumentStyle:4D398BFF45FF8CA9E08F546BB06AE372.2:JSpeciesRes.2012-.journal_article"docStyleId="4D398BFF45FF8CA9E08F546BB06AE372"docStyleName="JSpeciesRes.2012-.journal_article"docStyleVersion="2"docTitle="Pheretima fornicata Gates 1935"docType="treatment"docVersion="2"lastPageNumber="116"masterDocId="FFF3F831FFA9FFF33510FD3B5831FFFC"masterDocTitle="Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae)"masterLastPageNumber="126"masterPageNumber="99"pageNumber="115"updateTime="1722438559216"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:titleid="0B1B248276250915EB1B0004E5B7ABA6">Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB9FFE3310AFF195CAFFDC6"author="Gates, G. E."box="[1050,1182,546,570]"pageId="16"pageNumber="115"pagination="1 - 19"refId="ref15126"refString="Gates, G. E. 1935. New earthworms from China, with notes on the synonymy of some Chinese species of Drawida and Pheretima. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 93: 1 - 19."type="journal article"year="1935">Gates, 1935</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="13582DDAFFB9FFE3362EFF795BA6FDA7"box="[830,919,578,603]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="16.[157,190,1938,1959]"captionTargetBox="[320,1268,1211,1906]"captionTargetId="figure-487@16.[315,1268,1211,1906]"captionTargetPageId="16"captionText="Fig. 12. Amynthas fornicatus showing Gates’ (1935: figs. 5-6) most uninformative and irrelevant details of spermathecae invoking adage “missing the forest for the trees”."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13144641"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13144641/files/figure.png"pageId="16"pageNumber="115">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB9FFE33100FF585C96FD87"author="Gates, G. E."box="[1040,1191,610,635]"pageId="16"pageNumber="115"pagination="1 - 19"refId="ref15126"refString="Gates, G. E. 1935. New earthworms from China, with notes on the synonymy of some Chinese species of Drawida and Pheretima. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 93: 1 - 19."type="journal article"year="1935">Gates, 1935: 9</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB9FFE33003FF585B44FD67"author="Chen, Y."pageId="16"pageNumber="115"pagination="269 - 306"refId="ref14831"refString="Chen, Y. 1936. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan II with the notes on Gates' types. Contribibutions of Biological Laboratory of Science Society of China (Zoology) 11: 269 - 306."type="journal article"year="1936">Chen, 1936: 296</bibRefCitation>
<treatmentCitationid="0AC2174EFFB9FFE3365DFF985C33FD47"author="Gates, G. E."box="[845,1026,675,699]"page="434"pageId="16"pageNumber="115"year="1939">
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB9FFE3365DFF985C33FD47"author="Gates, G. E."box="[845,1026,675,699]"pageId="16"pageNumber="115"pagination="405 - 507"refId="ref15162"refString="Gates, G. E. 1939. On some species of Chinese earthworms with special reference to specimens collected in Szechuan by Dr. D. C. Graham. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 85: 405 - 507 [Available from: si-dppr. si. edu / dspace / bitstream / 10088 / 16290 / USNMP- 85 _ 3040 _ 1939. pdf]."type="journal article"year="1939">Gates, 1939: 434</bibRefCitation>
<treatmentCitationid="0AC2174EFFB9FFE3310BFE5F5D33FC80"author="Shen, H. - P. & C. - F. Tsai & S. - C. Tsai"box="[1051,1282,868,892]"page="482"pageId="16"pageNumber="115"year="2003">
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB9FFE3310BFE5F5D33FC80"author="Shen, H. - P. & C. - F. Tsai & S. - C. Tsai"box="[1051,1282,868,892]"pageId="16"pageNumber="115"pagination="479 - 490"refId="ref15882"refString="Shen, H. - P., C. - F. Tsai and S. - C. Tsai. 2003. Six new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Central Taiwan. Zoolological Studies 42 (4): 479 - 490 [Available from: // zoolstud. sinica. edu. tw / Journals / 42.4 / 479. pdf]."type="journal article"year="2003">
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB9FFE33044FE5F5BE7FC60"author="Wang, H. - J. & J. - P. Qiu"pageId="16"pageNumber="115"refId="ref16424"refString="Wang, H. - J. and J. - P. Qiu. 2005. A Preliminary Report on"type="book"year="2005">Wang & Qiu, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: tab. 1;
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB9FFE3313AFEBF5CE7FC60"author="Sun, J. & Q. Zhao & J. - P. Qiu"box="[1066,1238,900,924]"pageId="16"pageNumber="115"pagination="149 - 158"refId="ref16335"refString="Sun, J., Q. Zhao and J. - P. Qiu. 2012. Four new species of the Amynthas corticis-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa 2680: 149 - 158."type="journal article"year="2012">
The original description in full in quotes with Gates’ (1939) amendments added in square braces that yet ignore
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB9FFE336C3F93F5C56FBE0"author="Chen, Y."box="[979,1127,1028,1052]"pageId="16"pageNumber="115"pagination="269 - 306"refId="ref14831"refString="Chen, Y. 1936. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan II with the notes on Gates' types. Contribibutions of Biological Laboratory of Science Society of China (Zoology) 11: 269 - 306."type="journal article"year="1936">Chen’s (1936)</bibRefCitation>
additional and contradictory data from reinspection of Gates’
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB9FFE3304AF91F5B8CFBA0"author="Shen, H. - P. & C. - F. Tsai & S. - C. Tsai"pageId="16"pageNumber="115"pagination="479 - 490"refId="ref15882"refString="Shen, H. - P., C. - F. Tsai and S. - C. Tsai. 2003. Six new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Central Taiwan. Zoolological Studies 42 (4): 479 - 490 [Available from: // zoolstud. sinica. edu. tw / Journals / 42.4 / 479. pdf]."type="journal article"year="2003">
<quantityid="4C9B9CBAFFB8FFE237B1F87C58F9FA82"metricMagnitude="-2"metricUnit="m"metricValue="8.4"metricValueMax="9.0"metricValueMin="7.8"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"unit="mm"value="84.0"valueMax="90.0"valueMin="78.0">78 to 90 mm</quantity>
<quantityid="4C9B9CBAFFB8FFE234BAF85C5A2AFA82"box="[426,539,1382,1407]"metricMagnitude="-3"metricUnit="m"metricValue="5.0"metricValueMax="6.0"metricValueMin="4.0"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"unit="mm"value="5.0"valueMax="6.0"valueMin="4.0">4 to 6 mm</quantity>
; a wide dorsal gap in the setal circle of ii. First dorsal pore in 12/ 13 [with pore like marking in 11/12]. [Clitellum annular, 13/14-16/17]. Spermathecal pores minute and superficial, four pairs, in 5/6-8/9 [on tiny, grayish, transversely oval markings]. Male pores superficial, on circular to transversely oval, disk-shaped porophores [that are about
wide]. No genital markings. Septum 8/9 present but membranous [9/10 laking]. [Intestine from 15]. Intestinal caeca simple. [Hearts in 9-13 to ventral blood vessel, those in 10 and 11 within testis sac]. Testis sacs of x and xi unpaired and horseshoe-shaped. [Seminal vesicles are in 11 & 12, pseudovesicles in 13 and sometimes 14]. [Spermathecal duct as long as the ampulla, diverticulum longer than duct and ampulla]. Spermathecal diverticulum with a long, slender stalk and a spheroidal or asymmetrical seminal chamber.
<collectingCountryid="F37471CFFFB8FFE23171FC3A5CBEFEE5"box="[1121,1167,257,281]"name="United States of America"pageId="17"pageNumber="116">U.S.</collectingCountry>
by the gap in the setal circle of ii, the exclusion of the seminal vesicles of xi from the posterior testis sac, and the absence of genital markings.” [None of these latter three characters seems sufficient justification for their separation in context with the current revisions of
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE2317BFCD95CD8FE06"baseAuthorityName="Goto & Hatai"baseAuthorityYear="1899"box="[1131,1257,482,506]"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="carnosus">
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE236BEFF395C59FDE6"author="Chen, Y."box="[942,1128,514,538]"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="269 - 306"refId="ref14831"refString="Chen, Y. 1936. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan II with the notes on Gates' types. Contribibutions of Biological Laboratory of Science Society of China (Zoology) 11: 269 - 306."type="journal article"year="1936">Chen (1936: 298)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE231C6FF195DA5FDC6"author="Gates, G. E."box="[1238,1428,546,570]"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="405 - 507"refId="ref15162"refString="Gates, G. E. 1939. On some species of Chinese earthworms with special reference to specimens collected in Szechuan by Dr. D. C. Graham. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 85: 405 - 507 [Available from: si-dppr. si. edu / dspace / bitstream / 10088 / 16290 / USNMP- 85 _ 3040 _ 1939. pdf]."type="journal article"year="1939">Gates (1939: 436)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE2365FFFD85BE4FD07"author="Gates, G. E."box="[847,981,739,763]"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="1 - 19"refId="ref15126"refString="Gates, G. E. 1935. New earthworms from China, with notes on the synonymy of some Chinese species of Drawida and Pheretima. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 93: 1 - 19."type="journal article"year="1935">Gates (1935)</bibRefCitation>
based on a probable immature and abnormal type that has only a pair of small marking immediately median to male pores on 18 which is all that separates it from
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE231E6FE5F5D44FC87"baseAuthorityName="Goto & Hatai"baseAuthorityYear="1899"box="[1270,1397,868,891]"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="carnosus">
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE236CDFEBF5C9BFC60"author="Blakemore, R. J."box="[989,1194,900,924]"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="35 - 43"refId="ref14125"refString="Blakemore, R. J. 2012 a. Amynthas carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 1 (1): 35 - 43 [Available from: www. nibr. go. kr / download? attach _ path = journal & attach = 2012 vol 1 no 1 _ 4. pdf]."type="journal article"year="2012">Blakemore (2012a)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE2369DFE9F5C50FC40"author="Kobayashi, S."box="[909,1121,932,956]"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="115 - 138"refId="ref15652"refString="Kobayashi, S. 1936. Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11 (1): 115 - 138."type="journal article"year="1936">Kobayashi’s (1936)</bibRefCitation>
excellent redescription in a publication that
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE236F9FEFF5C9BFC20"author="Gates, G. E."box="[1001,1194,964,988]"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="405 - 507"refId="ref15162"refString="Gates, G. E. 1939. On some species of Chinese earthworms with special reference to specimens collected in Szechuan by Dr. D. C. Graham. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 85: 405 - 507 [Available from: si-dppr. si. edu / dspace / bitstream / 10088 / 16290 / USNMP- 85 _ 3040 _ 1939. pdf]."type="journal article"year="1939">Gates (1939: 469)</bibRefCitation>
was clearly aware of but rejected for unsound reasons.
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE2306EF93E5BA9FBC0"baseAuthorityName="Goto & Hatai"baseAuthorityYear="1899"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="carnosus">
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE23021F97E5B6FFB80"baseAuthorityName="Goto & Hatai"baseAuthorityYear="1899"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="carnosus">A. carnosus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and the uncertainty about spermathecal papillae. However, the name
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE236A4F99E5C04FB41"baseAuthorityName="Goto & Hatai"baseAuthorityYear="1899"box="[948,1077,1189,1213]"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="carnosus">
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE2305EF99E5BF9FB21"author="Blakemore, R. J."pageId="17"pageNumber="116"refId="ref14323"refString="Blakemore, R. J. 2012 d. Cosmopolitan earthworms. 5 th Edition. VermEcology, Yokohama, Japan. pp. 950 [CD publication]."type="journal volume"year="2012">Blakemore (2012d)</bibRefCitation>
and on subsequent records: in particular it agrees with
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE236ACF9DE5CBFFB01"author="Kobayashi, S."box="[956,1166,1253,1277]"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="115 - 138"refId="ref15652"refString="Kobayashi, S. 1936. Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11 (1): 115 - 138."type="journal article"year="1936">Kobayashi’s (1936)</bibRefCitation>
as Chen suggested and both now seemingly merit inclusion in synonymy of the prior
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE231A6F87D5BF0FA82"authority="(Goto & Hatai, 1899)"baseAuthorityName="Goto & Hatai"baseAuthorityYear="1899"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="carnosus">
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE23051F87D5B89FA82"author="Goto, S. & S. Hatai"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="13 - 24"refId="ref15374"refString="Goto, S. and S. Hatai. 1899. New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 2. Annotations Zoologicae Japonensis 3 (1): 13 - 24."type="journal article"year="1899">Goto & Hatai, 1899</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE231A7F8BD5C2AFA42"authority="Shen et al. (2013)"authorityName="Shen"authorityYear="2013"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="taiwumontis">
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE23649F89D5C2AFA42"author="Shen, H. - P. & C. - H. Chang & C. - L. Li & W. - J. Chih & J. - H. Chen"box="[857,1051,1446,1470]"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="471 - 482"refId="ref16042"refString="Shen, H. - P., C. - H. Chang, C. - L. Li, W. - J. Chih and J. - H. Chen. 2013. Four new earthworms species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Kinmen, Taiwan. Zootaxa 3599: 471 - 482."type="journal article"year="2013">
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE2367DF8DC5BDBFA02"baseAuthorityName="Goto & Hatai"baseAuthorityYear="1899"box="[877,1002,1511,1534]"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="carnosus">
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE23040FB3D5BF5F9C3"author="Blakemore, R. J."pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="35 - 43"refId="ref14125"refString="Blakemore, R. J. 2012 a. Amynthas carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 1 (1): 35 - 43 [Available from: www. nibr. go. kr / download? attach _ path = journal & attach = 2012 vol 1 no 1 _ 4. pdf]."type="journal article"year="2012">Blakemore (2012a)</bibRefCitation>
(this overlooked despite my sending a copy to Dr Huei-Ping Shen) and thus this name too is another probable inclusion in the long synonym list of
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE2303FFB5C5B6BF963"baseAuthorityName="Goto & Hatai"baseAuthorityYear="1899"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="carnosus">
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE23670FBD35BD1F903"baseAuthorityName="Goto & Hatai"baseAuthorityYear="1899"box="[864,992,1768,1791]"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="carnosus">
<taxonomicNameid="4C634ADCFFB8FFE236ADFA335D3DF8DC"authority="Shen et al., 2003"authorityName="Shen"authorityYear="2003"box="[957,1292,1799,1824]"class="Clitellata"family="Megascolecidae"genus="Amynthas"kingdom="Animalia"order="Crassiclitellata"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="penpuensis">
<bibRefCitationid="EFF24CAEFFB8FFE23148FA3C5D3DF8DC"author="Shen, H. - P. & C. - F. Tsai & S. - C. Tsai"box="[1112,1292,1799,1824]"pageId="17"pageNumber="116"pagination="479 - 490"refId="ref15882"refString="Shen, H. - P., C. - F. Tsai and S. - C. Tsai. 2003. Six new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Central Taiwan. Zoolological Studies 42 (4): 479 - 490 [Available from: // zoolstud. sinica. edu. tw / Journals / 42.4 / 479. pdf]."type="journal article"year="2003">
since all that currently separates it is its dorsal pores slightly more in advance (from 5/6 or 6/7 rather than from 11/12 abouts), this single character is doubtfully adequate for species level separation.
