<documentid="0FA8729B90A9B48B49746DDCA1A4B59D"ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1"ID-ISSN="1179-3163"ID-Zenodo-Dep="13217474"IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe"IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe"checkinTime="1722603694281"checkinUser="felipe"docAuthor="Masson, Didier, Magain, Nicolas & Sérusiaux, Emmanuël"docDate="2024"docId="03FA864EFFE92F19FF1AFF1AFD22FC02"docLanguage="en"docName="phytotaxa.657.1.1.pdf"docOrigin="Phytotaxa 657 (1)"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1"docStyle="DocumentStyle:F08184CE06D8A97EA3E6DE35D99648B0.4:Phytotaxa.2014-.monograph"docStyleId="F08184CE06D8A97EA3E6DE35D99648B0"docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.monograph"docStyleVersion="4"docTitle="Parmotrema udisilvestre D. M. Masson, Magain & Serus., sp. nov."docType="treatment"docVersion="2"lastPageNumber="116"masterDocId="FFC3FE36FF982F6AFF92FF84FF9FFFE4"masterDocTitle="Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean"masterLastPageNumber="138"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="114"updateTime="1722811504206"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="F72EC1D99C14C47E32048CA14421FF20">Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean</mods:title>
<taxonomicNameid="4C534CDBFFE92F1BFF1AFF1AFC8DFF5C"authority="D.M. Masson, Magain & Serus."authorityName="D. M. Masson, Magain & Serus."box="[136,786,157,184]"class="Lecanoromycetes"family="Parmeliaceae"genus="Parmotrema"kingdom="Fungi"order="Lecanorales"pageId="113"pageNumber="114"phylum="Ascomycota"rank="species"species="udisilvestre"status="sp. nov.">
group, characterized by the fragile upper cortex often flaking, the submarginal soralia frequently arising from pustules, the granular soredia, and the marginal cilia of moderate average size (ca.
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFE92F1BFF02FE1EFF7DFE50"box="[144,226,410,436]"captionStart="FIGURE 42"captionStartId="114.[136,229,1869,1891]"captionTargetBox="[151,1433,357,1843]"captionTargetId="figure-79@114.[150,1435,356,1845]"captionTargetPageId="114"captionText="FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Submarginal soralia arising from pustule-like swellings or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex of ± revolute lobe (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with fragile, cracking and flaking upper cortex (Masson 974.4959); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4833). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 2 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 8 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217558"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217558/files/figure.png"pageId="113"pageNumber="114">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFE92F1BFF4EFDF6FEDCFD68"box="[220,323,626,652]"captionStart="FIGURE 42"captionStartId="114.[136,229,1869,1891]"captionTargetBox="[151,1433,357,1843]"captionTargetId="figure-79@114.[150,1435,356,1845]"captionTargetPageId="114"captionText="FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Submarginal soralia arising from pustule-like swellings or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex of ± revolute lobe (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with fragile, cracking and flaking upper cortex (Masson 974.4959); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4833). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 2 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 8 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217558"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217558/files/figure.png"pageId="113"pageNumber="114">Fig. 42E</figureCitation>
conspicuous, black, some with coppery glints (pigments); numerous and ± evenly distributed at lobe margins, occasionally laminal; simple, rarely 1–2 times branched, ca.
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFE92F1BFCA3FD5AFC1BFD1C"box="[817,900,734,760]"captionStart="FIGURE 10"captionStartId="26.[136,229,774,796]"captionTargetBox="[167,1422,199,743]"captionTargetId="figure-20@26.[154,1430,193,750]"captionTargetPageId="26"captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparison of the mean lengths (± SE) of the marginal cilia of 4 species of the P. subarnoldii group: P. subarnoldii (lectotype from Madagascar, 1 specimen from Rwanda), P. eleonomum (7 specimens from Réunion), P. brachyblepharum (8 specimens from Réunion), and P. udisilvestre (14 specimens from Réunion, 1 from Madagascar). Soralia of type A: marginal, linear or ± subcapitate or labriform; soralia of type B: submarginal, arising from pustule-like swellings, or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217494"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217494/files/figure.png"pageId="113"pageNumber="114">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
pale greenish grey near lobe tips to pale yellowish grey centrally, dull, shinier towards the periphery, emaculate or faintly ± punctiform white-maculate, smooth or rugulose to ± rugose, upper cortex fragile, here and there cracking and flaking (
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFE92F1BFB31FCA2FA90FCA4"box="[1187,1295,806,832]"captionStart="FIGURE 42"captionStartId="114.[136,229,1869,1891]"captionTargetBox="[151,1433,357,1843]"captionTargetId="figure-79@114.[150,1435,356,1845]"captionTargetPageId="114"captionText="FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Submarginal soralia arising from pustule-like swellings or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex of ± revolute lobe (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with fragile, cracking and flaking upper cortex (Masson 974.4959); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4833). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 2 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 8 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217558"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217558/files/figure.png"pageId="113"pageNumber="114">Fig. 42D</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFE92F1BFBA7FCEAFB03FC6C"box="[1077,1180,878,904]"captionStart="FIGURE 42"captionStartId="114.[136,229,1869,1891]"captionTargetBox="[151,1433,357,1843]"captionTargetId="figure-79@114.[150,1435,356,1845]"captionTargetPageId="114"captionText="FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Submarginal soralia arising from pustule-like swellings or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex of ± revolute lobe (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with fragile, cracking and flaking upper cortex (Masson 974.4959); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4833). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 2 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 8 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217558"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217558/files/figure.png"pageId="113"pageNumber="114">Fig. 42C</figureCitation>
in small scattered groups, concolor to the lower surface, sometimes with lighter tip when young, simple or fasciculate, more rarely 1–2 times branched, up to
<emphasisid="B927EB4AFFE92F1BFECDFB7EFD13FAF0"box="[351,652,1274,1300]"italics="true"pageId="113"pageNumber="114">Spot tests and fluorescence</emphasis>
): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acid (major), protolichesterinic acid (major), lichesterinic acid (minor/trace), ± unidentified fatty acid (Rf classes:A2-3, B1,
<collectionCodeid="ED42AF9DFFE92F1BFF1AFAE2FF02FA64"box="[136,157,1382,1408]"country="Denmark"name="University of Copenhagen"pageId="113"pageNumber="114"type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFE92F1BFE70F99EFDD3F9D0"box="[482,588,1562,1588]"captionStart="FIGURE 42"captionStartId="114.[136,229,1869,1891]"captionTargetBox="[151,1433,357,1843]"captionTargetId="figure-79@114.[150,1435,356,1845]"captionTargetPageId="114"captionText="FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Submarginal soralia arising from pustule-like swellings or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex of ± revolute lobe (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with fragile, cracking and flaking upper cortex (Masson 974.4959); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4833). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 2 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 8 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217558"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217558/files/figure.png"pageId="113"pageNumber="114">Fig. 42A</figureCitation>
, it was also corticolous, thriving on branchlets of an undetermined phorophyte in a dense humid montane forest. The species appears to be ombrophilous and moderately thermophilous, as shown by the bioclimatic indices of the localities: bioclimate pluvial tropical, thermotype belts = from upper thermotropical to lower mesotropical (482 ≤ It ≤ 531) in
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFE92F1BFE5EF8DAFDACF89C"box="[460,563,1886,1912]"captionStart="FIGURE 42"captionStartId="114.[136,229,1869,1891]"captionTargetBox="[151,1433,357,1843]"captionTargetId="figure-79@114.[150,1435,356,1845]"captionTargetPageId="114"captionText="FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Submarginal soralia arising from pustule-like swellings or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex of ± revolute lobe (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with fragile, cracking and flaking upper cortex (Masson 974.4959); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4833). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 2 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 8 mm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217558"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217558/files/figure.png"pageId="113"pageNumber="114">Fig. 42B</figureCitation>
has the most distinctive morphology. The combination of a fragile upper cortex, the submarginal and often pustular soralia, and the granulose soredia is characteristic of this species (
<tableCitationid="C6D102E3FFE92F1BFBC1F796FB33F7C9"box="[1107,1196,2066,2093]"captionStart="TABLE 5"captionStartId="26.[137,229,952,976]"captionText="TABLE 5. Comparison of some morphological characters of four species of the P. subarnoldii group. All specimens were subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses, except those of P. subarnoldii s. str. The mean values reported are the observed extremes. For each character, the number of specimens studied appears in brackets. Soralia of type A: marginal, linear or ± subcapitate or labriform; soralia of type B: submarginal, arising from pustule-like swellings, or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex."pageId="113"pageNumber="114">Table 5</tableCitation>
). The Reunionese and Malagasy specimens studied form a distinct and well-supported clade in the phylogenetic tree constructed from ITS sequences (
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFEA2F18FE99FF46FECFFF38"box="[267,336,194,220]"captionStart="FIGURE 4"captionStartId="17.[136,229,1553,1575]"captionTargetBox="[154,1434,216,1510]"captionTargetId="graphics-18@17.[149,1438,191,1527]"captionTargetPageId="17"captionText="FIGURE 4. Global tree (best scoring maximum likelihood tree) of Parmotrema based on the fungal ITS barcoding marker. Figure can be enlarged for a better reading of labels. Accessions in black are those retrieved from GenBank on June 2023. Those in red are those produced by the authors for this study. Bootstrap support is indicated on branch when ≥ 70%."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217482"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217482/files/figure.png"pageId="114"pageNumber="115">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFEA2F18FD5DFF46FC89FF38"box="[719,790,194,220]"captionStart="FIGURE 3"captionStartId="16.[136,229,1876,1898]"captionTargetBox="[210,1381,204,1846]"captionTargetId="figure-20@16.[197,1389,191,1850]"captionTargetPageId="16"captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogeny of the Parmotrema species studied. Best ML tree resulted from a RaxML analysis of three loci (EF1-α, ITS, mtSSU) and 102 specimens. Punctelia toxodes was selected as the outgroup. Bootstrap values are represented above the branches, and thick branches have bootstrap support value ≥ 70. Results of the species delimitation analyses are summarized to the right of the terminal labels of the tree. The first column corresponds to the results of the Stacey analysis, while the second column corresponds to the results of the bPP analysis. Specimens attributed the same colour were reconstructed as part of the same putative species by the species delimitation analysis. Major medullary extrolites are also shown for each specimen."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217480"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217480/files/figure.png"pageId="114"pageNumber="115">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Two slightly different ITS sequences were found (
<tableCitationid="C6D102E3FFEA2F18FAFEFF46FF08FEE4"captionStart="TABLE 3"captionStartId="13.[136,224,1743,1767]"captionText="TABLE 3. ITS barcode selected in ITS 1 for all species whose DNA could be extracted. Variation within species reported as species epithet followed par 1, 2 or 3. The barcode is selected with the first six positions identical and with the last two identical. See Schoch et al. (2012) for details on the selection and use of ITS barcode. aurantioreagens G C T T T G A C G G T C C T C G G G G G C C T T C C T C C G T A C C G G austrosinense G C T T T G G C G G A C C T C G G G G G T T C T C C T C C G C G T C G G brachyblepharum G C T T T G G C G G G C C C C T G G G G T C T A C C T C C G C A T C G G cf clavuliferum G C T T T G G C G G A C C T T G G G G G T C C C C T C C G C A C C G G crinitum G C T T T G G C G G A C C T C G G G G G T C T T C C T T C G C A C C G G cristiferum G C T T T G G C G G A C C T T G G G G G T C C T C C T C C G C A T C G G ......continued on the next page"pageId="114"pageNumber="115">Table 3</tableCitation>
), but neither of the two methods used for species delimitation (bPP and Stacey) supported the recognition of two different taxa (
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFEA2F18FEBFFE8EFEEEFEC0"box="[301,369,266,292]"captionStart="FIGURE 3"captionStartId="16.[136,229,1876,1898]"captionTargetBox="[210,1381,204,1846]"captionTargetId="figure-20@16.[197,1389,191,1850]"captionTargetPageId="16"captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogeny of the Parmotrema species studied. Best ML tree resulted from a RaxML analysis of three loci (EF1-α, ITS, mtSSU) and 102 specimens. Punctelia toxodes was selected as the outgroup. Bootstrap values are represented above the branches, and thick branches have bootstrap support value ≥ 70. Results of the species delimitation analyses are summarized to the right of the terminal labels of the tree. The first column corresponds to the results of the Stacey analysis, while the second column corresponds to the results of the bPP analysis. Specimens attributed the same colour were reconstructed as part of the same putative species by the species delimitation analysis. Major medullary extrolites are also shown for each specimen."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217480"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217480/files/figure.png"pageId="114"pageNumber="115">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from
<bibRefCitationid="EFC24AA9FFEA2F18FBA6F8F5FA1EF862"author="Rivas-Martinez, S. & Rivas-Saenz, S. & Penas, A."box="[1076,1409,1905,1927]"pageId="114"pageNumber="115"pagination="1 - 634"refId="ref129604"refString="Rivas-Martinez, S., Rivas-Saenz, S. & Penas, A. (2011) Worldwide bioclimatic classification system. Global Geobotany 1: 1 - 634 + 4 maps."type="book chapter"year="2011">
<figureCitationid="13682BDDFFEB2F19FD9CFF46FDCEFF38"box="[526,593,194,220]"captionStart="FIGURE 3"captionStartId="16.[136,229,1876,1898]"captionTargetBox="[210,1381,204,1846]"captionTargetId="figure-20@16.[197,1389,191,1850]"captionTargetPageId="16"captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogeny of the Parmotrema species studied. Best ML tree resulted from a RaxML analysis of three loci (EF1-α, ITS, mtSSU) and 102 specimens. Punctelia toxodes was selected as the outgroup. Bootstrap values are represented above the branches, and thick branches have bootstrap support value ≥ 70. Results of the species delimitation analyses are summarized to the right of the terminal labels of the tree. The first column corresponds to the results of the Stacey analysis, while the second column corresponds to the results of the bPP analysis. Specimens attributed the same colour were reconstructed as part of the same putative species by the species delimitation analysis. Major medullary extrolites are also shown for each specimen."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217480"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217480/files/figure.png"pageId="115"pageNumber="116">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
, and two being more widespread in the Paleotropics (
<tableCitationid="C6D102E3FFEB2F19FBA3FF62FB1AFEE4"box="[1073,1157,230,256]"captionStart="TABLE 1"captionStartId="8.[136,224,304,328]"captionText="TABLE 1. List of the 36 species of the genus Parmotrema reported from Réunion Island with, for each species, its Mycobank"pageId="115"pageNumber="116">Table 1</tableCitation>
<locationid="8E8C6183FFEB2F19FD31FD12FC28FD54"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FA864EFFE92F19FF1AFF1AFD22FC02:8E8C6183FFEB2F19FD31FD12FC28FD54"box="[675,951,662,688]"country="Madagascar"county="Simpona"latitude="-14.4365835"longLatPrecision="1"longitude="49.74328"municipality="Marojejia"name="Marojejy National Park"pageId="115"pageNumber="116">Marojejy National Park</location>
<collectionCodeid="ED42AF9DFFEB2F19FCB3FD5AFCD3FD1C"box="[801,844,734,760]"country="Belgium"name="Université de Liège"pageId="115"pageNumber="116"type="Herbarium">LG</collectionCode>
<emphasisid="B927EB4AFFEB2F19FF1AFC48FD22FC02"bold="true"box="[136,701,972,998]"pageId="115"pageNumber="116">Erroneous, doubtful and problematic reports</emphasis>
