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<mods:title id="AB1BC0B238F26FD9DD5AC37632C20EF4">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5A1E7E9FF9977EE017CD53FC2504F89D">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="89308C85B0AA53DDC7F35CE4D408C408">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2E71AFB91BA8E44A24D64B2AF6B76595">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="55FD8768726E36462D1332C03406ACF2">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339 &amp; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. brisinga @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0178 - 8237 &amp; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926185D5461C4BF29FD31419A" blockId="23.[151,656,367,429]" box="[151,656,367,394]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26185D5461C4BF29FD31419A" ID-CoL="559YC" authority="(Leske 1778)" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[151,656,367,394]" class="Echinoidea" family="Temnopleuridae" genus="Temnopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="toreumaticus">
<emphasis id="B962EABB26185D5461C4BF29FD31419A" bold="true" box="[151,656,367,394]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B962EABB26185D5461C4BF29FE4B419A" bold="true" box="[151,490,367,394]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Temnopleurus toreumaticus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826185D5460A8BF29FD29419A" author="Leske, N. G." box="[507,648,367,393]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref40619" refString="Leske, N. G. (1778) Jacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum..., edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonomis auctorem aucta. Addimenta ad I. T. Klein naturalem dispositionem Echinodermatum. G. E. Beer, Leipzig, xxii + 278 pp." type="book" year="1778">Leske 1778</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226185D5461C4BFD5FEBE41BE" box="[151,287,403,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA936A926185D5461C4BFD5FEBE41BE" blockId="23.[151,656,367,429]" box="[151,287,403,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26185D5461C4BFD5FEBE41BE" box="[151,287,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1334,1358]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,453,1309]" captionTargetId="figure-45@23.[218,1369,453,1309]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14. Temnopleurus torematicus. In situ observation. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021558/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 14</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926185D5461C4BB70FBDB455D" blockId="23.[151,1146,1333,1358]" box="[151,1146,1333,1358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B962EABB26185D5461C4BB70FDE2455D" bold="true" box="[151,579,1333,1358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
FIGURE 14. 
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26185D546075BB73FD9D455D" bold="true" box="[294,572,1333,1358]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Temnopleurus torematicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26185D54631ABB71FCAB455D" authority="observation" authorityName="Observation" box="[585,778,1334,1358]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
<emphasis id="B962EABB26185D54631ABB71FD2B455D" box="[585,650,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">In situ</emphasis>
observation
</taxonomicName>
. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30C652226185D5461C4BBE6FC6447A0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA936A926185D5461C4BBE6FEBF45A9" blockId="23.[151,286,1440,1466]" box="[151,286,1440,1466]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B962EABB26185D5461C4BBE6FEBF45A9" bold="true" box="[151,286,1440,1466]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Comments</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926185D5461C4BBAEFACB4634" blockId="23.[151,1437,1512,1683]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
A species identified by the possession of a central or subcentral anal opening, an indistinct suranal plate, spines with distinct banding which lack a dark base. Pits of horizontal sutures deep with sharp edges (
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826185D5465D7B84AFAFF4634" author="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M." box="[1156,1374,1548,1575]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao &amp; Clark 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936A926185D54619FB877FB484681" blockId="23.[151,1437,1512,1683]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826185D54619FB877FE324659" author="Mortensen, T." box="[204,403,1584,1611]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref41482" refString="Mortensen, T. (1943) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III (2). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 553 pp." type="book" year="1943">Mortensen (1943)</bibRefCitation>
noted gut contents including coral and plant material. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826185D5462B0B876FA824659" author="Saravanan, R. &amp; Jawahar, P." box="[995,1315,1584,1610]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="255 - 262" refId="ref42479" refString="Saravanan, R. &amp; Jawahar, P. (2022) Multiple-choice feeding preference assay on two sea urchin species from the Gulf of Mannar, South East coast of India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 51 (3), 255 - 262." type="journal article" year="2022">Saravanan &amp; Jawahar (2022)</bibRefCitation>
performed seagrass and seaweed feeding preference experiments comparing this species with 
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26185D54657CB812FB35467D" box="[1071,1172,1620,1646]" class="Echinoidea" family="Temnopleuridae" genus="Salmacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962EABB26185D54657CB812FB35467D" box="[1071,1172,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Salmacis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species has found significant usage as a model species for developmental biologists (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826185D5462E1B83EFB3C4681" author="Kitazawa, C. &amp; Nishimura, H. &amp; Yamaguchi, T. &amp; Nakano, M. &amp; Yamanaka, A." box="[946,1181,1656,1683]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="215 - 221" refId="ref40160" refString="Kitazawa, C., Nishimura, H., Yamaguchi, T., Nakano, M. &amp; Yamanaka, A. (2009) Novel Morphological Traits in the Early Developmental Stages of Temnopleurus toreumaticus Biological Bulletin, 217 (3), 215 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / BBLv 217 n 3 p 215" type="book chapter" year="2009">
Kitazawa 
<emphasis id="B962EABB26185D546570B83FFBF54681" box="[1059,1108,1656,1682]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826185D5465FBB83EFB434681" author="Kitazawa, C. &amp; Sakaguchi, C. &amp; Nishiura, H. &amp; Kobayashi, C. &amp; Baba, T. &amp; Yamanaka, A." box="[1192,1250,1656,1682]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref40225" refString="Kitazawa, C., Sakaguchi, C., Nishiura, H., Kobayashi, C., Baba, T. &amp; Yamanaka, A. (2014) Development of the sea urchins Temnopleurus toreumaticus Leske, 1778 and Temnopleurus reevesii Gray, 1855 (Camarodonta: Temnopleuridae). Zoological Studies, 53, 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1810 - 522 X- 53 - 3" type="journal volume" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26185D5461C4B8A2FE6B46ED" bold="true" box="[151,458,1764,1790]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926185D5461C4B96BFEBC4754" box="[151,285,1837,1863]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
, 
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.
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Outside 
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, widely occurring throughout the Indo-Pacific, from the East African coast to the 
<collectingCountry id="F301763926185D54646AB916FF44479D" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
.Temperate waters around eastern 
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and 
<collectingCountry id="F301763926185D5463BAB933FC8D479C" box="[745,812,1909,1935]" name="Japan" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 
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and 
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. 
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(below 
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in 
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, following 
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826185D546058B9DEFDA147A1" author="Tsuchiya, M. &amp; Nishihira M. &amp; Poung-In, S. &amp; Choohabandit, S." box="[267,512,1944,1971]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="149 - 153" refId="ref43050" refString="Tsuchiya, M., Nishihira M., Poung-In, S. &amp; Choohabandit, S. (2009) Feeding behavior of the urchin-eating urchin Salmacis sphaeroides. Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies, 11, 149 - 153." type="journal article" year="2009">
Tsuchiya 
<emphasis id="B962EABB26185D546025B9DFFE0647A1" box="[374,423,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
. (2009)
</bibRefCitation>
(other info follows Clark &amp; 
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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