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<mods:title id="4F1AFF62052762A8507ADDC084A0C765">How to inventory tropical flies (Diptera) — One of the megadiverse orders of insects</mods:title>
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Zurquí all 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FEACFCDBB8D17B22" authority="Biodiversity Inventory" authorityName="Biodiversity Inventory" box="[285,664,836,862]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="307" rank="order">Diptera biodiversity inventory</taxonomicName>
(ZADBI)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7EFEF090ED07B525FF26FC16BB2E7919" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="description">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF26FC16B8C27D52" blockId="4.[151,1437,905,1326]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
These perspectives led us to propose an innovative 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FD55FC16B9717BDE" box="[740,824,905,930]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
survey of a mid-elevation tropical cloud forest to the National Science Foundation (
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED07B530FE4DFC31B87E7BBA" box="[508,567,942,966]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">USA</collectingCountry>
) (see http://phorid.net/zadbi/ and YouTube link https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=HkROS6-K02U). We chose a study site at Zurquí de Moravia (hereafter &quot;Zurquí), San José Province, 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED07B530FF26FC69BB5A7C72" box="[151,275,1013,1038]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, for a number of reasons. From previous prospecting, this site was known among some entomologists as remarkably rich in insect species (
<bibRefCitation id="5275DEEAED07B530FD9EFB85B8867C4E" author="Hanson" box="[559,719,1050,1074]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Hanson, P. (2000) 4. Insects and Spiders. In: Nadkarni, N. M. &amp; Wheelwright, N. T. (Eds.), Monteverde, ecology and conservation of a tropical cloud forest. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 95 - 147." type="book chapter" year="2000">Hanson 2000</bibRefCitation>
). The site is also easily accessible, about a 30 minute drive northeast of San José and, although privately owned, we had assurances from the owner, Jorge Arturo Lizano, that it will remain protected. Our study site, at 1585 meters elevation, was limited to a 150 x 
<quantity id="F11C0EFEED07B530FBDDFBFEBE947C05" box="[1132,1245,1121,1146]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.66" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="m" value="266.0">266 meter</quantity>
area (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED07B530FA90FBFEBF297C06" box="[1313,1376,1121,1146]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,2010,2032]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,807,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,807,1985]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of study site at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica, with primary features indicated." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254207/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) that included a small ridge, a permanent stream, a temporary stream and a variety of vegetation, including some disturbed habitat (pasture) (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED07B530FE62FB36B8087CBE" box="[467,577,1193,1218]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1934,1956]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,511,1904]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,194,1930]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1913]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Details of study site at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Primary cloud forest with bordering pasture. B. Primary Malaise trap set on ridge indicated with black arrow; red arrow points to temporary black light set over pan with soapy water; large white mass in middle of photo was a piece of plastic garbage." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Details of study site at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Supplementary Malaise trap beside narrow, permanent stream. B. Permanent stream." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/254208/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/254209/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Figs. 2–3</figureCitation>
). It is abutting the extensive and virtually pristine Braulio Carillo National Park. Our baseline sampling was a single Malaise trap set on the ridge at the edge of the forest (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED07B530FB43FB52BF717C9A" box="[1266,1336,1229,1254]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1934,1956]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,511,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1913]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of study site at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Primary cloud forest with bordering pasture. B. Primary Malaise trap set on ridge indicated with black arrow; red arrow points to temporary black light set over pan with soapy water; large white mass in middle of photo was a piece of plastic garbage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254208/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B), to be employed for one year, the results of which were to be studied by all cooperating systematists (
<tableCitation id="7B6696A0ED07B530FA81FB6EBFC27D76" box="[1328,1419,1265,1290]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,1372,1395]" captionText="TABLE 1. Families present at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica with associated collaborating systematists. Families in partial phyletic sequence." pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Supplementary sampling is discussed below.
</paragraph>
<caption id="629BF393ED07B530FF26FAC3BBEE7DEF" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF26FAC3BBEE7DEF" blockId="4.[151,1436,1372,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED07B530FF26FAC3BB457D0F" bold="true" box="[151,268,1372,1395]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Families present at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica with associated collaborating systematists. Families in partial phyletic sequence.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF2EFA31B8FD7DB8" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" box="[159,692,1454,1476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Family Collaborator</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF2EFA47B8867D92" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" box="[159,719,1496,1518]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EFA47BAB67D92" box="[159,255,1496,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tipulidae</taxonomicName>
JonK.Gelhaus
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF2EF99EB8F27E3C" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF99EB8307E6B" authority="Dalton" authorityName="Dalton" box="[159,633,1537,1559]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bibionidae Dalton</taxonomicName>
de Souza Amorim 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF9B5B8F27E3C" authority="Peter H. Kerr" authorityName="Peter H. Kerr" box="[159,699,1578,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mycetophilidae Peter H. Kerr</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF2EF9CBB8F27E16" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" box="[159,699,1620,1642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF9CBB8F27E16" authority="Peter H. Kerr" authorityName="Peter H. Kerr" box="[159,699,1620,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Ditomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ditomyiidae Peter H. Kerr</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF2EF9E2B8F27EEF" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" box="[159,699,1661,1683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF9E2B8F27EEF" authority="Peter H. Kerr" authorityName="Peter H. Kerr" box="[159,699,1661,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Keroplatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Keroplatidae Peter H. Kerr</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF2EF939B8F27EC0" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" box="[159,699,1702,1724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF939B8F27EC0" authority="Peter H. Kerr" authorityName="Peter H. Kerr" box="[159,699,1702,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Lygistorrhinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lygistorrhinidae Peter H. Kerr</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF2EF94FB8AD7F73" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF94FB9277E9A" authority="Heikki Hippa, Pekka Vilkamaa" authorityName="Heikki Hippa, Pekka Vilkamaa" box="[159,878,1744,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciaridae Heikki Hippa, Pekka Vilkamaa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF966B8AD7F73" authority="MathiasJaschhof" authorityName="MathiasJaschhof" box="[159,740,1785,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae MathiasJaschhof</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF2EF8BDB8897F44" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" box="[159,704,1826,1848]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF8BDB8897F44" authority="John H. Epler" authorityName="John H. Epler" box="[159,704,1826,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae John H. Epler</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF2EF8D3B8E17FF7" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF8D3BE1D7F1E" authority="Art Borkent, Gustavo R. Spinelli, Maria M. Ronderos" authorityName="Art Borkent, Gustavo R. Spinelli, Maria M. Ronderos" box="[159,1108,1868,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae Art Borkent, Gustavo R. Spinelli, Maria M. Ronderos</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF8EAB8E17FF7" authority="PeterAdler" authorityName="PeterAdler" box="[159,680,1909,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae PeterAdler</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B530FF2EF801B8E77FC8" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" box="[159,686,1950,1972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED07B530FF2EF801B8E77FC8" authority="ArtBorkent" authorityName="ArtBorkent" box="[159,686,1950,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Dixidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dixidae ArtBorkent</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED07B531FBE8F857B8FD78A3" blockId="4.[159,1424,1454,2014]" lastBlockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED07B530FBE8F857BFD97FA2" box="[1113,1424,1992,2014]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">......continued on the next page</emphasis>
Family Collaborator
</paragraph>
<caption id="629BF393ED06B531FF2EFF3FBBC578CA" box="[159,396,160,182]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFF3FBBC578CA" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,396,160,182]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED06B531FF2EFF3FBB4578CA" bold="true" box="[159,268,160,182]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
(Continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFF6DB8E47974" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,685,242,264]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFF6DB8E47974" authority="ArtBorkent" authorityName="ArtBorkent" box="[159,685,242,264]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corethrellidae ArtBorkent</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFE83B94F794E" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,774,284,306]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFE83BB49794E" box="[159,256,284,306]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
ThomasJ.Zavortink
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFEDAB97E7927" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,823,325,347]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFEDAB8307927" authority="Dalton" authorityName="Dalton" box="[159,633,325,347]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scatopsidae Dalton</taxonomicName>
de Souza Amorim
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFEF1BEDB79F8" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,1170,366,388]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFEF1BEDB79F8" authority="Gregory R. Curler, Sergio Ibanez-Bernal, Gunnar M. Kvifte" authorityName="Gregory R. Curler, Sergio Ibanez-Bernal, Gunnar M. Kvifte" box="[159,1170,366,388]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychodidae Gregory R. Curler, Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal, Gunnar M. Kvifte</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFE07B97E79D2" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,823,408,430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFE07B83079D2" authority="Dalton" authorityName="Dalton" box="[159,633,408,430]" class="Insecta" family="Anisopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anisopodidae Dalton</taxonomicName>
de Souza Amorim
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFE5EB94A79AB" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,771,449,471]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFE5EB94A79AB" authority="Norman E. Woodley" authorityName="Norman E. Woodley" box="[159,771,449,471]" class="Insecta" family="Xylomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xylomyidae Norman E. Woodley</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFE75B94A7A7C" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,771,490,512]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFE75B94A7A7C" authority="Norman E. Woodley" authorityName="Norman E. Woodley" box="[159,771,490,512]" class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Stratiomyidae Norman E. Woodley</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFD8BB94A7A56" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,771,532,554]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFD8BB94A7A56" authority="Norman E. Woodley" authorityName="Norman E. Woodley" box="[159,771,532,554]" class="Insecta" family="Xylophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xylophagidae Norman E. Woodley</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFDA2B94A7A2F" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,771,573,595]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFDA2B94A7A2F" authority="Norman E. Woodley" authorityName="Norman E. Woodley" box="[159,771,573,595]" class="Insecta" family="Athericidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Athericidae Norman E. Woodley</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFDF9B94A7A00" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,771,614,636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFDF9B94A7A00" authority="Norman E. Woodley" authorityName="Norman E. Woodley" box="[159,771,614,636]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhagionidae Norman E. Woodley</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFD0FB8817ADA" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,712,656,678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFD0FB8817ADA" authority="John F. Burger" authorityName="John F. Burger" box="[159,712,656,678]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tabanidae John F. Burger</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFD26B8897AB3" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,704,697,719]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFD26B8897AB3" authority="CarlosLamas" authorityName="CarlosLamas" box="[159,704,697,719]" class="Insecta" family="Bombyliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bombyliidae CarlosLamas</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFD7DB88F7A84" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,710,738,760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFD7DBABA7A84" box="[159,243,738,760]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asilidae</taxonomicName>
EricM.Fisher
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFC93B8B47B5E" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,765,780,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFC93B8B47B5E" authority="Stephen D. Gaimari" authorityName="Stephen D. Gaimari" box="[159,765,780,802]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Therevidae Stephen D. Gaimari</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFCAABF247B37" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,1389,821,843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFCAAB8E37B37" authority="Marc Pollet" authorityName="Marc Pollet" box="[159,682,821,843]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dolichopodidae Marc Pollet</taxonomicName>
(coord.), Daniel J. Bickel, Scott E. Brooks, Renato Capellari, Neal L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FD85FCCBB98C7B16" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[564,965,852,874]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Evenhuis, Stefan Naglis, Justin Runyon</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFCE2B9997BEF" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,976,893,915]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFCE2B9997BEF" authority="Jeffrey M. Cumming, Bradley J. Sinclair" authorityName="Jeffrey M. Cumming, Bradley J. Sinclair" box="[159,976,893,915]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Empididae Jeffrey M. Cumming, Bradley J. Sinclair</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFC39B89A7BC0" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,723,934,956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFC39BAB07BC0" box="[159,249,934,956]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
BrianV.Brown
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFC4FB98D7B9A" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,964,976,998]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFC4FB98D7B9A" authority="Christian Thompson, Manuel Zumbado" authorityName="Christian Thompson, Manuel Zumbado" box="[159,964,976,998]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syrphidae Christian Thompson, Manuel Zumbado</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFC66B95B7C73" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,786,1017,1039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFC66B95B7C73" authority="Jeffrey H. Skevington" authorityName="Jeffrey H. Skevington" box="[159,786,1017,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pipunculidae Jeffrey H. Skevington</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFBBDB8BB7C44" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,754,1058,1080]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFBBDB8BB7C44" authority="StephanieBoucher" authorityName="StephanieBoucher" box="[159,754,1058,1080]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agromyzidae StephanieBoucher</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFBD3B8827C1E" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,715,1100,1122]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFBD3B8827C1E" authority="John E. Swann" authorityName="John E. Swann" box="[159,715,1100,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Milichiidae John E. Swann</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFBEAB8AC7CF7" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,741,1141,1163]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFBEABB557CF7" box="[159,284,1141,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
TerryA.Wheeler
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFB01B94D7CC8" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,772,1182,1204]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFB01B94D7CC8" authority="Stephen A. Marshall" authorityName="Stephen A. Marshall" box="[159,772,1182,1204]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Sphaeroceridae Stephen A. 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED06B531FD1BFB01B94D7CC8" box="[682,772,1182,1204]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Marshall</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFB57B8BB7CA2" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,754,1224,1246]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFB57B8BB7CA2" authority="David A. Grimaldi" authorityName="David A. Grimaldi" box="[159,754,1224,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Drosophilidae David A. Grimaldi</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFB6EB8A27D7B" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,747,1265,1287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFB6EBB5B7D7B" box="[159,274,1265,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tephritidae</taxonomicName>
AllenL.Norrbom
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFA85B94D7D4C" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,772,1306,1328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFA85B94D7D4C" authority="Stephen A. Marshall" authorityName="Stephen A. Marshall" box="[159,772,1306,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Micropezidae Stephen A. 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED06B531FD1BFA85B94D7D4C" box="[682,772,1306,1328]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Marshall</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFADBB8B67D26" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,767,1348,1370]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFADBB8B67D26" authority="AlessandreColavite" authorityName="AlessandreColavite" box="[159,767,1348,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neriidae AlessandreColavite</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFAF2B94D7DFF" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,772,1389,1411]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFAF2B94D7DFF" authority="Stephen A. Marshall" authorityName="Stephen A. Marshall" box="[159,772,1389,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudopomyzidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Pseudopomyzidae Stephen A. 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED06B531FD1BFAF2B94D7DFF" box="[682,772,1389,1411]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Marshall</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFA09B89B7DD0" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,722,1430,1452]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFA09B89B7DD0" authority="OwenLonsdale" authorityName="OwenLonsdale" box="[159,722,1430,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tanypezidae OwenLonsdale</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFA5FB8827DAA" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,715,1472,1494]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFA5FB8827DAA" authority="John E. Swann" authorityName="John E. Swann" box="[159,715,1472,1494]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae John E. Swann</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EFA76B95B7D83" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,786,1513,1535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EFA76BB447D83" box="[159,269,1513,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Conopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Conopidae</taxonomicName>
JeffreyH.Skevington
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EF98DB9727E54" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,827,1554,1576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EF98DB9727E54" authority="Cheslavo A. Korytkowski" authorityName="Cheslavo A. Korytkowski" box="[159,827,1554,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lonchaeidae Cheslavo A. Korytkowski</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EF9A3B8B77E2E" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,766,1596,1618]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EF9A3B8B77E2E" authority="Valery A. Korneyev" authorityName="Valery A. Korneyev" box="[159,766,1596,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Ulidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ulidiidae Valery A. Korneyev</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EF9FAB8B77E07" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,766,1637,1659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EF9FAB8B77E07" authority="Valery A. Korneyev" authorityName="Valery A. Korneyev" box="[159,766,1637,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Platystomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platystomatidae Valery A. Korneyev</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EF911B8B77ED8" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,766,1678,1700]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EF911B8B77ED8" authority="Valery A. Korneyev" authorityName="Valery A. Korneyev" box="[159,766,1678,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyrgotidae Valery A. Korneyev</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EF927B8A47EB2" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,749,1720,1742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EF927B8A47EB2" authority="SabrinaRochefort" authorityName="SabrinaRochefort" box="[159,749,1720,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Piophilidae SabrinaRochefort</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EF97EB8B77E8B" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,766,1761,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EF97EB8B77E8B" authority="Valery A. Korneyev" authorityName="Valery A. Korneyev" box="[159,766,1761,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Richardiidae Valery A. Korneyev</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EF895B8B47F5C" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,765,1802,1824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EF895B8B47F5C" authority="Stephen D. Gaimari" authorityName="Stephen D. Gaimari" box="[159,765,1802,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Lauxaniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lauxaniidae Stephen D. Gaimari</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EF8ABB8B47F36" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,765,1844,1866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EF8ABB8B47F36" authority="Stephen D. Gaimari" authorityName="Stephen D. Gaimari" box="[159,765,1844,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Chamaemyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chamaemyiidae Stephen D. Gaimari</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EF8C2B8F37F0F" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,698,1885,1907]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EF8C2B8F37F0F" authority="Vera C. Silva" authorityName="Vera C. Silva" box="[159,698,1885,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sepsidae Vera C. Silva</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B531FF2EF819B89A7FE0" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" box="[159,723,1926,1948]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED06B531FF2EF819B89A7FE0" authority="OwenLonsdale" authorityName="OwenLonsdale" box="[159,723,1926,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Clusiidae OwenLonsdale</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED06B532FBE8F82FB8FD78A3" blockId="5.[159,1424,160,1990]" lastBlockId="6.[159,921,160,1008]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED06B531FBE8F82FBFD97FBA" box="[1113,1424,1968,1990]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">......continued on the next page</emphasis>
Family Collaborator
</paragraph>
<caption id="629BF393ED05B532FF2EFF3FBBC578CA" box="[159,396,160,182]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF2EFF3FBBC578CA" blockId="6.[159,921,160,1008]" box="[159,396,160,182]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED05B532FF2EFF3FBB4578CA" bold="true" box="[159,268,160,182]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
(Continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF2EFF6DB8F97A2F" blockId="6.[159,921,160,1008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFF6DB8927974" authority="Kevin N. Barber" authorityName="Kevin N. Barber" box="[159,731,242,264]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthomyzidae Kevin N. Barber</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFE83B8A9794E" authority="AlessandraRung" authorityName="AlessandraRung" box="[159,736,284,306]" class="Insecta" family="Aulacigastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aulacigastridae AlessandraRung</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFEDAB8A97927" authority="AlessandraRung" authorityName="AlessandraRung" box="[159,736,325,347]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Periscelididae AlessandraRung</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFEF1B94A79F8" authority="Norman E. Woodley" authorityName="Norman E. Woodley" box="[159,771,366,388]" class="Insecta" family="Heleomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heleomyzidae Norman E. Woodley</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFE07B94D79D2" authority="Stephen A. Marshall" authorityName="Stephen A. Marshall" box="[159,772,408,430]" class="Insecta" family="Curtonotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Curtonotidae Stephen A. 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED05B532FD1BFE07B94D79D2" box="[682,772,408,430]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Marshall</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFE5EBB5879AB" box="[159,273,449,471]" class="Insecta" family="Diastatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diastatidae</taxonomicName>
WayneN.Mathis 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFE75BB5D7A7C" box="[159,276,490,512]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ephydridae</taxonomicName>
WayneN.Mathis 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFD8BB89A7A56" authority="Brian V. Brown" authorityName="Brian V. Brown" box="[159,723,532,554]" class="Insecta" family="Inbiomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Inbiomyiidae Brian V. Brown</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFDA2B8F97A2F" authority="JadeSavage" authorityName="JadeSavage" box="[159,688,573,595]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Muscidae JadeSavage</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF2EFDF9B8F07ADA" blockId="6.[159,921,160,1008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFDF9B9D07A00" authority="D. Monty Wood, Manuel Zumbado" authorityName="D. Monty Wood, Manuel Zumbado" box="[159,921,614,636]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tachinidae D. Monty Wood, Manuel Zumbado</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFD0FB8F07ADA" authority="Carl W. Dick" authorityName="Carl W. Dick" box="[159,697,656,678]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hippoboscidae Carl W. Dick</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF2EFD26B8F07AB3" blockId="6.[159,921,160,1008]" box="[159,697,697,719]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFD26B8F07AB3" authority="Carl W. Dick" authorityName="Carl W. Dick" box="[159,697,697,719]" class="Insecta" family="Streblidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Streblidae Carl W. Dick</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF2EFD7DB8F97B37" blockId="6.[159,921,160,1008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFD7DB8AF7A84" authority="VernerMichelsen" authorityName="VernerMichelsen" box="[159,742,738,760]" class="Insecta" family="Scathophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scathophagidae VernerMichelsen</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFC93B8AE7B5E" authority="VernerMichelsen" authorityName="VernerMichelsen" box="[159,743,780,802]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthomyiidae VernerMichelsen</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFCAAB8F97B37" authority="JadeSavage" authorityName="JadeSavage" box="[159,688,821,843]" class="Insecta" family="Fanniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fanniidae JadeSavage</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF2EFCC1B8F57BE2" blockId="6.[159,921,160,1008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFCC1B8967B08" authority="TerryWhitworth" authorityName="TerryWhitworth" box="[159,735,862,884]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae TerryWhitworth</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFC17B8F57BE2" authority="ThomasPape" authorityName="ThomasPape" box="[159,700,904,926]" class="Insecta" family="Sarcophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sarcophagidae ThomasPape</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF2EFC2EB8F47BBB" blockId="6.[159,921,160,1008]" box="[159,701,945,967]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFC2EB8F47BBB" authority="ThomasPape" authorityName="ThomasPape" box="[159,701,945,967]" class="Insecta" family="Rhinophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhinophoridae ThomasPape</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF2EFC45B8F47B8C" blockId="6.[159,921,160,1008]" box="[159,701,986,1008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF2EFC45B8F47B8C" authority="ThomasPape" authorityName="ThomasPape" box="[159,701,986,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Oestridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oestridae ThomasPape</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF76FBAFBE3F7D39" blockId="6.[151,1437,1071,2033]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
To ensure that our samples would be fully identified we approached over 50 fellow systematists. Nearly all had been involved in the previously published MCAD (
<bibRefCitation id="5275DEEAED05B532FCBCFBCBB9B27C10" author="Brown" box="[781,1019,1108,1132]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" refString="Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E. &amp; Zumbado, M. A. (Eds.) (2009) Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 1. National Research Council Press, Ottawa, xi + 714 pp. [Canada]" type="book" year="2009">
Brown 
<emphasis id="04907F09ED05B532FCDBFBCAB9E37C10" box="[874,938,1108,1132]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="5275DEEAED05B532FBBFFBCBBE0E7C10" author="Brown" box="[1038,1095,1108,1132]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" refString="Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E. &amp; Zumbado, M. A. (Eds.) (2011) Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 2. National Research Council Press, Ottawa, xvi + 727 pp. [Canada, pp. 715 - 1442.]" type="book chapter" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
) and they gave enthusiastic endorsement of this new project when we approached them. 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED05B532FC88FBE7B9117CEC" box="[825,856,1144,1168]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">As</collectingCountry>
a community, Dipterists are in the enviable position of having experts who are available and willing to take on all of the 72 families discovered (
<tableCitation id="7B6696A0ED05B532FB25FB03BEAE7CC8" box="[1172,1255,1180,1205]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,1372,1395]" captionText="TABLE 1. Families present at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica with associated collaborating systematists. Families in partial phyletic sequence." pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Table 1</tableCitation>
). When we said we wanted to do a 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FED7FB20BBF37CA4" box="[358,442,1215,1240]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
inventory of the site, we meant a full inventory. In the parlance of the survey community, we wanted our project at Zurquí to be an &quot;All 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FD2EFB7BB9B77C80" authority="Biodiversity Inventory" authorityName="Biodiversity Inventory" box="[671,1022,1252,1277]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" rank="order">Diptera Biodiversity Inventory</taxonomicName>
&quot;, which we named ZADBI for short. We incorporated all 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FE36FA98BB927D5C" box="[391,475,1287,1312]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
groups including those previously considered to be &quot;impossible&quot;: 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FB5DFA98BFD17D5C" box="[1260,1432,1287,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF26FAB3BB107D39" box="[151,345,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FED5FAB3B84E7D39" box="[356,519,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FDA3FAB3B8307D39" box="[530,633,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FD35FAB3B8A67D39" box="[644,751,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciaridae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FD4BFAB3B9317D39" box="[762,888,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tachinidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FC33FAB3B9B97D39" box="[898,1008,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tipulidae</taxonomicName>
, and others.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF76FACFB8CB7DA8" blockId="6.[151,1437,1071,2033]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED05B532FF76FACFBAAF7D14" box="[199,230,1360,1384]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">As</collectingCountry>
expected, many of the discovered species proved to be undescribed and, as such, are for the present given a morphospecies code number, entered into the database, and, if not described soon, will be housed in the established collections at the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED05B532FCC1FA07B9A57DCC" box="[880,1004,1431,1456]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, California, 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED05B532FE69FA23B8597DA8" box="[472,528,1468,1492]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">USA</collectingCountry>
(LACM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B532FF76FA7FB90D7F65" blockId="6.[151,1437,1071,2033]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
Our project is fortunate to have the support and collaboration of INBio, our &quot;home base&quot; in 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED05B532FB54FA7FBF2C7D84" box="[1253,1381,1503,1528]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
. The institution provides logistical support and serves as a center for incorporating results into their database and collection. To assist with sampling and curation of material we hired five technicians, all of whom were trained and had extensive previous field and lab experience at INBio (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED05B532FC92F9D3B9D97E19" box="[803,912,1612,1637]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4. A" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5. A" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,1913,1935]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1934,1956]" captionTargetBox-0="[166,1408,193,1874]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,193,1905]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[165,1409,193,1876]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1913]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. A. The ZADBI team: Back row, left to right: Manual Zumbado (Coordinator of Biosciences at INBio), Brian Brown (co-PI), Art Borkent (co-PI). Front row, left to right: Elena Ulate (technician), Wendy Porras (technician), Anna Holden (project manager), Carolina Avila (technician), Annia Picado (technician), Marco Moraga (technician). B. Annia Picado (technician) preparing slide mounts." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. A. Wendy Porras (technician) pinning freshly collected specimens. B. Brian Brown teaching Carolina Avila (technician) how to dry specimens using ethyl acetate." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/254210/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/254211/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Figs. 4–5</figureCitation>
). The individual talents of our team—Carolina Avila, Marco Moraga (who moved away during this study), Annia Picado, Wendy Porras, Elena Ulate, and Elvia Zumbado (more recently hired)—made our project possible. At the start of our project, most could already identify 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED05B532FF26F928BAA27EAC" box="[151,235,1719,1744]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
to at least family level and there was a high level of skill in sorting and preparing both slide-mounted and pinned material. Hiring locals had huge advantages in lower costs, less damage to specimens during transport from the field and also contributed to local structure and economy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED05B533FF76F8BABB6278A9" blockId="6.[151,1437,1071,2033]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,752]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="308" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
We also hired a project manager at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (Anna Holden for the first portion of our project and Estella Hernandez in the latter part) to oversee the mechanical details of our project including ordering supplies, helping to organize the technicians, assisting with the initial set up of sampling equipment, ensuring that specimens flowed well throughout our curatorial system and loans were arranged correctly. Our project manager also provided educational outreach at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED05B532FEB1F846BB567F8D" box="[256,287,2009,2033]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">As</collectingCountry>
a strong educational component of our project, the museum promoted flies in educational programming, offered resources for teachers, collaborated with the Encyclopedia of Life and encouraged the use of social media.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED04B533FF76FF7FB8577A8C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
To ensure the highest levels of curation we approached each of our collaborators to ask for their exact requirements. Because of the nature of their groups and the history of their preparation, many had different curatorial requests. Some systematists, in addition, had their own idiosyncratic method for handling material. The result was the preparation of a 33 page protocol manual, detailing the curatorial needs for each family (summarized in 
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED04B533FF06FEF0BB4479F4" box="[183,269,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1270,1292]" captionTargetBox="[161,1429,420,1232]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,411,1248]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Sorting protocol after a sample has been collected and databased (location, date, method of collection). Many families required further specific manipulation or arrangement, depending on the needs of the systematist (e. g. arrangement of parts on a microscope slide; size of pin or specific position on a pin). HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) is a liquid used to dry insects through immersion and subsequent evaporation (Heraty &amp; Hawks, 1998)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254216/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Collaborators needing slide preparations, for example, differed in how they wanted dissected parts arranged and whether they wanted specimens in Euparal or 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED04B533FCDAFE0BB9F679D1" box="[875,959,404,429]" name="Canada" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Canada</collectingCountry>
Balsam as the final mounting medium. Individuals requesting pinned specimens wanted their specimens either on points (white or gray paper), glued directly to the pin, pinned through the thorax or on secondary minuten pins. We needed to teach the technicians these various additional protocols. To ensure highest quality, we sent out an initial small batch of prepared specimens to each collaborator for them to give us their appraisal and further instructions. Our goal was to produce &quot;perfect&quot; specimens as far as possible. Generally, the resulting specimens were in very good to excellent condition and for collaborators, pleasurable to study. Each specimen was fully labeled, including a unique barcode number, and entered into a database, to be housed at LACM and duplicated at INBio (ATTA system). The care given to all specimens produced material allowing our collaborating systematists to immediately begin employing their expertise in distinguishing species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="629BF393ED04B533FF26F845BE3A7F8C" box="[151,1139,2010,2032]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254207/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" targetBox="[151,1426,807,1973]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED04B533FF26F845BE3A7F8C" blockId="7.[151,1139,2010,2032]" box="[151,1139,2010,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED04B533FF26F845BB5A7F8C" bold="true" box="[151,275,2010,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Map of study site at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica, with primary features indicated.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="629BF393ED0BB53CFF26F811B9767F9D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254208/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" targetBox="[151,1436,511,1904]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED0BB53CFF26F811B9767F9D" blockId="8.[151,1436,1934,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED0BB53CFF26F811BB5B7FD8" bold="true" box="[151,274,1934,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Details of study site at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Primary cloud forest with bordering pasture. B. Primary Malaise trap set on ridge indicated with black arrow; red arrow points to temporary black light set over pan with soapy water; large white mass in middle of photo was a piece of plastic garbage.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="629BF393ED0AB53DFF26F83EBB8B7FAA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254209/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1930]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED0AB53DFF26F83EBB8B7FAA" blockId="9.[151,1436,1953,2006]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED0AB53DFF26F83EBB5A7FCB" bold="true" box="[151,275,1953,1975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Details of study site at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Supplementary Malaise trap beside narrow, permanent stream. B. Permanent stream.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="629BF393ED09B53EFF26F8E6B84C7F97" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254210/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" targetBox="[166,1408,193,1874]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED09B53EFF26F8E6B84C7F97" blockId="10.[151,1436,1913,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED09B53EFF26F8E6BB5C7FF3" bold="true" box="[151,277,1913,1935]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
A. The ZADBI team: Back row, left to right: Manual Zumbado (Coordinator of Biosciences at INBio), Brian Brown (co-PI), Art Borkent (co-PI). Front row, left to right: Elena Ulate (technician), Wendy Porras (technician), Anna Holden (project manager), 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED09B53EFED2F829BBB57FB0" authority="Avila" authorityName="Avila" box="[355,508,1974,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina Avila</taxonomicName>
(technician), Annia Picado (technician), Marco Moraga (technician). B. Annia Picado (technician) preparing slide mounts.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="629BF393ED08B53FFF26F811B8F47FBF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254211/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1905]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED08B53FFF26F811B8F47FBF" blockId="11.[151,1435,1934,1987]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED08B53FFF26F811BB5E7FD8" bold="true" box="[151,279,1934,1956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
A. Wendy Porras (technician) pinning freshly collected specimens. B. Brian Brown teaching 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED08B53FFAB2F811BFD27FD8" authority="Avila" authorityName="Avila" box="[1283,1435,1934,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina Avila</taxonomicName>
(technician) how to dry specimens using ethyl acetate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="629BF393ED0FB538FF26F819B8FD7FC6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254212/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" targetBox="[152,1436,194,1899]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED0FB538FF26F819B8FD7FC6" blockId="12.[151,1435,1926,1978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED0FB538FF26F819BB5D7FE0" bold="true" box="[151,276,1926,1948]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Emergence trap over wet vegetation. B. Black light over tray with soapy water.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="629BF393ED0EB539FF26F819BAB17FA5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254213/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" targetBox="[152,1436,194,1899]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED0EB539FF26F819BAB17FA5" blockId="13.[151,1436,1926,2009]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED0EB539FF26F819BB5C7FE0" bold="true" box="[151,277,1926,1948]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. bucket light trap (with Wendy Porras and Art Borkent). B. CDC light trap. C. Sweeping at the site (left to right, Marco Moraga, Annia Picado, Art Borkent).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="629BF393ED0DB53AFF26F8E9BEE27FD7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254214/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1879]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED0DB53AFF26F8E9BEE27FD7" blockId="14.[151,1435,1910,1963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED0DB53AFF26F8E9BB5B7FF0" bold="true" box="[151,274,1910,1932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Flight intercept trap. B. Bat (
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED0DB53AFF2EF809BBE27FD7" authority="Anthony" authorityName="Anthony" box="[159,427,1941,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED0DB53AFF2EF809BB027FD7" box="[159,331,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Sturnira ludovici</emphasis>
Anthony
</taxonomicName>
) trapped with mist net and examined for bat flies (
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED0DB53AFC1BF80ABE5A7FD7" box="[938,1043,1941,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Streblidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Streblidae</taxonomicName>
) by Carl Dick.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="629BF393ED0CB53BFF26F83EBB937FAA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254215/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1930]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="365BA31BED0CB53BFF26F83EBB937FAA" blockId="15.[151,1435,1953,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED0CB53BFF26F83EBB5C7FCB" bold="true" box="[151,277,1953,1975]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A-B. Bait traps. C. Brian Brown observing fly behaviour.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED13B524FF76FF07B8C27A6B" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
Our sampling with a single Malaise trap at Zurquí (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FCB2FF08B90F78CC" box="[771,838,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1934,1956]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,511,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1913]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of study site at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Primary cloud forest with bordering pasture. B. Primary Malaise trap set on ridge indicated with black arrow; red arrow points to temporary black light set over pan with soapy water; large white mass in middle of photo was a piece of plastic garbage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254208/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B) was proposed to our collaborators as the minimum requirement for identifying species. We also placed an additional continuous Malaise trap near the permanent stream at the bottom of the ravine, a habitat appearing substantially different to us (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FBECFF40BEEB7884" box="[1117,1186,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Details of study site at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Supplementary Malaise trap beside narrow, permanent stream. B. Permanent stream." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254209/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Although Malaise traps were our primary collecting method, we were keenly aware that some flies would not be collected by this method alone. We therefore had a team of two technicians go to the site once a month for three days (including three nights) to utilize various other methods of collecting (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FCC4FED3B9A07919" box="[885,1001,332,357]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStart-3="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="12.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionStartId-2="14.[151,250,1910,1932]" captionStartId-3="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox-0="[152,1436,194,1899]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1436,194,1899]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,194,1879]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,193,1930]" captionTargetId-0="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1904]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1904]" captionTargetId-2="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1889]" captionTargetId-3="figure@15.[151,1436,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionTargetPageId-3="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Emergence trap over wet vegetation. B. Black light over tray with soapy water." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. bucket light trap (with Wendy Porras and Art Borkent). B. CDC light trap. C. Sweeping at the site (left to right, Marco Moraga, Annia Picado, Art Borkent)." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Flight intercept trap. B. Bat (Sturnira ludovici Anthony) trapped with mist net and examined for bat flies (Streblidae) by Carl Dick." captionText-3="FIGURE 9. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A-B. Bait traps. C. Brian Brown observing fly behaviour." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/254212/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/254213/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/254214/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/254215/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Figs. 6–9</figureCitation>
). We rented a cabin at the site for accommodation and storage of some traps when these were not in use (e.g. light traps). This effort resulted in numerous additional samples from techniques including hand collecting (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FC68FE0BBE5479D0" box="[985,1053,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A-B. Bait traps. C. Brian Brown observing fly behaviour." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254215/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
C), sweep netting (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FB44FE0BBF7379D0" box="[1269,1338,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,194,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. bucket light trap (with Wendy Porras and Art Borkent). B. CDC light trap. C. Sweeping at the site (left to right, Marco Moraga, Annia Picado, Art Borkent)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254213/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C), three different 
<typeStatus id="E95F1DB9ED13B524FF4CFE27BB7179AC" box="[253,312,440,464]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">types</typeStatus>
of light trapping (CDC, bucket traps, black light over pans of soapy water) (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FB39FE28BE9F79AC" box="[1160,1238,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,194,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Emergence trap over wet vegetation. B. Black light over tray with soapy water." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254212/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
B, 7A–B), baiting with various attractants (fruit, carrion) (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FDEAFE43B8E37988" box="[603,682,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A-B. Bait traps. C. Brian Brown observing fly behaviour." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254215/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
A–B), emergence traps (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FC70FE43BE4D7989" box="[961,1028,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,194,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Emergence trap over wet vegetation. B. Black light over tray with soapy water." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254212/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A), a flight intercept trap (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FA82FE43BF3F7988" box="[1331,1398,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Flight intercept trap. B. Bat (Sturnira ludovici Anthony) trapped with mist net and examined for bat flies (Streblidae) by Carl Dick." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254214/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A), yellow pan traps, and a canopy Malaise trap.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED13B524FF76FDBABB697A8C" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
To make faunistic comparisons, we ran a Malaise trap at each of two more distant sites in 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED13B524FB75FDBBBF0B7A41" box="[1220,1346,548,573]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, both at nearly the same elevation, in Tapantí National Park and Las Alturas, 40 and 
<quantity id="F11C0EFEED13B524FBF4FDD7BEE97A1C" box="[1093,1184,583,608]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" unit="km" value="180.0">180 km</quantity>
southeast of Zurquí, respectively, for the same one year period as that at Zurquí. This additional sampling substantially increased the amount of material of most groups. Even so, every collaborator wanted to study all the specimens from the supplementary trapping at Zurquí and nearly all also wanted the additional material from Tapantí National Park and Las Alturas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED13B524FF76FD63BB097C94" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
Collecting by specialists can often strikingly increase the number of species obtained. A few examples illustrate this point. In the summer of 2013, we held the &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FCF7FC80B9A87B44" authority="Blitz" authorityName="Blitz" box="[838,993,799,824]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" rank="order">Diptera Blitz</taxonomicName>
&quot; at Zurquí (see YouTube link https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkROS6-K02U). Nineteen systematists were invited to use their specialized knowledge to obtain species that our trapping program might otherwise miss. Even with the plethora of collecting methods employed, it is often the case that a specialist in a particular group can zero in on those special microhabitats and obtain species not (or rarely) collected by mechanical means. One of these experts, retired Smithsonian Dipterist Wayne Mathis, raised the number of shore flies (family 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FBB1FC4BBECA7B91" box="[1024,1155,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ephydridae</taxonomicName>
) sampled at the site from three to 26 species. Additionally, he added three entire families to the inventory that our various traps had not collected (
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FEBAFB83BBFC7C49" box="[267,437,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthomyzidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FE71FB83B8087C49" box="[448,577,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Diastatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diastatidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FDFCFB83B8997C49" box="[589,720,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Therevidae</taxonomicName>
). Another obvious specialized approach was by Carl Dick, who along with Kimball Garrett, netted bats and birds during the 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FCFBFBA0B9947C24" authority="Blitz" authorityName="Blitz" box="[842,989,1087,1112]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" rank="order">Diptera Blitz</taxonomicName>
to obtain 10 species of two families of parasitic flies (
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FE8EFBFBBBFC7C01" box="[319,437,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Streblidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Streblidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FE73FBFBB8257C01" box="[450,620,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hippoboscidae</taxonomicName>
) that lived only on these animals (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FC48FBFBBE777C00" box="[1017,1086,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Some supplementary collecting methods utilized at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Flight intercept trap. B. Bat (Sturnira ludovici Anthony) trapped with mist net and examined for bat flies (Streblidae) by Carl Dick." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254214/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B). 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED13B524FBD8FBFBBEC17C00" box="[1129,1160,1124,1148]" name="American Samoa" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">As</collectingCountry>
a final example of very specific collecting, samples of black fly (
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FDDFFB18B8A27CDC" box="[622,747,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
) larvae were collected from the permanent stream (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FA8DFB18BF367CDC" box="[1340,1407,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Details of study site at Zurquí de Moravia, Costa Rica. A. Supplementary Malaise trap beside narrow, permanent stream. B. Permanent stream." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254209/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B) and preserved in Carnoy's solution, allowing their chromosomes to be examined and thereby the species identified by Peter Adler.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED13B525FF76FB6BBF5978A9" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
The handling of material is a crucial component of a successful inventory (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FBA5FB6BBE217D70" box="[1044,1128,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1270,1292]" captionTargetBox="[161,1429,420,1232]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,411,1248]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Sorting protocol after a sample has been collected and databased (location, date, method of collection). Many families required further specific manipulation or arrangement, depending on the needs of the systematist (e. g. arrangement of parts on a microscope slide; size of pin or specific position on a pin). HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) is a liquid used to dry insects through immersion and subsequent evaporation (Heraty &amp; Hawks, 1998)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254216/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Samples in the field were nearly entirely preserved in 95% ethanol; only hand-swept specimens of some larger and/or robust specimens were pinned directly after being collected. Alcohol material in variously sized containers was completely topped up with ethanol in the field to ensure that no sloshing occurred during transport to the laboratory. Such groups as 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FF26FA1BBB0D7DE1" box="[151,324,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FEE2FA1BBBBA7DE1" box="[339,499,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FD80FA1BB8D67DE1" box="[561,671,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tipulidae</taxonomicName>
, amongst others, are often badly damaged in the initial stages of sample collection in other projects, meaning that these taxa are generally in too poor condition to study. Even slight jostling in alcohol can break the legs and antennae of the more sensitive taxa and great care in transport and subsequent handling is critically important. In the laboratory, samples were first databased and separated into fractions: non-Diptera and each of the different families of 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FC9BF98BB9377E51" box="[810,894,1556,1581]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
(some uncommon families were kept as a group and separated after further curation) (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FD8AF9A8B8C67E2C" box="[571,655,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1270,1292]" captionTargetBox="[161,1429,420,1232]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,411,1248]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Sorting protocol after a sample has been collected and databased (location, date, method of collection). Many families required further specific manipulation or arrangement, depending on the needs of the systematist (e. g. arrangement of parts on a microscope slide; size of pin or specific position on a pin). HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) is a liquid used to dry insects through immersion and subsequent evaporation (Heraty &amp; Hawks, 1998)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254216/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Material which was to be further prepared as dried, pinned material using either ethyl acetate for larger specimens or HMDS (
<bibRefCitation id="5275DEEAED13B524FC98F9C3BE7A7E08" author="Heraty" box="[809,1075,1628,1653]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refString="Heraty, J. &amp; Hawks, D. (1998) Hexamethyldisilazane-A chemical alternative for drying insects, Entomological News, 109, 369 - 374." type="journal article" year="1998">Heraty &amp; Hawks, 1998</bibRefCitation>
) for smaller, more delicate taxa (
<figureCitation id="AEDFBF9EED13B524FF2EF9E0BABB7EE4" box="[159,242,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1270,1292]" captionTargetBox="[161,1429,420,1232]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,411,1248]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Sorting protocol after a sample has been collected and databased (location, date, method of collection). Many families required further specific manipulation or arrangement, depending on the needs of the systematist (e. g. arrangement of parts on a microscope slide; size of pin or specific position on a pin). HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) is a liquid used to dry insects through immersion and subsequent evaporation (Heraty &amp; Hawks, 1998)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254216/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) included all specimens in the samples. Further specifics of pinning protocol followed our collaborators' wishes, as indicated above. Other taxa, to be dissected and placed on microscope slides, were generally more abundant and were first examined in ethanol and differing morphotypes selected for subsequent mounting in either 
<collectingCountry id="4EF3E38BED13B524FF26F973BAA27F79" box="[151,235,1772,1797]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Canada</collectingCountry>
Balsam or Euparal (
<bibRefCitation id="5275DEEAED13B524FE7FF973BECC7F79" author="Pinder" box="[462,1157,1772,1797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refString="Pinder, L. C. V. (1989) The adult males of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic Region-Introduction. In: Wiederholm (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3 - Adult males. Entomologica Scandinavica, 34 (Supplement), pp. 1 - 532." type="journal article" year="1989">Pinder 1989; specific processing varying somewhat by family</bibRefCitation>
). For some of these latter families, specimens were selected for slide-mounting by the specialist (all 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FC6EF890BEC57F54" box="[991,1164,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
, many 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FB6CF890BFD57F54" box="[1245,1436,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
and some 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED13B524FEB9F8ABBBD37F31" box="[264,410,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychodidae</taxonomicName>
), in others by the technicians who had been taught to mount every specimen even suspected of being different. Finally, a few researchers wished to receive their specimens in alcohol, ultimately preparing the specimens themselves, or returning these as identified specimens to be pinned or slide mounted at a later date. Each prepared specimen was databased when it was labeled (including a unique barcode number) and subsequently tracked as batches of specimens were sent to our specialists for identification. With each group of fully prepared specimens sent (and particularly for the first, small batch of specimens) we received feedback on the quality of specimen preparation and in some instances, fine-tuned the subsequent preparation by the technicians.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="365BA31BED12B525FF76FF7FBB2E7919" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
To track identifications, collaborators were directed to a dedicated website in which collecting data were indicated and species identification and gender could be inserted for each of their specimens. Unnamed morphotypes were indicated with a prefaced number (e.g. &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED12B525FC89FEB7B9817943" box="[824,968,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Forcipomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04907F09ED12B525FC89FEB7B9817943" box="[824,968,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Forcipomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ZADBI-1&quot; for an unidentified species of 
<taxonomicName id="F1E4D898ED12B525FF26FED3BB157919" box="[151,348,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>