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<mods:title id="68EFE441BA8744347C4F8CC11CA71C7A">A review of fossil taxa of Microphorinae (Diptera, Dolichopodidae sensu lato), with redescription of the Eocene genus Meghyperiella Meunier</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1DA63D51F061E68CDC7D1F5C7032B6FC">Shamshev, Igor V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="547701384E9E4D56EF763D6EEA0A8876">Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="D1DE1C48CF315FB014FDCACD186A27EA">Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, vul. B. Khmelnytskogo, 15, Kiev, 01030 Ukraine. &amp; Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14E513E0AB6534D34002F7D" ID-CoL="89PQY" authority="Grimaldi &amp; Cumming" authorityName="Grimaldi &amp; Cumming" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,584,1626,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Avenaphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0AB6534D37612F7C" bold="true" box="[151,297,1626,1653]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">Avenaphora</emphasis>
Grimaldi &amp; Cumming
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14E513E0AB65388342A2FBE" ID-CoL="89PQY" authority="Grimaldi &amp; Cumming, 1999: 61" authorityName="Grimaldi &amp; Cumming" authorityPageNumber="61" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,610,1695,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Avenaphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0AB6538837592FBE" box="[151,273,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">Avenaphora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14E513E0B395388342A2FBE" author="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." box="[280,610,1695,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref14337" refString="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (1999) Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 239, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Grimaldi &amp; Cumming, 1999: 61</bibRefCitation>
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.
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species: 
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E08DA538835422FBF" box="[763,778,1695,1718]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E09365388352A2FBE" box="[791,866,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">hispida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14E513E0949538832C22FBE" author="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." box="[872,1162,1695,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref14337" refString="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (1999) Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 239, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Grimaldi &amp; Cumming, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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, by original designation.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0AB653F2372B2FF6" bold="true" box="[151,355,1765,1791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">Included species.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0B4A53F234052FF6" box="[363,589,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">Avenaphora hispida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14E513E087753F2358E2FF6" author="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." box="[598,966,1765,1791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref14337" refString="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (1999) Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 239, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Grimaldi &amp; Cumming, 1999: 61</bibRefCitation>
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(only male) (Bcharre, northern 
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; Lower Cretaceous, Barremian); 
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0827521D345F2E2D" box="[518,535,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0806521E343D2E2A" box="[551,629,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">gallica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14E513E085F521E326B2E2A" author="Nel, A. &amp; Garrouste, R. &amp; Daugeron, C." box="[638,1059,1801,1828]" pageId="1" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref15625" refString="Nel, A., Garrouste, R. &amp; Daugeron, C. (2017) Two new long-legged flies in the Santonian amber of France (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Cretaceous Research, 69, 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2016.08.009" type="journal article" year="2017">Nel, Garrouste &amp; Daugeron, 2017: 2</bibRefCitation>
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(only female) (Piolenc, southern 
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; Upper Cretaceous, early Santonian).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0AE6524637732E62" bold="true" box="[199,315,1873,1899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14E513E0B63524634C32E62" author="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." box="[322,651,1873,1899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref14337" refString="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (1999) Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 239, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Grimaldi &amp; Cumming (1999)</bibRefCitation>
established this genus to include a single species found in amber from Bcharre, northern 
<collectingCountry id="F3507631D14E513E0B445262378F2E86" box="[357,455,1909,1935]" name="Lebanon" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
(Lower Cretaceous, Barremian): 
<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14E513E0963526236AA2EBA" authority="Grimaldi &amp; Cumming. Nel et al. (2017)" authorityName="Grimaldi &amp; Cumming. Nel" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Avenaphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E09635262326B2E86" box="[834,1059,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">Avenaphora hispida</emphasis>
Grimaldi &amp; Cumming. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14E513E0F15526236AA2EBA" author="Nel, A. &amp; Garrouste, R. &amp; Daugeron, C." pageId="1" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref15625" refString="Nel, A., Garrouste, R. &amp; Daugeron, C. (2017) Two new long-legged flies in the Santonian amber of France (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Cretaceous Research, 69, 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2016.08.009" type="journal article" year="2017">
Nel 
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0F45526133DD2E86" box="[1380,1429,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
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described a second species of 
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0817528E34F52EBA" box="[566,701,1945,1971]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">Avenaphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from amber of Piolenc, southern 
<collectingCountry id="F3507631D14E513E0E13528D32362EBD" box="[1074,1150,1946,1972]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">France</collectingCountry>
(Upper Cretaceous, early Santonian): 
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0B0352A9377B2ED1" box="[290,307,1982,2008]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14E513E0B6252AA37D92EDE" box="[323,401,1981,2007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="412">gallica</emphasis>
Nel, Garrouste &amp; Daugeron. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14E513E08CB52AA32742EDE" author="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." box="[746,1084,1981,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref14337" refString="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (1999) Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 239, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Grimaldi &amp; Cumming (1999)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have listed plesiomorphic and apomorphic features of 
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0B835580346129B8" box="[418,553,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Avenaphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The latter includes the dichoptic condition of the male, loss of cell dm (dm-m absent), and the form of the hypopygium, which is relatively symmetrical externally. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14D513D0E6855AC32B729DC" author="Nel, A. &amp; Garrouste, R. &amp; Daugeron, C." box="[1097,1279,187,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref15625" refString="Nel, A., Garrouste, R. &amp; Daugeron, C. (2017) Two new long-legged flies in the Santonian amber of France (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Cretaceous Research, 69, 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2016.08.009" type="journal article" year="2017">
Nel 
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0E5655AC32E029DC" box="[1143,1192,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
indicated that acanthophorite spines (plesiomorphic) are present in the female of 
<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14D513D09B755C8324D29F0" authorityName="Nel, Garrouste &amp; Daugeron. Grimaldi &amp; Cumming" authorityYear="1999" box="[918,1029,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Avenaphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D09B755C835EF29F0" box="[918,935,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D099655C8324D29F0" box="[951,1029,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">gallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, 
<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14D513D0E8055C8336029F0" authorityName="Grimaldi &amp; Cumming" authorityYear="1999" box="[1185,1320,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Avenaphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0E8055C8336029F0" box="[1185,1320,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Avenaphora</emphasis>
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possesses some characters that are unique for microphorine genera: frons with three pairs of frontal-orbital setae (anterior pair inclinate) in both sexes; cell bm slender; cell cua slender and truncate apically. Some important characters remain unknown in 
<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14D513D0B04545C37E4286C" authorityName="Grimaldi &amp; Cumming" authorityYear="1999" box="[293,428,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Avenaphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0B04545C37E4286C" box="[293,428,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Avenaphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; e.g., structure of the prothorax and antennal position. The costal vein ending at R 
<subScript id="17C334E4D14D513D0F6E544A33212862" attach="left" box="[1359,1385,349,363]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">4+5</subScript>
was noted for both species of 
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0B8E5478347E2880" box="[431,566,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Avenaphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, this is not evident at least for 
<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14D513D09D75478322A2880" authorityName="Nel, Garrouste &amp; Daugeron. Grimaldi &amp; Cumming" authorityYear="1999" box="[1014,1122,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Avenaphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D09D75478324F2880" box="[1014,1031,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0E355478322A2880" box="[1044,1122,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">gallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14D513D0E515478337B2880" author="Nel, A. &amp; Garrouste, R. &amp; Daugeron, C." box="[1136,1331,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref15625" refString="Nel, A., Garrouste, R. &amp; Daugeron, C. (2017) Two new long-legged flies in the Santonian amber of France (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Cretaceous Research, 69, 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2016.08.009" type="journal article" year="2017">
Nel 
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0E81547832992880" box="[1184,1233,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 3
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2B). It is probably undisputable that 
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<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0BDA548434CA28A4" box="[507,642,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Avenaphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows closer affinities to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14D513D09F0548432CD28A4" authorityName="Chvála" authorityYear="1981" box="[977,1157,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Parathalassiinae">Parathalassiinae</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14D513D0E855484331F28A4" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1188,1367,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dolichopodidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0F7F5484369728D9" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14D513D0F7F548433D428A5" box="[1374,1436,403,428]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Microphorites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu">sensu</taxonomicName>
stricto
</emphasis>
lineage than to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14D513D0B9B54A0347A28D8" box="[442,562,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Microphor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0B9B54A0347A28D8" box="[442,562,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Microphor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genera group (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14D513D08FA54A0325F28D8" author="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." box="[731,1047,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref14337" refString="Grimaldi, D. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (1999) Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 239, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Grimaldi &amp; Cumming 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14D513D0E0254A0330228D8" author="Cumming, J. M. &amp; Brooks, S. E." box="[1059,1354,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="41 - 54" refId="ref13849" refString="Cumming, J. M. &amp; Brooks, S. E. (2002) Electrophorella, a new genus of parathalassiine flies from Baltic amber, with a cladistic analysis of the Microphorinae + Dolichopodidae lineage (Diptera: Empidoidea). Studia dipterologica, 9 (1), 41 - 54." type="journal article" year="2002">Cumming &amp; Brooks 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14D513D0F7454A0369B28FC" author="Ulrich, H." pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="233 - 243" refId="ref16673" refString="Ulrich, H. (2004) Phylogenetic considerations about an early colonization of the sea coasts by Dolichopodidae (Diptera). Studia dipterologica, 11, 233 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Ulrich 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B50D14D513D0AFF54CC37C128FC" author="Nel, A. &amp; Garrouste, R. &amp; Daugeron, C." box="[222,393,475,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref15625" refString="Nel, A., Garrouste, R. &amp; Daugeron, C. (2017) Two new long-legged flies in the Santonian amber of France (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Cretaceous Research, 69, 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2016.08.009" type="journal article" year="2017">
Nel 
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D0B2C54CC377728FC" box="[269,319,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
). See additional notes under 
<taxonomicName id="4C474D22D14D513D08EA54CC32F828FC" authority="Tang, Shi, Wang &amp; Yang." authorityName="Tang, Shi, Wang &amp; Yang." box="[715,1200,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Pristinmicrophor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B933EAB3D14D513D08EA54CC35C428FC" box="[715,908,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Pristinmicrophor</emphasis>
Tang, Shi, Wang &amp; Yang.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>