<mods:titleid="ED686694B19E031A926B6131B0298281">Phylogeny and species delimitation in Silene sect. Arenosae (Caryophyllaceae): a new section</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="BD31825F3F277155BE18997F65027EBA">Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, and Department of Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155 - 6455, Tehran, Iran & Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="0F2A27DC16BF41DC7ADFFDAF4FA73F46">Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, and Department of Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155 - 6455, Tehran, Iran</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="A9D109CEAB0698736C5885AA5ECCD6CB">Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden & Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, P. O. Box 461, 40530 Goeteborg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
20.0-50.0 cm tall, erect. Stem pubescent in lower part, scabrous, pubescent with sessile glands in upper part; with 8-12 distinct internodes, the uppermost internode obviously longer than the next upper internode. Basal leaves linear or oblanceolate, pubescent. Cauline leaves linear 10.0-40.0
1.0-3.0 mm, pubescent. Calyx 25.0-30.0 mm long, ovoid at anthesis and clavate in fruit, pubescent; teeth unequal; shorter ones 2.0-4.0 mm, ovate, acuminate; longer ones 4.0-6.0 mm, lanceolate, acuminate; marginal hairs long (longer than 0.5 mm), dense. Inflorescence non-divaricate, branch axile (much) less than 90°. Petal claws 10.0-12.0 mm long, glabrous; limbs 7.0-9.0 mm long, bifid, upper-surface pink, lobes oblong, petal limbs cleft to middle or more; coronal scales 2.0-2.2 mm long. Anthophore 13.0-16.0 mm long, glabrous or puberulent. Anthers exserted; filaments 12.0-15.0 mm long, glabrous. Styles exserted. First pedicel 1.0-4.0 cm in flower, 2.0-6.0 cm in fruit, erect, glabrous, apex antrorse. Capsule 12.0 mm long, oblong or ellipsoid. Seeds 0.8-1.0 mm wide.
<figureCitationid="9E131FE7793700818C20BECB66C6C875"captionStart="Figure 7"captionStartId="F7"captionText="Figure 7. Distribution map of S. sect. Arenosae. Each color code corresponds to one taxon: A S. arenosa B S. austroiranica C S. chaetodonta D S. exsudans E S. georgievskyi F S. leyseroides G S. linearis H S. microsperma subsp. cypria I S. microsperma subsp. maritima J S. microsperma subsp. microsperma K S. microsperma subsp. modesta L S. striata."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.159.51500.figure7"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447291"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">7</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="1FC7484E8D3FAA8BEF2ED2C48C74DD53"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Species tree from two STACEY runs and three unlinked regions (ITS, RPB 2, rps 16). Posterior probabilities> 0.75 are shown above branches. The number following the taxonomic name is the specimen ID (Suppl. material 1). Scale bar reflects the number of substitutions per site."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.159.51500.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447285"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="5E9021C81760D3A3EB31FEC15257B736"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the ITS sequences including 76 taxa. The trees were summarized in a 50 % majority-rule consensus tree with the posterior probabilities (PP) indicated above branches. Bootstrap support values (> 75 %) based on MP and ML are noted below branches, respectively. The numbers following the taxonomic name indicate the specimen ID and Genbank numbers (Suppl. material 1), respectively."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.159.51500.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447287"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">3</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="E6BEDFF4C18A03D4BD07975DDFE31D90"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="F4"captionText="Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the rps 16 sequences including 71 taxa. The trees were summarized in a 50 % majority-rule consensus tree with the posterior probabilities (PP) indicated above branches. Bootstrap support values (> 75 %) based on MP and ML are noted below branches, respectively. The numbers following the taxonomic name indicate the specimen ID and Genbank numbers (Suppl. material 1), respectively."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.159.51500.figure4"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447288"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">4</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="21EE6CE2315DABEA89370EDA613D75EE"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Species tree from two STACEY runs and three unlinked regions (ITS, RPB 2, rps 16). Posterior probabilities> 0.75 are shown above branches. The number following the taxonomic name is the specimen ID (Suppl. material 1). Scale bar reflects the number of substitutions per site."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.159.51500.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447285"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="2D675DD66DAD3E79859F87A2455CC202"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="F4"captionText="Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the rps 16 sequences including 71 taxa. The trees were summarized in a 50 % majority-rule consensus tree with the posterior probabilities (PP) indicated above branches. Bootstrap support values (> 75 %) based on MP and ML are noted below branches, respectively. The numbers following the taxonomic name indicate the specimen ID and Genbank numbers (Suppl. material 1), respectively."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.159.51500.figure4"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447288"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">4</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="88957C844E76129E4FBC330D9A4B8F72"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Species tree from two STACEY runs and three unlinked regions (ITS, RPB 2, rps 16). Posterior probabilities> 0.75 are shown above branches. The number following the taxonomic name is the specimen ID (Suppl. material 1). Scale bar reflects the number of substitutions per site."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.159.51500.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447285"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="170E62C27D67E883E4476D3FA37AF605"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="F4"captionText="Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the rps 16 sequences including 71 taxa. The trees were summarized in a 50 % majority-rule consensus tree with the posterior probabilities (PP) indicated above branches. Bootstrap support values (> 75 %) based on MP and ML are noted below branches, respectively. The numbers following the taxonomic name indicate the specimen ID and Genbank numbers (Suppl. material 1), respectively."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.159.51500.figure4"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447288"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">4</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="22DA30AC9EAF20E1E5056FF16781D93D"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the ITS sequences including 76 taxa. The trees were summarized in a 50 % majority-rule consensus tree with the posterior probabilities (PP) indicated above branches. Bootstrap support values (> 75 %) based on MP and ML are noted below branches, respectively. The numbers following the taxonomic name indicate the specimen ID and Genbank numbers (Suppl. material 1), respectively."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.159.51500.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447287"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">3</figureCitation>
). The morphological distinctiveness (much longer calyx, long anthophore and larger petals) speaks in favour of recognition of the species, and although chromosome numbers are unknown, we hypothesize that the incongruent pattern seen in the Syrian specimen may be explained by polyploid hybridization. Allopolyploids often grow larger than their parents (
<taxonomicNameid="39868556B1DEC4B9078F6EA161AB4843"authorityName="G. A. Lazkov"authorityYear="1999"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Caryophyllaceae"genus="Silene"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Silene georgievskyi"order="Caryophyllales"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="georgievskyi">
