treatments-xml/data/03/D7/50/03D75034FFC4E41EFC9554D172B8FB98.xml

<document id="46469B0A3BB89D9894A34AAD43A56F93" ID-DOI="10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009" ID-ISSN="1982-0224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13332563" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1720669084001" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley &amp; de Pinna, Mário" docDate="2022" docId="03D75034FFC4E41EFC9554D172B8FB98" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropIchthyol.20.1.e210009.pdf" docOrigin="Neotropical Ichthyology (e 210009) 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FC0C3FD10650AF21F8DA93D98D275823.3:NeotropIchthyol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="FC0C3FD10650AF21F8DA93D98D275823" docStyleName="NeotropIchthyol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Hypopygus Hoedeman 1962" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="FFEE284CFFE1E438FFB65162717CF803" masterDocTitle="Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy" masterLastPageNumber="117" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1723818792354" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="B31B14932D29A56566C7FA9A48368E88">Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DAA35F433F38BCCCC3B6822E168F9016">Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3BDD0EF82EB058C7A5AAA7293824235E">de Pinna, Mário</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="76BE00337EACFE6E861E63F91E090F9D">Neotropical Ichthyology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="71B62024D107AA03CB86C6C85F084BB6">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D75034FFC4E41EFC9554D172B8FB98" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12720002" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12720002" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D75034FFC4E41EFC9554D172B8FB98" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D75034FFC4E41EFC9554D172B8FB98" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="C364B2A9FFC4E41DFC9554D17559FEA8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC4E41DFC9554D17504FDC8" blockId="37.[803,1144,1459,1483]" box="[803,1144,1459,1483]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="D089564EFFC4E41DFC9554D17504FDC8" box="[803,1144,1459,1483]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFC4E41DFC9554D17504FDC8" ID-CoL="62WFM" authority="Hoedeman, 1962" authorityName="Hoedeman" authorityYear="1962" box="[803,1144,1459,1483]" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Hypopygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC4E41DFC9554D172CCFDC8" bold="true" box="[803,944,1459,1483]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hypopygus</emphasis>
Hoedeman, 1962
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<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC4E41DFDB0549C7559FEA8" blockId="37.[486,1460,1534,1894]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC4E41DFDB0549C7265FE15" bold="true" box="[518,793,1534,1558]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Adductor mandibulae.</emphasis>
The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC4E41DFCEF549C72D9FE15" box="[857,933,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">malaris</emphasis>
originates from the mid-dorsal portion of the hyomandibula and preopercle. Its insertion occurs on the posteromedial portion of the antorbital bone, by fibrous attachment, with its mesialmost fibers converging onto a small endomaxillary ligament less than one-third the length of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC4E41DFB5E570C7448FE85" box="[1256,1332,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">malaris</emphasis>
. The latter inserts on the posteromedial portion of the maxilla.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C364B2A9FFC4E41EFDB057DA72B8FB98" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC4E41EFDB057DA74D0F9B5" blockId="37.[486,1460,1534,1894]" lastBlockId="38.[487,1459,190,587]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC4E41DFD8C57DA7302FED3" box="[570,638,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">rictalis</emphasis>
originates in the preopercle, quadrate and hyomandibula. The lateralmost fibers of the ventral portion of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC4E41DFCD457BC72DAFEF5" box="[866,934,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">rictalis</emphasis>
surpass the anterior margin of the preopercular fossa and reach the mid-portion of the preopercle while posterodorsal fibers just fall short of the posterior portion of the same bone (
<figureCitation id="1345FDA7FFC4E41DFBF8564A75DDFF42" box="[1102,1185,1832,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[135,208,940,960]" captionTargetBox="[346,1246,171,883]" captionTargetId="figure-47@23.[346,1246,171,884]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11 | Lateral view of dorsolateral musculature of Hypopygus lepturus (Hypopomidae), MZUSP 91426, 55.4 mm LEA. Some fibers of the LO, anterior accidentally removed during dissections. Anatomical abbreviations in Tab. 1. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13332587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13332587/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
); and with its insertion occurring solely on the coronoid process. The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC4E41DFBB3562C7533FF65" box="[1029,1103,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">stegalis</emphasis>
arises from the hyomandibula, sphenotic, pterosphenoid, parasphenoid, sympletic and metapterygoid. Anteriorly, the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFE5F5181734FF8F8" box="[489,563,227,251]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">stegalis</emphasis>
differentiates into a poorly differentiated intersegmental aponeurosis, dorsally entering the mandibular tendon and ventrally the meckelian tendon, inserting onto the coronomeckelian bone. Towards the insertion, some lateral fibers are associated with the buccopalatal membrane, which is poorly differentiated from surrounding connective tissues. The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFD40501A723CF993" box="[758,832,376,400]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">stegalis</emphasis>
is located laterally in relation to the proximal region of the endopterygoid and the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFCAF50FC7578F9B5" box="[793,1028,414,438]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">adductor arcus palatini</emphasis>
, overlaps those structures completely.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC7E41EFDB050A17522FA48" blockId="38.[487,1459,190,587]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFDF450A67230F9D8" box="[578,844,451,475]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">segmentum mandibularis</emphasis>
is located dorsally to coronomeckelian bone, with minimum (n = 3) or no (n = 1) contact with Meckel’s cartilage, extending for 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFAF7508B742AFA03" box="[1345,1366,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca</emphasis>
. 20% of the dorsal portion of that cartilage. The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFC1E536D7597FA25" box="[936,1259,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ramus mandibularis trigeminus</emphasis>
nerve is mesial to all sections of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFD195351752BFA48" box="[687,1111,563,587]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">adductor mandibulae, segmentum facialis</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC7E41EFDB0531C72B8FB98" blockId="38.[487,1459,638,923]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFDB0531C725EFA95" bold="true" box="[518,802,638,662]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Levator arcus palatini.</emphasis>
The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFCDA531C752EFA95" box="[876,1106,638,662]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
has a roughly conical shape, originating from the ventral margin of the frontal and sphenotic and inserting onto the hyomandibula. The origin of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFCEA53AA754FFAE3" box="[860,1075,712,736]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
is approximately half as wide as its insertion (
<figureCitation id="1345FDA7FFC7E41EFDEF538C73D6FB05" box="[601,682,750,774]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[135,208,940,960]" captionTargetBox="[346,1246,171,883]" captionTargetId="figure-47@23.[346,1246,171,884]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11 | Lateral view of dorsolateral musculature of Hypopygus lepturus (Hypopomidae), MZUSP 91426, 55.4 mm LEA. Some fibers of the LO, anterior accidentally removed during dissections. Anatomical abbreviations in Tab. 1. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13332587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13332587/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). At insertion, the anterolateral and posterolateral fiber bundles of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFE51527173BFFB28" box="[487,707,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
are lateral to the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFC26527172A0FB28" box="[912,988,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">malaris</emphasis>
, while its anteromesial and posteromesial bundles are medial to the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFCA2525A721CFB53" box="[788,864,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">malaris</emphasis>
. Only the dorsalmost fibers of the posterior portion of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFD84523C7271FB75" box="[562,781,862,886]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
are mesial to the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFC61523C75F4FB75" box="[983,1160,862,886]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">dilatator operculi</emphasis>
, but without reaching the median portion of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC7E41EFD5352E172C1FB98" box="[741,957,899,923]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
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