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<mods:title id="96022432D20E9AB7B81C6F95C5A6D01B">Marine benthic diatoms in the newly discovered coral reefs, off Basra coast, Southern Iraq</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="90E44070FBC2CFB1AD74D9EFE194C21B">Al-Handal, Adil Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="70DA1F199A83D8C6FF1B6C3E123F1FE9">Thomas, Evan W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A1CB9AD3AD98D4361B69F9582760DD28">Biology Department, Waubonsee Community College, Sugar Grove, Illinois, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5C717CE7D0D79A543C28BEDC2AF97DB6">Pennesi, Chiara</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9B6831A1F1E747413937FB8E19E9970C">Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italia</mods:affiliation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9AF12CFF9F2F65FF61F2F3FD73FD72" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[136,669,735,760]" page=")" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" year="1839">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF9F2F65FF61F2F3FD73FD72" authority="Ehrenberg (1839: 129)" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="1839" box="[136,669,735,760]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Coscinodiscaceae" genus="Coscinodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coscinodiscales" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="centralis">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9F2F65FF61F2F3FE76FD72" bold="true" box="[136,408,735,760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Coscinodiscus centralis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9F2F65FE76F2F3FD73FD72" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[415,669,735,760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" pagination="59 - 147" refId="ref23261" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1839) Uber die Bildung der Kreidefelsen und des Kreidemergels durch unsichtbare Organismen. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1838: 59 - 147." type="journal article" year="1839">Ehrenberg (1839: 129)</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="1300CBB8FF9F2F65FD45F2F3FD01FD72" box="[684,751,735,760]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–10" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1990,2011]" captionTargetBox="[212,1399,216,1946]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[177,1412,190,1968]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2–10. Marine benthic diatoms in the coral reefs off Basra. Fig. 2. Cyclotella striata, Fig. 3. Cyclotella stylorum, Fig. 4. Tryblioptychus cocconeiformis, Figs 5, 6. Podosira stelliger, Fig. 7. Paralia sulcata, Fig. 8. Coscinodiscus centralis, Fig. 9. Coscinodiscus marginatus, Fig. 10. Triceratium robertsianum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13728826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13728826/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9F2F65FF61F32AFF1EFC91" box="[136,240,774,795]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">References</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9F2F65FF14F32AFE07FC91" author="Hasle, G. R. &amp; Syvertsen, E. E." box="[253,489,774,795]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" refId="ref24349" refString="Hasle, G. R. &amp; Syvertsen, E. E. (1997) Marine diatoms. In: Tomas, C. R. (Ed.) Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 012693018 - 4 / 50004 - 5" type="journal volume" year="1997">Hasle &amp; Syvertsen 1997</bibRefCitation>
, figs 6a–c; pl. 15, figs 20a, b; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9F2F65FCE2F32AFC55FC91" author="Desikachary, T. V." box="[779,955,774,795]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" refId="ref22937" refString="Desikachary, T. V. (1988) Marine diatoms of the Indian Ocean region. Atlas of diatoms. Fascicle V. Madras Science Foundation, Madras, 234 pp." type="book" year="1988">Desikachary 1988</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 510, fig. 4, pl. 514, fig. 6, pl. 547, figs 1–4.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9F2F65FF61F367FF04FCEE" box="[136,234,843,868]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Features</emphasis>
: Diameter 140–200 μm.
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9F2F65FF54F343FEAFFC02" box="[189,321,879,904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Description</emphasis>
: Valves circular, slightly convex. Hexagonal areolae arranged in radial lines. In the center of the valve is visible characteristic rosette of larger central areolae.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9F2F65FF54F39BFEF1FC5A" box="[189,287,951,976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Remarks</emphasis>
: This large species is widespread in the plankton of the Gulf and is deposited on the sediment in 
<collectingRegion id="49FF19DFFF9F2F65FA85F39BFA42FC5A" box="[1388,1452,951,976]" country="Iraq" name="Al Basrah" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Basra</collectingRegion>
corals.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9F2F65FF54F3D3FE33FB92" box="[189,477,1023,1048]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Ecology and Distribution</emphasis>
: widely distributed pelagic species. Previously reported from the Gulf (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9F2F65FAE2F3D3FA49FB92" author="Hendey, N. I." box="[1291,1447,1023,1048]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" pagination="101 - 168" refId="ref24607" refString="Hendey, N. I. (1970) Some littoral diatoms of Kuwait. Nova Hedwigia 31: 101 - 168" type="journal article" year="1970">Hendey 1970</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9F2F65FF61F40FFED4FBB6" author="Simonsen, R." box="[136,314,1059,1084]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref27146" refString="Simonsen, R. (1974) The diatom plankton of the Indian Ocean expedition of RV. &quot; Meteor &quot; 1964 - 1965. Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D: Biologie 19: 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1974">Simonsen 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Frequent in 
<collectingRegion id="49FF19DFFF9F2F65FE3DF40FFDFAFBB6" box="[468,532,1059,1084]" country="Iraq" name="Al Basrah" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Basra</collectingRegion>
corals.
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