treatments-xml/data/D2/50/E3/D250E3AF951058D8A6237F9A377008E3.xml

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<mods:title id="78A2CFE2245941479A3518FC802ABE15">New reports, phylogenetic analysis, and a key to Lactarius Pers. in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem informed by molecular data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C938DAB7245143D9C3C3410D2714D46E">Barge, Edward G.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="FA877DFC027D7EA403FFFE3A49BA4A2E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Taxon classification Fungi Russulales Russulaceae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="239F67AC36344A9F629BCA682401728A" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DC78836EAF8DDC8A11995CBC910F7AF0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
15. 
<taxonomicName id="B31FD901BC322C452DA5750F3F237A47" ID-CoL="3RRL7" authority="A. H. Sm." class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius alnicola" order="Russulales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alnicola">Lactarius alnicola A.H. Sm.</taxonomicName>
Figure 17
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5CE636BB7DC86DE6949AF7930003F7F" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph id="A9FF0D13F58A86EF2FDC6E9F3932C19E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="70F05EAF22A9CB3E3243A42A5B47E1F7" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Pileus 60-170 mm in diameter, 
<normalizedToken id="0C9066964D60DB9DE205696502E82DA3" originalValue="depressed–convex">depressed-convex</normalizedToken>
to infundibuliform, glutinous when wet, with matted fibrils beneath the gluten especially near the margin, 
<normalizedToken id="82F4B4CD047AAD7ADD98875A22D0FD26" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
faintly zonate, pale creamy yellow to pale 
<normalizedToken id="F24C0FD81E43B0C626278EB10E153344" originalValue="yellow–brown">yellow-brown</normalizedToken>
to golden 
<normalizedToken id="E7B3D1CCB0410058C2D9B16C54607919" originalValue="yellow–brown">yellow-brown</normalizedToken>
, discoloring 
<normalizedToken id="E61EBBDD0D8B537168BD6D01B83A8827" originalValue="orange–brown">orange-brown</normalizedToken>
to brown where damaged; margin 
<normalizedToken id="565725F52A99AE6FA22B986D96DAE71A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
faintly tomentose, incurved when young, becoming straight to wavy. Lamellae subdecurrent to decurrent, some forked toward the stipe, crowded, pale cream to pale buff, 
<normalizedToken id="A910807EC05CD4E7D6BD56F325D0A282" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
slowly discoloring yellow and eventually 
<normalizedToken id="57FC1D60ABA9C23A80DC8497A376E67E" originalValue="orange–brown">orange-brown</normalizedToken>
where damaged. Stipe 20-60 
<normalizedToken id="A6B25DA7B4A35E93A5B8FFD37EEB7F4C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
30-50 mm, equal to clavate to tapering toward the base, smooth, dry, conspicuously scrobiculate, white, discoloring 
<normalizedToken id="357BCF775D6796E0E643C683204715A8" originalValue="orange–brown">orange-brown</normalizedToken>
where damaged or in age, solid, becoming hollow. Context firm, white, 
<normalizedToken id="93D1D414A132017457748FEB324902D1" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
slowly discoloring yellow to 
<normalizedToken id="BD4535117717A43A18F2E54C8CCC5A3D" originalValue="orange–brown">orange-brown</normalizedToken>
where damaged. Latex scarce 
<pageBreakToken id="034E40A93A381B3A6A26A0AB5DD0E861" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" start="start">to</pageBreakToken>
undetectable, white, 
<normalizedToken id="26F441AAFCEC6952A2A2362CF0951E0C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
becoming very pale yellow, and slowly staining damaged tissue yellow. Odor mild to sweet. Taste quickly very acrid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B8B7C5B96D50C82875A36F90BE4681E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Basidiospores 7.5-10 
<normalizedToken id="3DC5CD3CC705C63F46D58664DDE6FB04" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6-8.5 
<normalizedToken id="689117F623FBD97D5A6A9E86D3A7A0D2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, Q = 1.2-1.5, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid; ornamentation forming a partial reticulum. Pleuromacrocystidia 60-90 
<normalizedToken id="92BF70CE67C7EEEA5BDF0FC1044019BE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-8 
<normalizedToken id="DEE64AFD9788F51D6CF2E92EDBF5D8D9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, rare, mostly near the pileus and between the lamellae, cylindric to fusiform; apex acute to moniliform. Cheilomacrocystidia absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1717822E64462A9A398FA9D09AC14CA9" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="1BBE33EDD262B2117C8F70182830F478" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ecology and distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE0A284B0644A41EB411E4E6EDCCBEB2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
In western North America and Mexico under conifers. Also reported from California with 
<taxonomicName id="A5C61C9906D937ADA42538340615B0D7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
. In the GYE, 
<taxonomicName id="7A73914A8562C821225DB3C0C06E5449" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius alnicola" order="Russulales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alnicola">Lactarius alnicola</taxonomicName>
occurs in wet areas, often along streams in the spruce-fir zone, possibly always in the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="365B4647B270432400D78576B7D2A0E4" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
, summer and early fall.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="89541DA02D6583D24758B1467CF6BE20" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5D4565085554E109BDFC083D7C4D4BE7" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F29DFBD97BA155CBCBA65BD5B76D3DB" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
U.S.A. MONTANA: Gallatin County, Gallatin Range, Langhor Road, under 
<taxonomicName id="42496129B814811C386B940F7DFCE692" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
, 27 Aug, EB0064-14 (MONT); Madison County, Tobacco Root Mountains, Branham Lakes, under 
<taxonomicName id="FBBE7441308E25B9AC324934AB059300" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
, 1 Sept 2014, EB0067-14 (MONT).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BE11BAFB04B67A08B3C033131EBF4C61" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="07E37A3CE62162387B7F012955F3F8BD" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC55E97E0773CD1729CF225D21029BCA" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="9EAAC95DFE05033363E93A1171B189BB" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius alnicola" order="Russulales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alnicola">Lactarius alnicola</taxonomicName>
is phylogenetically very closely related to the European 
<taxonomicName id="8B1E21B3848B0EB5D685E93DB73030D5" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius scrobiculatus" order="Russulales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scrobiculatus">Lactarius scrobiculatus</taxonomicName>
(Scop.) Fr., and may be conspecific, however more specimens need to be sequenced before making this determination final (Figure 2B). For morphological differences, 
<taxonomicName id="AF4A08EFB818E132B124CF7E630D90B4" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius scrobiculatus" order="Russulales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scrobiculatus">Lactarius scrobiculatus</taxonomicName>
features a heavily bearded pileus margin, and produces white latex which rapidly turns yellow (
<bibRefCitation id="255D382BFEA5FF97C03ACC6296F8ECF7" author="Kytoevuori, I" journalOrPublisher="Karstenia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="41 - 72" title="LactariussubsectionScrobiculati in NW Europe." volume="24" year="1984">
<normalizedToken id="6664C906F8CE3F0D00237C14A8958C16" originalValue="Kytövuori">Kytoevuori</normalizedToken>
1984
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="740BFB0D0583E879B890263BB0C8672B" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius alnicola" order="Russulales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alnicola">Lactarius alnicola</taxonomicName>
, and other members of 
<taxonomicName id="36A98DB356A4646ABE6699BE54CA4F4E" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsection" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius subsection" order="Russulales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="subsection" subsection="Scrobiculati">subsection Scrobiculati</taxonomicName>
Hesler &amp; A.H. Sm. sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="1FBE79A97CB61A6495E9A6BFB1F56F92" author="Kytoevuori, I" journalOrPublisher="Karstenia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="41 - 72" title="LactariussubsectionScrobiculati in NW Europe." volume="24" year="1984">
<normalizedToken id="028ED448B94AA5ECBD61A64E7636CE6B" originalValue="Kytövuori">Kytoevuori</normalizedToken>
(1984)
</bibRefCitation>
form a strongly supported clade in the phylogeny (Figure 2B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7F2962CECE0C6AFD68F6910A28CFE2B" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Two varieties of 
<taxonomicName id="D35F782E7815F5B9BF4F8C83B09DA679" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius alnicola" order="Russulales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alnicola">Lactarius alnicola</taxonomicName>
have been described: 
<taxonomicName id="E06B0147C84E4A3442C0BFE8DAAAFB98" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="v." kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius alnicola var. pitkinensis" order="Russulales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="variety" species="alnicola" variety="pitkinensis">Lactarius alnicola v. pitkinensis</taxonomicName>
Hesler &amp; A.H. Sm., described from Colorado under aspen and conifers, has cream colored to white basidiomes, an acrid taste, unchanging latex, and unchanging (non-yellowing) flesh; 
<taxonomicName id="60818131DDF8DFD2F00C1EA4975CC4B8" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="v." kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius alnicola var. pungens" order="Russulales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="variety" species="alnicola" variety="pungens">Lactarius alnicola v. pungens</taxonomicName>
Hesler &amp; A.H. Sm., described from Michigan in mixed forest, has a dull ochraceous to 
<normalizedToken id="3C8082F4A79F2C3B840793A59C8EA509" originalValue="ochraceous–tan">ochraceous-tan</normalizedToken>
, subviscid, glabrous pileus, an acrid taste, and white, unchanging latex, which stains white paper yellow (
<bibRefCitation id="7FC942FD5458AFFED9C93340B451EBC9" author="Hesler, LR" journalOrPublisher="University of Michigan Press" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 841" title="North American species of Lactarius" year="1979">Hesler and Smith 1979</bibRefCitation>
). Neither appear to fit the taxon described here.
</paragraph>
<caption id="96B8FD2FFD1E15374E87F97CEB80CF78" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<paragraph id="0D17DFF19547BE6B8E68DD8722EB4507" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Figure 17. 
<taxonomicName id="377EDD1680744F76356509B04CB256A2" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius alnicola" order="Russulales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alnicola">Lactarius alnicola</taxonomicName>
. Top and bottom collection EB0064-14 under 
<taxonomicName id="1FF7DC093466DC87952610A068274FB4" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
, Gallatin Range, Montana, USA. Scale bars: 2 cm. Photos by E. Barge.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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