<documentID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697"ID-GBIF-Dataset="89be094e-6732-48a6-b5aa-74053d16f748"ID-PMC="PMC9633978"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1066-1"ID-Pensoft-UUID="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A"ID-PubMed="36479134"ID-ZooBank="133CE040A5AF44F1BC9A558C2F06A8AA"ModsDocID="1313-2970-1066-1"checkinTime="1635480455043"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J. & Lombard, Amanda T."docDate="2021"docId="A6CE4E620780A169F68DC9DCFC23C54B"docLanguage="en"docName="ZooKeys 1066: 1-198"docOrigin="ZooKeys 1066"docPubDate="2021-10-28"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697"docTitle="Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) rugosa Moseley 1881"docType="treatment"docVersion="4"id="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A"lastPageNumber="1"masterDocId="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A"masterDocTitle="Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa"masterLastPageNumber="198"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="1"updateTime="1732486004380"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:affiliationid="DA25865160FDBDEED5FDC196F64DA279">Biodiversity and Coastal Research, Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Forestry, and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa & Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="DC4494E89E68CCDD438DE5021696B0F6">Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ciencias do Mar, Santos, Brazil & Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Sebastiao, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePartid="936531DD3690DA2D35D9D7E625DA4BB8">Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="C1FA21C3669758E41DB7AEB6362159DB">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="B17780F3128FDDAFF09A166A8B39815F">South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa & Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="FE8958FD2AA3926E85B132F72A65820A">Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<figureCitationid="6025C35C5DD62FE4557911BCD61BE051"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. A, B Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) grandis (SAMC _ A 073150, off Mazeppa Bay, 480 - 490 m) A calicular view B lateral view C, D Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) lamellifera (SAMC _ A 090155, off Sodwana Bay, 120 m) C calicular view D lateral view E, F Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) profunda (DTE Valdivia Stn 108, off Agulhas, 126 m) E calicular view F lateral view G, H Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) quadragenaria (USNM 91539, Eastern coast, off Shaka's Rock, 350 m) G calicular view H lateral view I, J Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) rugosa (SAMC _ A 090071, off Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary, 370 m) I calicular view J lateral view K, N Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) sarsiae K, L (MN _ SM 226, off Mazeppa Bay, 710 - 775 m) K calicular view L lateral view M, N (MN _ SM 174, off Kidds Beach, 760 m) M calicular view N lateral view O, P Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) scobinosa (SAM _ H 1248, off Durban, 91 m) O calicular view P lateral view. Scale bars: 10 mm."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/604105"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Fig. 2I, J</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="035B3188C69602F0C2E56085A3CC79ED"author="Wells, J"journalOrPublisher="Bulletins of American Paleontology"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B303"refString="Wells, J, 1954. Recent corals of the Marshall Islands: Bikini and nearby atolls, Part 2: Oceanography (Biology). Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-I: 382-486."title="Recent corals of the Marshall Islands: Bikini and nearby atolls, Part 2: Oceanography (Biology). Geological Survey Professional Paper 260 - I: 382 - 486."year="1954">. -Wells 1954</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="8691E6B92E12881DD45D96EE47B0B2F1"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 30"refId="B33"refString="Cairns, S, 1984. New records of ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia) from the Hawaiian and Line Islands. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 25 (10): 1 - 30"title="New records of ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia) from the Hawaiian and Line Islands."volume="25"year="1984">. -Cairns 1984</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="C96F2D00D0ED7FECEDFE2A0BE851FBD2"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 44"refId="B36"refString="Cairns, S, 1991. A revision of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 504: 1 - 44"title="A revision of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands."volume="504"year="1991">Cairns 1991</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="B90BE6C7DA60A63B7AC3888F9A77899F"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="213 - 292"refId="B50"refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292"title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology."volume="103"year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="CC5553038952768FABF9BDD8A91805D2"author="Kitahara, M"journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="91 - 118"refId="B155"refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, Miller, D, 2010a. Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species. Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 91 - 118"title="Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species."volume="8"year="2010 a">Kitahara et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="6FDC960D3452E76661C61298BDB63BCF"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 150"refId="B37"refString="Cairns, S, 1994. Scleractinia of the temperate North Pacific. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 557: 1 - 150"title="Scleractinia of the temperate North Pacific."volume="557"year="1994">. -Cairns 1994</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="F36C7342DE378E6C776C677DB38E4D15"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="27 - 243"refId="B54"refString="Cairns, S, Zibrowius, H, 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27 - 243"title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions."volume="172"year="1997">Cairns and Zibrowius 1997</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="3905CF8F945401021437409AA0BCB46E"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Records of the Western Australian Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="361 - 417"refId="B40"refString="Cairns, S, 1998. Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 18: 361 - 417"title="Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of western Australia."volume="18"year="1998">Cairns 1998</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="8E4A64BC2ECF4A9F098CAA17EEAA5842"author="Kitahara, M"journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B154"refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris"title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle."year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="97926CAB34A13BF118B462877706087E"author="Moseley, H"journalOrPublisher="Zoology"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 248"refId="B196"refString="Moseley, H, 1881. Report on certain hydroid, alcyonarian, and madreporarian corals procured during the voyage H.M.S. Challenger, in the years 1873-1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Zoology 2: 1 - 248"title="Report on certain hydroid, alcyonarian, and madreporarian corals procured during the voyage H. M. S. Challenger, in the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76."volume="2"year="1881">Moseley 1881</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="9652640EE3FB64F777F2670662A5024E"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 150"refId="B37"refString="Cairns, S, 1994. Scleractinia of the temperate North Pacific. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 557: 1 - 150"title="Scleractinia of the temperate North Pacific."volume="557"year="1994">(Cairns 1994</bibRefCitation>
<locationid="380E48C235B9A8FCB15DD8DAAAA419CC"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A6CE4E620780A169F68DC9DCFC23C54B:380E48C235B9A8FCB15DD8DAAAA419CC"county="Estuary"latitude="-26.925"longLatPrecision="1"longitude="33.01833"municipality="Sifungwe"name="Ponta Do Ouro">Ponta Do Ouro</location>
<materialsCitationid="FE2380CAAF6997DDE960025655B5CB34"collectingDate="2021-01-01"collectingDateMax="2021-12-31"collectingDateMin="2021-01-01"county="Kosi Bay Estuary"elevation="100"latitude="-27.184996"location="Eastern"longLatPrecision="1"longitude="32.848297"municipality="Ponta Do Ouro"specimenCount="1">
<locationid="D00CB392B127068D74E57ABC36CF9BEE"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A6CE4E620780A169F68DC9DCFC23C54B:D00CB392B127068D74E57ABC36CF9BEE"county="Kosi Bay Estuary"latitude="-27.184996"longLatPrecision="1"longitude="32.848297"municipality="Ponta Do Ouro"name="Eastern">Eastern</location>
Corallum small, ceratoid to trochoid, and attached through a robust pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.3-0.8) that expands into a large encrusting base. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.2), with serrated calicular margin. Largest examined specimen (USNM 91529) 6.9
5.8 mm in CD, 2.4 mm in PD, and 12.5 mm in H. Costae covered with well-defined transverse ridges; ridges split and re-join around corallum. Corallum white to light brown.
<paragraphid="A2DBB018797E5DA4E308EB9F65F04CC0"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Septa octamerally arranged in three cycles according to the formula: S1> S2> S3 (32 septa). However, one specimen (SAMC_A090071) has decamerally arranged septa (40 septa). S1 highly exsert, extending almost to columella. S2-3 becoming progressively narrower and less exsert. All septa bear sinuous axial margins, sinuosity being extreme in S1-2. S2 bearing a highly sinuous and thick pali (8 P2). Fossa shallow containing a prominent fascicular columella.</paragraph>
Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Kei Mouth extending towards Kosi Bay Estuary, (15 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 100-370 m. Elsewhere: New Caledonia (
<bibRefCitationid="CBA6F327C0ADA0F83A364AE3A0D8D4D1"author="Kitahara, M"journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="91 - 118"refId="B155"refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, Miller, D, 2010a. Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species. Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 91 - 118"title="Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species."volume="8"year="2010 a">Kitahara et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="235220A89D0A96DF873DB88784896ADB"author="Kitahara, M"journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B154"refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris"title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle."year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="96C9CD414370BA09CAA4216E3D3863C0"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 30"refId="B33"refString="Cairns, S, 1984. New records of ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia) from the Hawaiian and Line Islands. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 25 (10): 1 - 30"title="New records of ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia) from the Hawaiian and Line Islands."volume="25"year="1984">(Cairns 1984</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="0EF2DF7A27BEBE149154E877BAAC0EF3"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 150"refId="B37"refString="Cairns, S, 1994. Scleractinia of the temperate North Pacific. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 557: 1 - 150"title="Scleractinia of the temperate North Pacific."volume="557"year="1994">(Cairns 1994</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="AB8F99ED3CAB540A21F1F86F366E20F9"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="27 - 243"refId="B54"refString="Cairns, S, Zibrowius, H, 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27 - 243"title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions."volume="172"year="1997">Cairns and Zibrowius 1997</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="F7DA64193AF6FE1F87BEDD9A572E3866"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="31 - 167"refId="B41"refString="Cairns, S, 1999a. Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 180: 31 - 167"title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands."volume="180"year="1999 a">Cairns 1999a</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="3B9589F7E0F692A230933184C1A2FD7C"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Records of the Western Australian Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="361 - 417"refId="B40"refString="Cairns, S, 1998. Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 18: 361 - 417"title="Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of western Australia."volume="18"year="1998">Cairns 1998</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="8A024F6B2991016E1CE6532EBC8B21B6"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 210"refId="B38"refString="Cairns, S, 1995. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 103: 1 - 210"title="The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa)."volume="103"year="1995">Cairns 1995</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="257BA0A590EA5566AA51D5EAD8C60EF8"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="213 - 292"refId="B50"refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292"title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology."volume="103"year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
is easily distinguished from congeners by the presence of transverse ridges and its extremely sinuous septa and pali. Although some specimens have a hexameral or decameral symmetry, the most common septal symmetry is octameral (Kitahara et al. 2010). South African specimens have both septal symmetries (octameral and decameral), for which the specimen (SAMC_A090071) that have decamerally arranged septa also displays rejuvenescence of the corallum.
<bibRefCitationid="5E1F0FC52E45F4C4E8D43FDE16B31006"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="213 - 292"refId="B50"refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292"title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology."volume="103"year="1993">Cairns and Keller (1993)</bibRefCitation>
