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<mods:title id="E61666F459410FF4A26C377FFB259A77">Marine benthic diatoms in the newly discovered coral reefs, off Basra coast, Southern Iraq</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E28842B9B49D7AE82649A8D49C91CD50">Al-Handal, Adil Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B7B6DB88EEBD96F97CEB6DE7ABB1BBD1">Thomas, Evan W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="590B02C97B60FF9A8DFEF7CAD978895F">Biology Department, Waubonsee Community College, Sugar Grove, Illinois, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1E08F8A117ED9D09B77FBA426B1C5A4E">Pennesi, Chiara</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6F74402B9091AC4CB62EAD19D64A4628">Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italia</mods:affiliation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9AF12CFF832F79FF61F200FC78FDCF" author="Simonsen, R." box="[136,918,556,581]" page=")" pageId="25" pageNumber="136" year="1992">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF832F79FF61F200FC78FDCF" authority="(Heiden) Simonsen (1992: 72)" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityPageNumber="72" authorityYear="1992" baseAuthorityName="Heiden" box="[136,918,556,581]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="25" pageNumber="136" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="maletractata" variety="constricta">
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF832F79FF61F200FE63FDCF" bold="true" box="[136,397,556,581]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="136">Amphora maletractata</emphasis>
var. 
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(Heiden) 
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(
<figureCitation id="1300CBB8FF832F79FC4DF200FBCAFDCF" box="[932,1060,556,581]" captionStart="FIGURES 75–90" captionStartId="24.[136,243,1993,2014]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,190,1968]" captionTargetId="figure-17@24.[189,1399,190,1968]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 75–90. Marine benthic diatoms in coral reefs off Basra. Figs 75, 76. Amphora grevilleana, Figs 77, 78. Amphora janischii, Figs 79, 80. Amphora maletracta var. constricta, Fig. 81. Amphora marina, Fig. 82. Amphora mexicana, Figs 83, 84. Amphora ocellata, Figs 85,86. Tetramphora ostrearia, Figs 87,88. Tetramphora rhombica, Fig. 89. Amphora spectabilis, Fig. 90. Amphora sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13728838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13728838/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="136">Figs 79, 80</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF832F79FF61F27EFF1EFDED" box="[136,240,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="136">References</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF832F79FF14F27EFE7AFDED" author="Simonsen, R." box="[253,404,594,615]" pageId="25" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref27210" refString="Simonsen, R. (1992) The diatom types of Heinrich Heiden in Heiden &amp; Kolbe 1928. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 24: 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="1992">Simonsen 1992</bibRefCitation>
, p. 71, pl. 76, figs 7–15; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF832F79FD6AF27EFCB7FDED" author="Witkowski, A. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D." box="[643,857,594,615]" pageId="25" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 925" refId="ref27775" refString="Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D. (2000) Diatom Flora of Marine Coasts Iconographia Diatomologica 7: 1 - 925." type="book chapter" year="2000">
Witkowski 
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF832F79FD18F27EFCCCFDED" box="[753,802,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
2000
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, p.144, pl. 167, figs 12–16.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF832F79FF61F2B4FF04FD3B" box="[136,234,664,689]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="136">Features</emphasis>
: Length: 40–58 μm, width 7–10 μm, striae 
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10 μm on the dorsal side.
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF832F79FF54F290FEAFFD5F" box="[189,321,700,725]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="136">Description</emphasis>
: Valves dorsiventral, semi-elliptic with protracted capitate apices. Dorsal margin arched, slightly constricted in the middle, ventral margin straight. Dorsal striae interrupted by lanceolate hyaline area on the dorsal margin. Axial area narrow, slightly widens laterally in the center, central area small, rectangular. Raphe straight.
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF832F79FF54F304FEF1FCCB" box="[189,287,808,833]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="136">Remarks</emphasis>
: This taxon can be easily identified by the wide hyaline area separating striae bands on the dorsal margin. This 
<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF832F79FF28F360FEB1FCEF" box="[193,351,844,869]" pageId="25" pageNumber="136" rank="variety" variety="differs">variety differs</taxonomicName>
from the 
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by having a small constriction in the dorsal margin opposite to central area.
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF832F79FF54F35CFE0DFC03" box="[189,483,880,905]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="136">Ecology and Distribution:</emphasis>
Marine to brackish water form. Although recorded from variable geographic locations including the Arctic (
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Witkowski 
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2000
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), this taxon was not reported to be common on marine coasts. Not recorded previously from the Gulf. Rare in 
<collectingRegion id="49FF19DFFF832F79FDEFF394FDA8FC5B" box="[518,582,952,977]" country="Iraq" name="Al Basrah" pageId="25" pageNumber="136">Basra</collectingRegion>
corals.
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