treatments-xml/data/02/75/87/027587C9BD77302CFD831EDA49E0E77C.xml

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<mods:title id="72A5F3C5060C207614E414B469C7FE06">The Pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), With a Generic Key and Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Genera</mods:title>
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<treatment id="027587C9BD77302CFD831EDA49E0E77C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5593042" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189161032" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5593042" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:027587C9BD77302CFD831EDA49E0E77C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/027587C9BD77302CFD831EDA49E0E77C" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD77302FFD831EDA4EC8E6EE" box="[635,952,1231,1258]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD77302FFD831EDA4EC8E6EE" blockId="89.[508,1079,1231,1291]" box="[635,952,1231,1258]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD77302FFD831EDA4EC8E6EE" ID-CoL="56PJ" authority="Malloch" authorityName="Malloch" box="[635,952,1231,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Johannsenomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD77302FFD831EDA4EC8E6EE" bold="true" box="[635,952,1231,1258]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD77302FFD831EDA4E3AE6ED" bold="true" box="[635,842,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Johannsenomyia</emphasis>
Malloch
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD77302FFE041EE74947E70F" box="[508,1079,1266,1291]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" type="description">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD77302FFE041EE74947E70F" blockId="89.[508,1079,1231,1291]" box="[508,1079,1266,1291]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
(
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFDFC1EE74F1DE70F" box="[516,621,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="266.[151,250,1837,1859]" captionTargetBox="[182,1405,192,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-122@266.[160,1419,186,1818]" captionTargetPageId="266" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Dibezzia prominens (from Mayer 1934c). B. Hebetula tonnoiri (from Elson- Harris 1987). C. Jenkinshelea albaria (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). D. Macropeza albitarsis (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). E. Mallochohelea termophila (from Spinelli 1984, modified). F. Probezzia pallida (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). G. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). H. Nilobezzia basispinigera (from Elson-Harris 1987). I. Nilobezzia virago (from Elson-Harris 1987). J. Johannsenomyia argentata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). K. Lanatomyia electra (from Elson-Harris 1987). L. Anebomyia atripes (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979, modified)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949136/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Figs. 21J</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFD801EE74FD9E70F" box="[632,681,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="272.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[198,1418,210,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-69@272.[190,1421,205,1944]" captionTargetPageId="272" captionText="FIGURE 27. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Mallochohelea caudellii. B. Probezzia sabroskyi. C. Neobezzia fittkaui. D. Nilobezzia curticornis. E. Johannsenomyia argentata. F. Lanatomyia electra. G. Anebomyia atripes. H. Homohelea delanoe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949164/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">27E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFD4C1EE74F95E70F" box="[692,741,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="275.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,193,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-119@275.[161,1426,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="275" captionText="FIGURE 30. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces. A. Serromyia sp. B. Allohelea japonica. C. Monohelea obscura. D. Atyphohelea macroneura. E. Parabezzia huberti. F. Echinohelea lanei. G. Clinohelea curriei. H. Heteromyia clavata. I. Pellucidomyia leei. J. Dibezzia debenhamae (dirty specimen, D-5-T perhaps broken setal socket). K. Hebetula tonnoiri. L. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. M. Macropeza natalensis. N. Mallochohelea caudellii. O. Probezzia sabroskyi. P. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). Q. Nilobezzia curticornis. R. Johannsenomyia argentata. S. Lanatomyia miles. T. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949174" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949174/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">30R</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFD081EE74E52E70F" box="[752,802,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="284.[151,250,1973,1995]" captionTargetBox="[180,1379,215,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-65@284.[170,1401,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="284" captionText="FIGURE 39. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Probezzia sabroskyi. B. Neobezzia fittkaui. C. Nilobezzia sp. (from Australia). D. Johannsenomyia argentata. E. Lanatomyia electra. F. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949198" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949198/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">39D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFCD61EE74E11E70F" box="[814,865,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="290.[151,250,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[222,1373,186,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-193@290.[202,1384,184,1720]" captionTargetPageId="290" captionText="FIGURE 45. Respiratory organs, in dorsal view, pattern on tracheal tubes shown only in some. A. Clinohelea tasmaniensis (from Elson-Harris &amp; Kettle 1986). B. Clinohelea bimaculata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979, modified). C. Heteromyia wokei (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1977). D. Heteromyia clavata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1977). E. Pellucidomyia leei (from Elson-Harris &amp; Kettle 1986). F. Pellucidomyia geari (from de Meillon &amp; Wirth 1981). G. Dibezzia prominens (from Mayer 1934c). H. Hebetula tonnoiri (from Debenham 1974). I. Jenkinshelea albaria (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). J. Macropeza albitarsis (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). K. Mallochohelea albihalter (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). L. Probezzia pallida (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). M. Probezzia xanthogaster (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). N. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011). O. Nilobezzia aranea (from Elson-Harris 1987). P. Nilobezzia virago (from Elson-Harris 1987). Q. Johannsenomyia argentata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). R. Lanatomyia electra (from Debenham 1974). S. Lanatomyia miles (from Debenham 1974). T. Anebomyia atripes (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949212" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949212/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">45Q</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFC951EE74EEEE70F" box="[877,926,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="297.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[190,1402,202,1928]" captionTargetId="figure-58@297.[181,1412,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="297" captionText="FIGURE 52. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Neobezzia fittkaui. B. Nilobezzia curticornis. C. Johannsenomyia argentata. D. Lanatomyia miles. E. Anebomyia atripes. F. Homohelea delanoe (reconstructed from distorted and dirty specimen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949234/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">52C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFC511EE74EABE70F" box="[937,987,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 67" captionStartId="312.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[198,1410,217,1946]" captionTargetId="figure-53@312.[189,1420,211,1950]" captionTargetPageId="312" captionText="FIGURE 67. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Nilobezzia curticornis. B. Johannsenomyia argentata. C. Lanatomyia miles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949288/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">67B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFC1E1EE7495FE70F" box="[998,1071,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 76" captionStartId="321.[151,250,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[225,1365,181,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-185@321.[215,1375,177,1746]" captionTargetPageId="321" captionText="FIGURE 76. Abdominal segments 9. A. Macropeza albitarsis, male, in ventral view (modified from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). B. Macropeza albitarsis, female, in ventral view (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). C. Mallochohelea termophila, male, in ventral view (from Spinelli 1984). D. Mallochohelea termophila, female, in dorsal view (from Spinelli 1984). E. Probezzia pallida, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). F. Neobezzia fittkaui, male, in dorsal view (from Ronderos, et al. 2011). G. Nilobezzia virago, female, in dorsal view (from Elson-Harris 1987). H. Johannsenomyia argentata, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). I. Johannsenomyia argentata, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). J. Lanatomyia miles, female, in dorsal view (from Elson- Harris 1987). K. Anebomyia atripes, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). L. Anebomyia atripes, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949324/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">76H–I</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD77302FFF6F1F2F483FE773" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD77302FFF6F1F2F483FE773" blockId="89.[151,1437,1338,2011]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD77302FFF6F1F2F4C44E757" bold="true" box="[151,308,1338,1363]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
: Only pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD77302FFE231F2F4FEAE757" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2014" box="[475,666,1338,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
with abdominal segment 4 with all four lateral setae (L-1-IV, L-2-IV, L-3-IV, L-4-IV) arranged transversely, closely approximated and on the anterior half of segment (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFB231F4B4833E773" box="[1243,1347,1374,1399]" captionStart="FIGURE 67" captionStartId="312.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[198,1410,217,1946]" captionTargetId="figure-53@312.[189,1420,211,1950]" captionTargetPageId="312" captionText="FIGURE 67. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Nilobezzia curticornis. B. Johannsenomyia argentata. C. Lanatomyia miles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949288/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 67B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD77302CFF3F1F974F39E184" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" type="description">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD77302CFF3F1F974F39E184" blockId="89.[151,1437,1338,2011]" lastBlockId="90.[151,1437,151,1400]" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD77302FFF3F1F974CFAE79F" bold="true" box="[199,394,1410,1435]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">DESCRIPTION</emphasis>
: Total length = 
<quantity id="4D249B3ABD77302FFDBD1F974F9DE79E" box="[581,749,1410,1435]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.705" metricValueMax="5.38" metricValueMin="4.03" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="4.705" valueMax="5.38" valueMin="4.03">4.03–5.38 mm</quantity>
. Without larval exuviae retained on abdomen. Exuviae with flagellum appressed against lateral margin of midleg, wing (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFC751FB34E8FE7BB" box="[909,1023,1446,1471]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="261.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,199,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-85@261.[172,1416,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="261" captionText="FIGURE 16. Anterior portion of heads. A. Parabezzia huberti, in ventral view (distorted slide specimen). B. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA), ventrolateral view. C. Clinohelea curriei, in ventral view. D. Heteromyia clavata, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present. E. Heteromyia wokei, in ventral, slightly lateral view. F. Pellucidomyia leei, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949118/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Figs. 16B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFBF51FB34930E7BB" box="[1037,1088,1446,1471]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="278.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-110@278.[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetPageId="278" captionText="FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949184/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">33B</figureCitation>
). Ecdysial tear around base of antenna, along lateral margin of face to palpus (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFD0F1FDF4E18E7E7" box="[759,872,1482,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="262.[151,250,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,178,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-91@262.[158,1431,175,1896]" captionTargetPageId="262" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anterior portion of heads. A. Jenkinshelea sp., in ventral view (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). B. Mallochohelea caudellii., in ventral view. C. Sphaeromias longipennis, in ventral view. D. Bezzia sp., in ventral view (6 km E Salmon Arm, BC, Canada). E. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada), in ventral view. F. Phaenobezzia sp., in ventral view (from Skulsuza, South Africa)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949120" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949120/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Figs. 17C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFC8C1FDF4ED9E7E7" box="[884,937,1482,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 79" captionStartId="324.[151,250,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,201,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-148@324.[184,1406,195,1847]" captionTargetPageId="324" captionText="FIGURE 79. Evolution of ecdysial sutures and splits in pupal exuviae of Ceratopogonidae, head and anterior portion of thorax in ventral view. Numbers refer to character states of characters 2 and 8 in text. Red indicates ecdysial splits. A. Leptoconopinae. B. Forcipomyiinae. C. Dasyheleinae. D. Most Ceratopogonini. E. Most Ceratopogonini, Clinohelea. F. Allohelea, Atyphohelea, Parabezzia. G. Heteromyia, Pellucidomyia, Hebetula. H. most Sphaeromiini s. lat., most Palpomyiini, Paryphoconus; some Bezzia are nearly completed fused (as in Fig. 79I), with only the dorsal apotome separate, along with an ecdysial split along the base of the antenna and the dorsal thoracic split. I. Jenkinshelea, Macropeza, Mallochohelea, Probezzia, Neobezzia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949336/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">79H</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD77302FFC451FDF4E8DE7E7" bold="true" box="[957,1021,1482,1507]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Head</emphasis>
: Dorsal apotome (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFB291FDF4840E7E7" box="[1233,1328,1482,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="266.[151,250,1837,1859]" captionTargetBox="[182,1405,192,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-122@266.[160,1419,186,1818]" captionTargetPageId="266" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Dibezzia prominens (from Mayer 1934c). B. Hebetula tonnoiri (from Elson- Harris 1987). C. Jenkinshelea albaria (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). D. Macropeza albitarsis (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). E. Mallochohelea termophila (from Spinelli 1984, modified). F. Probezzia pallida (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). G. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). H. Nilobezzia basispinigera (from Elson-Harris 1987). I. Nilobezzia virago (from Elson-Harris 1987). J. Johannsenomyia argentata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). K. Lanatomyia electra (from Elson-Harris 1987). L. Anebomyia atripes (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979, modified)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949136/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 21J</figureCitation>
), without ventral line of weakness, without dorsomedial tubercle, without central dome; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFF6F1C074D8CE42F" box="[151,252,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="258.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-99@258.[172,1416,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="258" captionText="FIGURE 13. Anterior portion of heads and thoraces, in anterior or anterodorsal view. A. Leptoconops kerteszi, ecdysial sutures of head enhanced to show position. B. Culicoides denticulatus. C. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus. D. Brachypogon sp. (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). E. Alluaudomyia bella, dorsal apotome absent. F. Clinohelea curriei. G. Pellucidomyia leei. H. Mallochohelea caudellii. I. Bezzia sp. (from Bolean Lake, BC, Canada)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949104/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 13H</figureCitation>
) fused to scutum, each side separated medially by dorsal apotome in whole pupa; mouthparts (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFAC91C0748E4E42F" box="[1329,1428,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="272.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[198,1418,210,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-69@272.[190,1421,205,1944]" captionTargetPageId="272" captionText="FIGURE 27. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Mallochohelea caudellii. B. Probezzia sabroskyi. C. Neobezzia fittkaui. D. Nilobezzia curticornis. E. Johannsenomyia argentata. F. Lanatomyia electra. G. Anebomyia atripes. H. Homohelea delanoe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949164/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 27E</figureCitation>
) with mandible well-developed, lacinia absent; palpus extending posterior to posterolateral margin of labium; labium entire (not divided medially); apex of antenna (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFD071C4F4E15E477" box="[767,869,1626,1651]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="284.[151,250,1973,1995]" captionTargetBox="[180,1379,215,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-65@284.[170,1401,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="284" captionText="FIGURE 39. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Probezzia sabroskyi. B. Neobezzia fittkaui. C. Nilobezzia sp. (from Australia). D. Johannsenomyia argentata. E. Lanatomyia electra. F. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949198" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949198/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 39D</figureCitation>
) posterior to posterior extent of midlength portion of midleg (portion lateral to mesosternum), narrowed posteriorly; sensilla: dorsal apotomals (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFB501C6B4874E493" box="[1192,1284,1662,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="266.[151,250,1837,1859]" captionTargetBox="[182,1405,192,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-122@266.[160,1419,186,1818]" captionTargetPageId="266" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Dibezzia prominens (from Mayer 1934c). B. Hebetula tonnoiri (from Elson- Harris 1987). C. Jenkinshelea albaria (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). D. Macropeza albitarsis (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). E. Mallochohelea termophila (from Spinelli 1984, modified). F. Probezzia pallida (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). G. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). H. Nilobezzia basispinigera (from Elson-Harris 1987). I. Nilobezzia virago (from Elson-Harris 1987). J. Johannsenomyia argentata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). K. Lanatomyia electra (from Elson-Harris 1987). L. Anebomyia atripes (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979, modified)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949136/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 21J</figureCitation>
)—1 elongate seta, 1 campaniform sensillum; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite sensilla—1 seta, 1 campaniform sensillum; clypeallabrals (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFF0B1CD34C27E4DB" box="[243,343,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="272.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[198,1418,210,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-69@272.[190,1421,205,1944]" captionTargetPageId="272" captionText="FIGURE 27. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Mallochohelea caudellii. B. Probezzia sabroskyi. C. Neobezzia fittkaui. D. Nilobezzia curticornis. E. Johannsenomyia argentata. F. Lanatomyia electra. G. Anebomyia atripes. H. Homohelea delanoe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949164/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 27E</figureCitation>
)—2 slender setae; oculars (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFD601CD34F8CE4DB" box="[664,764,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="272.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[198,1418,210,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-69@272.[190,1421,205,1944]" captionTargetPageId="272" captionText="FIGURE 27. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Mallochohelea caudellii. B. Probezzia sabroskyi. C. Neobezzia fittkaui. D. Nilobezzia curticornis. E. Johannsenomyia argentata. F. Lanatomyia electra. G. Anebomyia atripes. H. Homohelea delanoe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949164/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 27E</figureCitation>
)—2 setae, 1 campaniform sensillum. 
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD77302FFB491CD3487AE4DB" bold="true" box="[1201,1290,1734,1759]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Thorax</emphasis>
: Prothoracic extension (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFEEC1CFF4C08E507" box="[276,376,1770,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="272.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[198,1418,210,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-69@272.[190,1421,205,1944]" captionTargetPageId="272" captionText="FIGURE 27. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Mallochohelea caudellii. B. Probezzia sabroskyi. C. Neobezzia fittkaui. D. Nilobezzia curticornis. E. Johannsenomyia argentata. F. Lanatomyia electra. G. Anebomyia atripes. H. Homohelea delanoe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949164/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 27E</figureCitation>
) wide, well-developed but narrow dorsolaterally, not extending to antenna; mesonotum with short tubercles, not extending posteromedially, not dividing metathorax medially (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFBAD1D1B49B0E523" box="[1109,1216,1806,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="297.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[190,1402,202,1928]" captionTargetId="figure-58@297.[181,1412,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="297" captionText="FIGURE 52. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Neobezzia fittkaui. B. Nilobezzia curticornis. C. Johannsenomyia argentata. D. Lanatomyia miles. E. Anebomyia atripes. F. Homohelea delanoe (reconstructed from distorted and dirty specimen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949234/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 52C</figureCitation>
); respiratory organ (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFF671D274C7AE54F" box="[159,266,1842,1867]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="290.[151,250,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[222,1373,186,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-193@290.[202,1384,184,1720]" captionTargetPageId="290" captionText="FIGURE 45. Respiratory organs, in dorsal view, pattern on tracheal tubes shown only in some. A. Clinohelea tasmaniensis (from Elson-Harris &amp; Kettle 1986). B. Clinohelea bimaculata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979, modified). C. Heteromyia wokei (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1977). D. Heteromyia clavata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1977). E. Pellucidomyia leei (from Elson-Harris &amp; Kettle 1986). F. Pellucidomyia geari (from de Meillon &amp; Wirth 1981). G. Dibezzia prominens (from Mayer 1934c). H. Hebetula tonnoiri (from Debenham 1974). I. Jenkinshelea albaria (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). J. Macropeza albitarsis (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). K. Mallochohelea albihalter (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). L. Probezzia pallida (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). M. Probezzia xanthogaster (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). N. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011). O. Nilobezzia aranea (from Elson-Harris 1987). P. Nilobezzia virago (from Elson-Harris 1987). Q. Johannsenomyia argentata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). R. Lanatomyia electra (from Debenham 1974). S. Lanatomyia miles (from Debenham 1974). T. Anebomyia atripes (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949212" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949212/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 45Q</figureCitation>
) length/width = 2.41–3.09, moderately elongate, swollen apically, somewhat flattened apically, with pores closely abutting at apex of respiratory organ, arranged in single row, outer surface with some wrinkles, with short, wide pedicel, base with elongate posteromedial apodeme, membranous base of respiratory organ moderately elongate, tracheal tube straight, swollen curved apically in some, with spirals restricted to base, plates to half length; wing (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD77302FFECA1DD74CE7E5DF" box="[306,407,1986,2011]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="284.[151,250,1973,1995]" captionTargetBox="[180,1379,215,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-65@284.[170,1401,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="284" captionText="FIGURE 39. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Probezzia sabroskyi. B. Neobezzia fittkaui. C. Nilobezzia sp. (from Australia). D. Johannsenomyia argentata. E. Lanatomyia electra. F. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949198" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949198/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 39D</figureCitation>
) without apical tubercle or angle, separated medially by fore-, midlegs; halter apex and hind leg (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD74302CFEF21A824C01E2B4" box="[266,369,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="278.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-110@278.[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetPageId="278" captionText="FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949184/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Fig. 33A</figureCitation>
) broadly abutting; halter apex abutting or just anterior to anterolateral knob-like extension of tergite 2; legs (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD74302CFEBA1AA94CD9E2D1" box="[322,425,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="284.[151,250,1973,1995]" captionTargetBox="[180,1379,215,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-65@284.[170,1401,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="284" captionText="FIGURE 39. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Probezzia sabroskyi. B. Neobezzia fittkaui. C. Nilobezzia sp. (from Australia). D. Johannsenomyia argentata. E. Lanatomyia electra. F. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949198" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949198/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Fig. 39D</figureCitation>
) with lateral margin of foreleg near midlength of wing evenly curved; hind leg visible at lateral margin of wing (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD74302CFE101ACA4F36E2FC" box="[488,582,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="278.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-110@278.[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetPageId="278" captionText="FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949184/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Fig. 33I</figureCitation>
); male with apex of foreleg moderately anterior to apex of midleg, female with apex of foreleg slightly anterior to apex of midleg; apex of hind leg abutting apex of midleg laterally, small ventral lobe; sensilla: anteromedials—2 elongate setae (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD74302CFC9B1B324E8EE344" box="[867,1022,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="276.[151,250,1885,1907]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,178,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-106@276.[177,1424,178,1864]" captionTargetPageId="276" captionText="FIGURE 31. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces; anteromedial setae. A. Homohelea delanoe. B. Leehelea hispida. C. Sphaeromias longipennis. D. Xenohelea galatea. E. Bezzia nobilis. F. Clastrieromyia dycei. G. Pachyhelea pachymera. H. Palpomyia jonesi. I. Phaenobezzia mashonensis. J. Paryphoconus oliveirai. K. Echinohelea lanei, partial lateral view (distorted slide specimen). L. Palpomyia (JAD685), dorsal view. M. Palpomyia (JAD685), dorsolateral view. N. Probezzia seminigra, dorsal view of left side." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949178" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949178/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Figs. 31L–M</figureCitation>
); anterolaterals—1 moderately long seta; dorsal setae (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD74302CFE7C1B594C84E361" box="[388,500,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="275.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,193,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-119@275.[161,1426,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="275" captionText="FIGURE 30. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces. A. Serromyia sp. B. Allohelea japonica. C. Monohelea obscura. D. Atyphohelea macroneura. E. Parabezzia huberti. F. Echinohelea lanei. G. Clinohelea curriei. H. Heteromyia clavata. I. Pellucidomyia leei. J. Dibezzia debenhamae (dirty specimen, D-5-T perhaps broken setal socket). K. Hebetula tonnoiri. L. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. M. Macropeza natalensis. N. Mallochohelea caudellii. O. Probezzia sabroskyi. P. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). Q. Nilobezzia curticornis. R. Johannsenomyia argentata. S. Lanatomyia miles. T. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949174" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949174/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Fig. 30R</figureCitation>
)—D-1-T, D-2-T, D-4-T, D-5-T setae, D-3-T campaniform sensillum, D-3-T anterolateral to D-4-T; supraalar 2—campaniform sensillum; metathoracics (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD74302CFC081B7A4925E38C" box="[1008,1109,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="297.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[190,1402,202,1928]" captionTargetId="figure-58@297.[181,1412,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="297" captionText="FIGURE 52. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Neobezzia fittkaui. B. Nilobezzia curticornis. C. Johannsenomyia argentata. D. Lanatomyia miles. E. Anebomyia atripes. F. Homohelea delanoe (reconstructed from distorted and dirty specimen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949234/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Fig. 52C</figureCitation>
)—1 campaniform sensillum; M-3-T distant from margin of metathorax (at least 1/3 length of metathorax). 
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFBDC1B8149E8E3A9" bold="true" box="[1060,1176,404,429]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Abdomen</emphasis>
: with tergite 1 with 1 medial spot, tergites 2–7 with medial area with stripe, 2 anterolateral spots, sternites 3–7 with anterolateral spots difficult to discern, segment 2 as wide or slightly wider than segment 3, segments with undivided, thin to thick setae, with rounded to slightly pointed, short tubercles, tergites or sternites entire, each without membranous disc; segment 9 (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD74302CFEE418314CD6E039" box="[284,422,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 76" captionStartId="321.[151,250,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[225,1365,181,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-185@321.[215,1375,177,1746]" captionTargetPageId="321" captionText="FIGURE 76. Abdominal segments 9. A. Macropeza albitarsis, male, in ventral view (modified from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). B. Macropeza albitarsis, female, in ventral view (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). C. Mallochohelea termophila, male, in ventral view (from Spinelli 1984). D. Mallochohelea termophila, female, in dorsal view (from Spinelli 1984). E. Probezzia pallida, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). F. Neobezzia fittkaui, male, in dorsal view (from Ronderos, et al. 2011). G. Nilobezzia virago, female, in dorsal view (from Elson-Harris 1987). H. Johannsenomyia argentata, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). I. Johannsenomyia argentata, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). J. Lanatomyia miles, female, in dorsal view (from Elson- Harris 1987). K. Anebomyia atripes, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). L. Anebomyia atripes, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949324/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Figs. 76H–I</figureCitation>
) not strongly modified, terminal processes closely approximated basally, each projecting posterodorsolaterally to somewhat laterally, tapering to pointed apex; sensilla: tergite 1 (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD74302CFB7918524997E064" box="[1153,1255,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="297.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[190,1402,202,1928]" captionTargetId="figure-58@297.[181,1412,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="297" captionText="FIGURE 52. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Neobezzia fittkaui. B. Nilobezzia curticornis. C. Johannsenomyia argentata. D. Lanatomyia miles. E. Anebomyia atripes. F. Homohelea delanoe (reconstructed from distorted and dirty specimen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949234/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Fig. 52C</figureCitation>
) with 7 setae, 2 campaniform sensilla, including 4 lateral sensilla, D-2-I, D-3-I closely approximated, D-7-I situated anterolaterally near L-1-I; segment 4 (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD74302CFE66189A4F72E0AC" box="[414,514,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 67" captionStartId="312.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[198,1410,217,1946]" captionTargetId="figure-53@312.[189,1420,211,1950]" captionTargetPageId="312" captionText="FIGURE 67. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Nilobezzia curticornis. B. Johannsenomyia argentata. C. Lanatomyia miles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949288/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Fig. 67B</figureCitation>
)—D-2-IV, D-3-IV short to moderately elongate setae on short tubercles; D-5-IV, D-8-IV, D-9-IV setae; D-5-IV on single tubercle, D-8-IV, D-9-IV on separate but closely approximated tubercles, posterior dorsal sensilla in transverse row, arranged medially to laterally: D-5-IV, D-4-IV, D-8-IV, D-9-IV; D-7-IV near D-3-IV; L-1-IV short seta on short tubercle, near L-2-IV, L-3-IV, L-4-IV on anterior half of segment; L-2-IV, L-3-IV, L-4-IV short setae on short pointed tubercles, V-5-IV, V-6-IV, V-7-IV short setae on rounded tubercles; V- 5-IV, V-6-IV closely approximated; segment 8 without D-3-VIII, without L-1-VIII; segment 9 (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD74302CFB3B1951486EE159" box="[1219,1310,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 76" captionStartId="321.[151,250,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[225,1365,181,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-185@321.[215,1375,177,1746]" captionTargetPageId="321" captionText="FIGURE 76. Abdominal segments 9. A. Macropeza albitarsis, male, in ventral view (modified from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). B. Macropeza albitarsis, female, in ventral view (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). C. Mallochohelea termophila, male, in ventral view (from Spinelli 1984). D. Mallochohelea termophila, female, in dorsal view (from Spinelli 1984). E. Probezzia pallida, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). F. Neobezzia fittkaui, male, in dorsal view (from Ronderos, et al. 2011). G. Nilobezzia virago, female, in dorsal view (from Elson-Harris 1987). H. Johannsenomyia argentata, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). I. Johannsenomyia argentata, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). J. Lanatomyia miles, female, in dorsal view (from Elson- Harris 1987). K. Anebomyia atripes, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). L. Anebomyia atripes, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949324/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Figs. 76</figureCitation>
H-I)—with D-5-IX, D-6-IX campaniform sensilla.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD74302CFF3F19994806E60B" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD74302CFF3F19994806E60B" blockId="90.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFF3F19994F2AE1A1" bold="true" box="[199,602,908,933]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT</emphasis>
: The genus 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFD1C19994ED0E1A1" box="[740,928,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Johannsenomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFD1C19994ED0E1A1" box="[740,928,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Johannsenomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from 27 species from every Region worldwide but is absent from most of the Palaearctic (known only from north Africa) (
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFB8819BA4861E1CC" authority="Borkent, 2014" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2014" box="[1136,1297,943,968]" genus="Borkent" pageId="90" pageNumber="92" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD74302CFB8819BA4861E1CC" author="Borkent" box="[1136,1297,943,968]" firstAuthor="Borkent" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref177229" refString="Borkent, A. (2014) World Species of Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Available from: http: // www. inhs. illinois. edu / research / FLYTREE / Borkent. html (accessed 20 May 2014)" type="url" year="2014">Borkent 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). Immatures have been reared from river margins, lakes and 
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD74302CFD5319C14ED5E1E9" author="Knausenberger" box="[683,933,980,1005]" firstAuthor="Knausenberger" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref188128" refString="Knausenberger, W. I. (1987) Contributions to the autecology and ecosystematics of immature Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), with emphasis on the tribes Heteromyiini and Sphaeromiini in the Middle Atlantic United States. Ph. D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, xxix + 729 pp." type="book" year="1987">Knausenberger (1987)</bibRefCitation>
additionally recorded a species from a pond. 
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD74302CFF6F19E24C3EE614" author="Williams" box="[151,334,1015,1040]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="93 - 97" refId="ref198799" refString="Williams, R. W. (1955) Observations on some Heleidae (Diptera) of the psammolittoral zone of Douglas Lake, Michigan. Entomological News, 66, 93 - 97." type="journal article" year="1955">Williams (1955)</bibRefCitation>
described how mature larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFD4519EC4E33E614" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[701,835,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Johannsenomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFD4519EC4E33E614" box="[701,835,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">J. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
burrowed into the sand on a lake beach to pupate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD74302CFF3F1E094962E709" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD74302CFF3F1E094962E709" blockId="90.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFF3F1E094F5EE631" bold="true" box="[199,558,1052,1077]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION</emphasis>
: Only one species of 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFCD41E094E98E631" box="[812,1000,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Johannsenomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFCD41E094E98E631" box="[812,1000,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Johannsenomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been described as a pupa (
<tableCitation id="C75E0364BD74302CFAA91E094DB4E65C" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="174.[147,245,486,512]" captionStartId-1="242.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[150,1771,751,1679]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1428,341,1978]" captionTargetPageId-0="174" captionTargetPageId-1="242" captionText-0="TABLE 2. References to species of Ceratopogonidae described as eggs, larvae and/or pupae. Species studied as pupae in the current study have their name highlighted in bold font. Stages studied are referred to as 'E' for egg, 'L' for larva and 'P' for pupa. Taxa are arrangement phyletically by subfamily and tribe (some of which are paraphyletic) and within tribes genera are listed alphabetically. Subfamilies are abbreviated as follows: Lept.— Leptoconopinae, Forc.—Forcipomyiinae, Dasy.—Dasyheleinae, Cera.—Ceratopogoninae. References highlighted in bold font are those with SEM photomicrographs. Theses are cited only when their results have not been published. Duplicated figures or repeated descriptions by subsequent authors are not listed here. Fossil taxa are identified with a cross (†). The species name in bold indicates only that named material of the pupa was studied, not that the cited author's specimens were reexamined (although in many instances they were). The larva of Jenkinshelea albaria was tentatively associated by Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979 (not reared); see discussion by Knausenberger, 1987:248." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Number of named extant species with described immatures for genera of Ceratopogonidae (taxa of uncertain identity or identified only as &quot;sp.&quot; are not included). Only genera with at least one immature stage known are listed. Percentages of described species within that genus are those for which those stages are known. Number of named species from Borkent (2014), with a few additions as noted in the Taxonomic Discussion under some genera. Taxa are arranged phyletically by subfamily and tribe and within tribes genera are listed alphabetically." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA36657BD8030D8FF6B1BF34923E0EC" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA36657BDDC3084FF6F1A8D496DE336" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" tableUuid-0="DEA36657BD8030D8FF6B1BF34923E0EC" tableUuid-1="DEA36657BDDC3084FF6F1A8D496DE336">Tables 2–3</tableCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD74302CFF211E554C05E65C" author="Mayer" box="[217,373,1087,1112]" firstAuthor="Mayer" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="30 - 34" refId="ref190614" refString="Mayer, K. (1957) Die Beschreibung der Puppen von Dicrohelea albidorsata de M. und Xenohelea galatea de M. mit einem Uberblick uber das System der Heleinae (Dipt. Heleidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 4, 30 - 34. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19570040106" type="journal article" year="1957">Mayer (1957)</bibRefCitation>
also described the pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFD561E544E91E65C" authority="(de Meillon)" baseAuthorityName="de Meillon" box="[686,993,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Johannsenomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albidorsata">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFD561E544E3BE65C" box="[686,843,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">J. albidorsata</emphasis>
(de Meillon)
</taxonomicName>
(as a 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFBDE1E2A49D3E65C" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1917" box="[1062,1187,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dicrohelea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFBDE1E2A49D3E65C" box="[1062,1187,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Dicrohelea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but I have examined the specimen and it is in fact a species of 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFD8B1E704FCCE678" box="[627,700,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Bezzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFD8B1E704FCCE678" box="[627,700,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Bezzia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD74302CFD331E714ED0E679" author="De Meillon" box="[715,928,1124,1149]" firstAuthor="De Meillon" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="332 - 385" refId="ref180864" refString="De Meillon, B. (1937) Entomological studies. Studies on insects of medical importance in South Africa and adjacent territories (Part IV). 2. Records and species from South Africa. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 7, 332 - 385." type="journal article" year="1937">De Meillon (1937)</bibRefCitation>
in his description of the adult actually noted that the pupal exuviae of the 
<typeStatus id="5567887DBD74302CFE221E924F4CE6A4" box="[474,572,1159,1184]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
had been mixed with those of a 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFC5C1E92496EE6A4" box="[932,1054,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFC5C1E92496EE6A4" box="[932,1054,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Palpomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFB9F1E9D49C0E69B" box="[1127,1200,1160,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Bezzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFB9F1E9D49C0E69B" box="[1127,1200,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Bezzia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its identification was therefore uncertain. 
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD74302CFE531EB94F36E6C1" author="Mayer" box="[427,582,1196,1221]" firstAuthor="Mayer" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="30 - 34" refId="ref190614" refString="Mayer, K. (1957) Die Beschreibung der Puppen von Dicrohelea albidorsata de M. und Xenohelea galatea de M. mit einem Uberblick uber das System der Heleinae (Dipt. Heleidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 4, 30 - 34. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19570040106" type="journal article" year="1957">Mayer (1957)</bibRefCitation>
however was clearly unaware of the uncertain association and described the purported pupal exuviae as if it was that of 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFD7E1EC44E53E6EC" box="[646,803,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Johannsenomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albidorsata">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFD7E1EC44E53E6EC" box="[646,803,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">J. albidorsata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD74302CFCCA1EDA4E8EE6EC" author="Debenham" box="[818,1022,1231,1256]" firstAuthor="Debenham" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref180463" refString="Debenham, M. L. (1974) A revision of the Australian and New Guinea predatory Ceratopogonidae (Diptera: Nematocera) of the tribes Heteromyiini and Sphaeromiini. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series, 28, 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="1974">Debenham (1974)</bibRefCitation>
gave a brief synopsis of the pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFF6F1EE14C23E709" box="[151,339,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Johannsenomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFF6F1EE14C23E709" box="[151,339,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Johannsenomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but based it on the misidentified description by 
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD74302CFC881EE1497EE709" author="Mayer" box="[880,1038,1268,1293]" firstAuthor="Mayer" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="30 - 34" refId="ref190614" refString="Mayer, K. (1957) Die Beschreibung der Puppen von Dicrohelea albidorsata de M. und Xenohelea galatea de M. mit einem Uberblick uber das System der Heleinae (Dipt. Heleidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 4, 30 - 34. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19570040106" type="journal article" year="1957">Mayer (1957)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD74302CFF3F1F0249E0E77C" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD74302CFF3F1F0249E0E77C" blockId="90.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFF3F1F024F72E734" bold="true" box="[199,514,1303,1328]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">MATERIAL EXAMINED</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD74302CFDEA1F0C4FEAE734" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[530,666,1305,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Johannsenomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD74302CFDEA1F0C4FEAE734" box="[530,666,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">J. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 1 pupal exuviae, Storrs, 
<collectingRegion id="4818F83DBD74302CFC461F024938E734" box="[958,1096,1303,1328]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F2CB764FBD74302CFBAD1F0249E0E734" box="[1109,1168,1303,1328]" name="United States of America" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">USA</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="FE62101FBD74302CFB641F024862E734" box="[1180,1298,1303,1328]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" value="1953-06-01">1-VI-1953</date>
(USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Patuxent Wildlife Refuge, Prince George’s County, 
<collectingRegion id="4818F83DBD74302CFC681F294970E751" box="[912,1024,1340,1365]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Maryland</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F2CB764FBD74302CFBF41F294937E751" box="[1036,1095,1340,1365]" name="United States of America" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">USA</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="FE62101FBD74302CFBAB1F2949BBE751" box="[1107,1227,1340,1365]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" value="1977-05-24">24-V-1977</date>
(USNM); 6 pupal exuviae, Potomac River at Scott Run, Fairfax County, 
<collectingRegion id="4818F83DBD74302CFD011F4A4E27E77C" box="[761,855,1375,1400]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Virginia</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F2CB764FBD74302CFC9A1F4A4EEDE77C" box="[866,925,1375,1400]" name="United States of America" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">USA</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="FE62101FBD74302CFC501F4A496FE77C" box="[936,1055,1375,1400]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" value="1955-06-07">7-VI-1955</date>
(USNM).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>