623 lines
82 KiB
XML
623 lines
82 KiB
XML
<document id="84AA5C208C612C69B23166FFC6438C4A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.186518" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b978a7b-be84-4c1c-bdbb-f1a40afa9b2b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="186518" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461052543686" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Brown, Jason L. & Twomey, Evan" docDate="2009" docId="03EEF24AFFFDFFDF43CA69FA06D60E49" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02049p038.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2049" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Ameerega yoshina Brown & Twomey, 2009, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFD78A32FFF4FFD0435D6C7507160C58" masterDocTitle="Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698579750337" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="E218171B9DDA10A82D2469D609ADF713" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D4115CC4D8DB8694A80F9C53F5A19D59">
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<mods:title id="4F916E28F99603204287D5FDE21BE1E3">Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="827457ACE7243B43B62841E6372DAF7C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BC25EBE7399150B704A5CC629D7B8497">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C12E347BFE5406420499801AC1300B2E">Brown, Jason L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="FB4E8E8ACB3AA6D2F6D4C9EDAE6BA2E0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="00B47C96CE0C0BD7A8F2F535E2464A2B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="CA7956DB6D23D6C98FD6C4CE03DBF608">Twomey, Evan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C86C2BB747EB44B2B52B518F5F2D90F5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5F8FBAF77BE2F1BC74CCE148ADDA223A">
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<mods:title id="1428A8EC292832153F23C8E188D44288">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="BFDA244A4C75791032A7C71864B75509">
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<mods:date id="CF24B14332C9839696158D8FA9DA7757">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="163E300003FA5F5503B1E3AD064B96E0" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BEC180D01000D31470DBB9E9A622B2EB">2049</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="79E127BFEC583AFF92FC89B4AC0844E7">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="5561A1967D0C96ACACD6D84A76043747">38</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="194E398E8980C073BE17D4CDBA6FEAE5">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="90B49D6ABEC6A87439C68FC80A1958E4" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.186518</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B1222BAF931461D9502E6D1F88E337B5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F4FF8E6B7C689BD29EF6D54273683FF5" type="Zenodo-Dep">186518</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03EEF24AFFFDFFDF43CA69FA06D60E49" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6221793" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119612347" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6221793" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEF24AFFFDFFDF43CA69FA06D60E49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EEF24AFFFDFFDF43CA69FA06D60E49" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFFDFFD943CA69FA064A0994" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFDFFD943CA69FA06CD09F1" blockId="9.[151,475,1423,1484]" box="[151,475,1423,1449]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<heading id="D0B0F430FFFDFFD943CA69FA06CD09F1" bold="true" box="[151,475,1423,1449]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFDFFD943CA69FA06CD09F1" bold="true" box="[151,475,1423,1449]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFDFFD943CA69FA066009F1" ID-CoL="CQ7K" box="[151,374,1423,1449]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFDFFD943CA69FA066009F1" bold="true" box="[151,374,1423,1449]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ameerega yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2002235FFFDFFD9422369FA06CD09F1" box="[382,475,1423,1449]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
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</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFDFFD943CA69C7064A0994" blockId="9.[151,475,1423,1484]" box="[151,348,1458,1484]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFDFFD943CA69C706130994" box="[151,261,1458,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,259,1459,1483]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,467,1434]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,467,1434]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Holotype of Ameerega ignipedis sp. nov. (MUSM 24948); (b) A. pepperi sp. nov. (uncollected individual from Polvora, San Martín, Peru); (c) Holotype of A. yoshina sp. nov. (MUSM 24945); (d) A. bassleri (MUSM 26965) from type locality (Roque, San Martín, Peru)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186519/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFDFFD9424E69C706250994" box="[275,307,1458,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,256,1680,1704]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1654]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,194,1656]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Ameerega yoshina, A. cainarachi, and A. pepperi. (a-c) A. yoshina from Callanayacu, San Martín, Peru (MUSM 26985 - 26987); (d-f) A. yoshina from type locality (MUSM 24945, 26953, 26954), (g) A. yoshina (left) and sympatric A. cainarachi (right) from Callanayacu, San Martín, Peru; (h) A. cainarachi from Cainarachi Valley, San Martín, Peru; (i) A. cainarachi from Chazuta, San Martín, Peru; (j, k) A. pepperi from type locality, (l) A. pepperi from Nuevo San Martín, San Martín, Peru." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186532/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">14</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFDFFD9426269C7064A0994" box="[319,348,1458,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[276,1310,194,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[276,1310,194,1904]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 16. Type series of new species in this paper. (a) Ameerega ignipedis (L-R, MUSM 24947 – 24952); (b) A. yoshina (L-R, MUSM 24945, 26953 – 26955, 26985 – 26987); (c) A. pepperi (L-R, MUSM 26940 - 26942, 26968, 26975, 26976, 26979, 26980)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186534/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">16</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFFDFFD943CA698A07E80B17" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFDFFD943CA698A06230AD6" blockId="9.[151,1437,1535,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFFDFFD943CA698A061C0A41" box="[151,266,1535,1561]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFDFFD943CA698A061C0A41" bold="true" box="[151,266,1535,1561]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED56DB99FFFDFFD942476A7506630A42" box="[282,373,1536,1562]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
24945, an adult female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFDFFD941FF6A7505FE0A42" box="[674,744,1536,1562]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,259,1459,1483]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,467,1434]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,467,1434]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Holotype of Ameerega ignipedis sp. nov. (MUSM 24948); (b) A. pepperi sp. nov. (uncollected individual from Polvora, San Martín, Peru); (c) Holotype of A. yoshina sp. nov. (MUSM 24945); (d) A. bassleri (MUSM 26965) from type locality (Roque, San Martín, Peru)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186519/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) collected on
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFFDFFD940C86A7503270A42" box="[917,1073,1536,1562]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2006-07-20">20 July 2006</date>
|
||
by J. Brown in Departamento Loreto,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35003CCFFFDFFD943A86A5306380A18" box="[245,302,1574,1600]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFDFFD942676A53068D0A18" box="[314,411,1574,1600]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="17.5">17.5 km</quantity>
|
||
NE Contamana at the western foot of the Serranía de Contamana,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFDFFD947EE6A5303E80A18" box="[1203,1278,1574,1600]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="310.0">310 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFDFFD946DF6A53060C0A3F" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="-7.185397">7° 11' 7.43" S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFDFFD942756A3806EE0A3F" box="[296,504,1613,1639]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="-74.95364">74° 57' 13.12" W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. Found near El Unión, on the ground near a small creek flowing into the coldwater stream.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFDFFD9439B6AEF07E80B17" blockId="9.[151,1437,1535,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFDFFD9439B6AEF065D0AEC" bold="true" box="[198,331,1690,1716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFFDFFD9439B6AEF06500AEC" box="[198,326,1690,1716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
All from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35003CCFFFDFFD942E36AEF06EE0AEC" box="[446,504,1690,1716]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Loreto: Two adult females (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED56DB99FFFDFFD940186AEF04B70AEC" box="[837,929,1690,1716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
26953-26954) and one adult male (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED56DB99FFFDFFD9461D6AEF028A0AEC" box="[1344,1436,1690,1716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
26955), collected
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFFDFFD942256AB405190A83" box="[376,527,1729,1755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2007-05-03">3 May 2007</date>
|
||
by J. Brown and E. Twomey,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFDFFD940D66AB404CC0A83" box="[907,986,1729,1755]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.83" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="283.0">283 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFDFFD9467C6AB402760A83" box="[1313,1376,1729,1755]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
S of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFFDFFD943CA6A9D07E80B5A" box="[151,254,1768,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
locality at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFDFFD942236A9D05380B5A" box="[382,558,1768,1794]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="-7.1940002">7° 11' 38.40" S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFDFFD941676A9D05E00B5A" box="[570,758,1768,1794]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="-74.951996">74° 57' 7.20" W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. San Martín: Three adult females (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED56DB99FFFDFFD947DA6A9D03F50B5A" box="[1159,1251,1768,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
26985–26987), collected
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFFDFFD942556B7B06B70B70" box="[264,417,1806,1832]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2007-07-19">19 July 2007</date>
|
||
by J. Brown, E. Twomey, and K. Fieselman,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFDFFD940E76B7B03130B70" box="[954,1029,1806,1832]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.61" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="261.0">261 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFDFFD947DA6B7B022D0B70" box="[1159,1339,1806,1832]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="-6.5882254">6° 35' 17.61" S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFDFFD946156B7B07ED0B17" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="-75.91735">75° 55' 2.47" W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFFDFFDA439B6B2E04CA0E6C" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFDFFD9439B6B2E06DC0BB2" blockId="9.[151,1437,1535,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFDFFD9439B6B2E06450B2D" bold="true" box="[198,339,1883,1909]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name is formed as an adjective, derived from the Panoan word ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFDFFD947A96B2902290B2D" box="[1268,1343,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Yoshín</emphasis>
|
||
’ which means ‘devil or evil spirit’, in reference to the cryptic nature of this species and its haunting, penetrating call. The Panoan language is spoken by the Shipibo-Conibo people who are indigenous to the upper Río Ucayali and the Sierra del Divisor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFEFFDA439B6CE204CA0E6C" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1067]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA439B6CE205120CE9" bold="true" box="[198,516,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Definition and diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Assigned to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA407A6CED048B0CE9" box="[807,925,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA407A6CED048B0CE9" box="[807,925,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ameerega</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of the following: first finger longer than second, webbing absent between the toes, dorsal skin granular (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD63EADFFFEFFDA47426CCB03A40C80" author="Myers" box="[1055,1202,190,216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refString="Myers, C. W. (1982) Spotted poison frogs: Descriptions of three new Dendrobates from western Amazonia, and resurrection of a lost species from " Chiriqui ". American Museum Novitates, 272, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1982">Myers 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD63EADFFFEFFDA47E26CCB02860C80" author="Grant" box="[1215,1424,190,216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refString="Grant, T., Frost, D. R., Caldwell, J. P., Gagliardo, R., Haddad, C. F. B., Kok, P. J. R., Means, B. D., Noonan, B. P., Schargel, W. C. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006) Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Anura: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 299, 1 - 262." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Grant
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA46566CCA02510C80" box="[1291,1351,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is a medium-large species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA416C6C9005BE0CA6" box="[561,680,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA416C6C9005BE0CA6" box="[561,680,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ameerega</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with an adult SVL of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFEFFDA47356C9003FA0CA7" box="[1128,1260,229,255]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="30.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="26.0">26–35 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsum has a black ground color, stippled brick-red to bright red or orange, stippling less dense near sacral region. Bright yellow dorsolateral stripes extend from the eyelid to the groin; a yellow labial stripe is also present starting near nares and extending posterior to the axillary region. Bright yellow-green spot present above groin in some populations, shank spots and axillary spots absent. Limbs greenish-bronze or black; venter ranges from greenish-gold to blue, black marbling weak or absent. Teeth present. Appressed first finger longer than second; finger discs moderately expanded, hands and feet lacking webbing between digits. Vocalization consists of a ‘burst’ of loud, whistle-like notes, each burst consisting of 4–31 notes, given at a rate of 4.0–4.5 notes per second; dominant frequency 3210– 3060 Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFEFFDA407D6E6F047E0E6C" box="[800,872,538,564]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,262,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[172,1401,545,1730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,545,1742]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Advertisement calls of Ameerega yoshina, A. pepperi, and A. bassleri. (A) A. yoshina standard advertisement call, field recording from 1.6 km SE of Callanayacu, San Martín, 25.5 C, 19 July 2007. Dominant frequency 3244 Hz. (B) A. yoshina short call, same location, temperature, and date as previous. Dominant frequency 3141 Hz. (C) A. pepperi advertisement call, field recording from near Polvora, San Martín, 24.5 C, 8 November 2008. Dominant frequency 2749 Hz. (D) A. bassleri advertisement call, field recording from 5.7 km NE of Roque, San Martín, 26.5 C, 16 June 2007. Dominant frequency 2714 Hz. See Fig. 3 for map of localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186522/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C576E7FFFEFFDA40296E6F04DB0E6C" box="[884,973,538,564]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,240,1118,1142]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1204,1573]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Relationships of call structures of A. pepperi, A. bassleri and A. yoshina. Mean ± standard deviation (min," httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3813D4FFFEFFDA43CA682B028A082D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF3813D4FFFEFFDA43CA682B028A082D">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFFEFFDD439B6E3403450E6B" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFEFFDA439B6E3405680873" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1067]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA439B6E3406B40E02" box="[198,418,577,602]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA439B6E3406B40E02" box="[198,418,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ameerega yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from most other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA475C6E3403610E02" box="[1025,1143,577,602]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA475C6E3403610E02" box="[1025,1143,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ameerega</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its red dorsum. It is similar in appearance to the following species:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA41986E1D028D0ED9" box="[709,1435,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA41986E1D04530ED9" box="[709,837,616,641]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">A. bassleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA400F6E1D04CB0ED9" box="[850,989,616,641]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilinguis">A. bilinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA40B46E1D039B0ED9" box="[1001,1165,616,641]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainarachi">A. cainarachi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA47C76E1D02030ED9" box="[1178,1301,616,641]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macero">A. macero</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA467C6E1D028D0ED9" box="[1313,1435,616,641]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi" status="sp. nov.">A. pepperi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2002235FFFEFFDA43CA6EFB07E20EF0" box="[151,244,654,680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA43CA6EFB07E20EF0" bold="true" box="[151,244,654,680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(description below), and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA417D6EFA05B50EF0" box="[544,675,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA417D6EFA05880EF0" box="[544,670,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">A. parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
all of which have (or can have) a red dorsum.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA47996EFA028A0EF0" box="[1220,1436,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA47996EFA028A0EF0" box="[1220,1436,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ameerega parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA43976EC006450E96" box="[202,339,693,718]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilinguis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA43976EC006450E96" box="[202,339,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. bilinguis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both lack distinct dorsolateral stripes (vs. dorsolateral stripes present and conspicuous in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA46DE6EC007E50EAD" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA46DE6EC007E50EAD" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA42516EA9051C0EAD" box="[268,522,732,757]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainarachi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA42516EA9051C0EAD" box="[268,522,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ameerega cainarachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller, females up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFEFFDA40666EA904B30EAE" box="[827,933,732,758]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="31.3">31.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL (vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFEFFDA477D6EA903620EAE" box="[1056,1140,732,758]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA47866EA9024E0EAD" box="[1243,1368,732,757]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA47866EA9024E0EAD" box="[1243,1368,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and has an advertisement call consisting of a regular chain of notes which are not frequency–modulated, repeated at a rate of 9 notes per second (vs. ‘bursts’ of frequency-modulated notes, repeated 3.7–4.1 notes per second in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA43CA6F25060A0F31" box="[151,284,848,873]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA43CA6F25060A0F31" box="[151,284,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA426A6F25050F0F31" box="[311,537,848,873]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macero">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA426A6F25050F0F31" box="[311,537,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ameerega macero</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA41B96F25047F0F31" box="[740,873,848,873]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA41B96F25047F0F31" box="[740,873,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, females up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFEFFDA47706F25038A0F32" box="[1069,1180,848,874]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="29.5">29.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL, and has a call consisting of a series of harsh ‘peeps’, repeated regularly at a rate of 10 notes per second.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA479C6F02028A0FC8" box="[1217,1436,887,912]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA479C6F02028A0FC8" box="[1217,1436,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ameerega bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA43976FE806530FEE" box="[202,325,925,950]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA43976FE806530FEE" box="[202,325,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have an advertisement call consisting of a series of regularly-spaced whistle-like notes given continuously for several minutes at a rate of 1.6–2.1 notes per second in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA47506FB103990F85" box="[1037,1167,964,989]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA47506FB103990F85" box="[1037,1167,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 0.9–1.3 notes per second in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA42506F9F0690085B" box="[269,390,1002,1027]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA42506F9F0690085B" box="[269,390,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(vs. bursts of 4–31 notes, given at a rate of 3.7–4.1 notes per second, each burst less than 8 seconds in total duration in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA42AC6864057B0872" box="[497,621,1041,1066]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA42AC6864057B0872" box="[497,621,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3813D4FFFEFFDA43CA682B028A082D" ID-Table-UUID="DF3813D4FFFEFFDA43CA682B028A082D" box="[151,1436,1118,1142]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3813D4FFFEFFDA43CA682B028A082D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[151,1436,1204,1573]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFEFFDA43CA682B028A082D" blockId="10.[151,1436,1118,1176]" box="[151,1436,1118,1142]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA43CA682B0613082E" bold="true" box="[151,261,1118,1142]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">TABLE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. Relationships of call structures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA41D6682B05EB082D" box="[651,765,1118,1141]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA41D6682B05EB082D" box="[651,765,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA4056682B0496082D" box="[779,896,1118,1141]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA4056682B0496082D" box="[779,896,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA40E8682B033E082D" box="[949,1064,1118,1141]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA40E8682B033E082D" box="[949,1064,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mean ± standard deviation (min,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFEFFDA43CA68F406D208C0" blockId="10.[151,1436,1118,1176]" box="[151,452,1153,1176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">max, pairwise significance).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFEFFDA43C268C1037C0A7D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<table id="F947B1FCFFFE002F43CA68C1028A0A7D" box="[151,1436,1204,1573]" gridcols="6" gridrows="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<tr id="3577411EFFFE002F43CA68C1028A08B5" box="[151,1436,1204,1261]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="76A62862FFFE002F43CA68C1060608B5" box="[151,272,1204,1261]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Species</th>
|
||
<th id="76A62862FFFE002F420868C1051308B5" box="[341,517,1204,1261]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calling rate (notes/min)</th>
|
||
<th id="76A62862FFFE002F410068C105E108B5" box="[605,759,1204,1261]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Note Duration (sec)</th>
|
||
<th id="76A62862FFFE002F407768C104CE08B5" box="[810,984,1204,1261]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Silence between notes (sec)</th>
|
||
<th id="76A62862FFFE002F475F68C103A708B5" box="[1026,1201,1204,1261]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dominant Frequency (Hz)</th>
|
||
<th id="76A62862FFFE002F465468C1028A08B5" box="[1289,1436,1204,1261]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA465468C1020D0893" box="[1289,1307,1204,1227]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3577411EFFFE002F43CA6974028A0963" box="[151,1436,1281,1339]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="76A62862FFFE002F43CA697406060963" box="[151,272,1281,1339]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA43C2697406180940" box="[159,270,1281,1304]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA43C2697406180940" box="[159,270,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F4208697405130963" box="[341,517,1281,1339]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">62.1 ± 9.4 (51.0–75.9, a)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F4100697405E10963" box="[605,759,1281,1339]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.17 ± 0.05 (0.13–0.22, a)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F4077697404CE0963" box="[810,984,1281,1339]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.80 ± 0.20 (0.56–1.03, a)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F475F697403A70963" box="[1026,1201,1281,1339]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2970 ± 130 (2800–3160, a)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F46546974028A0963" box="[1289,1436,1281,1339]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6 indiv., 4 local.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3577411EFFFE002F43CA693B028A09D0" box="[151,1436,1358,1416]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="76A62862FFFE002F43CA693B060609D0" box="[151,272,1358,1416]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA43C2693B0606093D" box="[159,272,1358,1381]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA43C2693B0606093D" box="[159,272,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F4208693B051309D0" box="[341,517,1358,1416]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">95.3 ± 10.0 (95.3–127.8, b)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F4100693B05E109D0" box="[605,759,1358,1416]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.15 ± 0.03 (0.09–0.19, a)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F4077693B04CE09D0" box="[810,984,1358,1416]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.42 ± 0.08 (0.30–0.42, b)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F475F693B03A709D0" box="[1026,1201,1358,1416]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2750 ± 190 (2400–3070, b)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F4654693B028A09D0" box="[1289,1436,1358,1416]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">18 indiv., 6 local.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3577411EFFFE002F43CA69E9028A098D" box="[151,1436,1436,1493]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="76A62862FFFE002F43CA69E90606098D" box="[151,272,1436,1493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFEFFDA43C269E9061909EB" box="[159,271,1436,1459]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA43C269E9061909EB" box="[159,271,1436,1459]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F420869E90513098D" box="[341,517,1436,1493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">235.2 ± 5.6 (227.3–243.2, c)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F410069E905E1098D" box="[605,759,1436,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.13 ± 0.02 (0.09–0.15, a)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F407769E904CE098D" box="[810,984,1436,1493]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.13 ± 0.02 (0.11–0.15, c)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F475F69E903A7098D" box="[1026,1201,1436,1493]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3140 ± 50 (3060–3210, a)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F465469E9028A098D" box="[1289,1436,1436,1493]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6 indiv., 2 local.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3577411EFFFE002F43CA699C028A0A7D" box="[151,1436,1513,1573]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="76A62862FFFE002F43CA699C06060A7D" box="[151,272,1513,1573]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ANOVA</th>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F4208699C05130A7D" box="[341,517,1513,1573]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
F2,27=597.02,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA42086A7B06730A7D" box="[341,357,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F4100699C05E10A7D" box="[605,759,1513,1573]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
F2,21=2.54,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA41006A7B057B0A7D" box="[605,621,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.102
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F4077699C04CE0A7D" box="[810,984,1513,1573]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
F2,21=56.97,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA40776A7B042C0A7D" box="[810,826,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A62862FFFE002F475F699C03A70A7D" box="[1026,1201,1513,1573]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
F2,27 = 13.83,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA475F6A7B03040A7D" box="[1026,1042,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFEFFDA439B6A3D033A0AE8" blockId="10.[151,1437,1608,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA439B6A3D05950A3A" bold="true" box="[198,643,1608,1634]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Measurements (in mm) of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFFEFFDA414C6A3D05690A3A" box="[529,639,1608,1634]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFFEFFDA40456A3C04680A3B" box="[792,894,1609,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFEFFDA40D26A3C04C40A3B" box="[911,978,1609,1635]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,259,1459,1483]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,467,1434]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,467,1434]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Holotype of Ameerega ignipedis sp. nov. (MUSM 24948); (b) A. pepperi sp. nov. (uncollected individual from Polvora, San Martín, Peru); (c) Holotype of A. yoshina sp. nov. (MUSM 24945); (d) A. bassleri (MUSM 26965) from type locality (Roque, San Martín, Peru)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186519/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) has SVL 34.8; FL 16.3; TL 17.6; KK 29.5; FoL 14.6; HaL 8.3; HL 8.1; HW 10.2; BW 12.1; UEW 7.3; IOD 4.9; TD 3.2; ED 5.3; DET 0.8; L1F 7.6; L2F 4.5; W3D 1.0; W3F 0.5. Measurements of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFFEFFDA41986AE304230AE8" box="[709,821,1686,1712]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C576E7FFFEFFDA40936AE3033E0AE8" box="[974,1064,1686,1712]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="33.[151,239,1303,1327]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1424,2001]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="TABLE 4. Measurements (in mm) of Ameerega yoshina type series. Averages (with standard deviation) were calculated from the type series, excluding MUSM 26955, which was a sub-adult male. An asterisk indicates individuals were dissected to confirm sex." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3813D4FFD5FFF143CA696206B7092C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF3813D4FFD5FFF143CA696206B7092C">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFEFFDB439B6AC804D20CEA" blockId="10.[151,1437,1608,2022]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,487]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFEFFDA439B6AC806F80A8F" bold="true" box="[198,494,1725,1751]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFFEFFDA42DF6AC806F80A8F" box="[386,494,1725,1751]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Size large, SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFEFFDA41996AC804380A8F" box="[708,814,1725,1751]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4799999999999995" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="34.8">34.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C576E7FFFEFFDA40626AC8048B0A8F" box="[831,925,1725,1751]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="33.[151,239,1303,1327]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1424,2001]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="TABLE 4. Measurements (in mm) of Ameerega yoshina type series. Averages (with standard deviation) were calculated from the type series, excluding MUSM 26955, which was a sub-adult male. An asterisk indicates individuals were dissected to confirm sex." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3813D4FFD5FFF143CA696206B7092C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF3813D4FFD5FFF143CA696206B7092C">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal skin coarsely granular, pigmented black with brick red mottling densest near the snout. Thin light-yellow dorsolateral stripes extend from eyelids to groin; posterior to eyes the stripes blend into the red dorsum. Dorsolateral stripes slightly wider at groin. Flanks are solid black along the entire length of the body and head. Yellow labial stripe present extending from nares to axillae and upper forelimb. Forelimbs are weakly granular and are metallic-brown in color. Legs are granular, dark brown with faint olive green stippling. On each leg there is a large yellow spot present on the anterodorsal surface of the thigh. Hands, feet, and digits colored as limbs. The ventral skin is smooth and uniformly olive-gold in color on the belly and limbs; the head and chest are slightly darker than the belly. No distinct black markings present on the venter. Iris black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFFFFDB439B6CCB04000DBF" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,487]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Widest part of head between jaw articulations and tympanum, head narrower than body; greatest headwidth 29.3% of SVL. Eyes protuberant. Tongue medium sized, oval. Premaxillary and maxillary teeth present. Vocal slits absent. Snout sloping laterally; bluntly rounded dorsally; truncate ventrally. Nares situated and directed posterolaterally to the tip of snout; nares visible from front and below but not from above. Canthus rostralis sloped, slightly rounded; loreal region nearly vertical and slightly concave. Upper eyelid 1.5 times wider than interorbital distance. Eye large and prominent with a maximum diameter of 9.3 % of the snout vent length; pupil rounded and horizontally elliptical. Tympanum circular; without tympanic annulus its diameter is less than 60.2 % of ED; supratympanic fold present.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3813D4FFFFFFDB43CA6A9203340BF4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186522/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[172,1401,545,1730]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFFFFDB43CA6A9203340BF4" blockId="11.[151,1437,1767,1964]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFFFFDB43CA6A9206330AA7" bold="true" box="[151,293,1767,1791]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Advertisement calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFFFFDB41186A9D04090AA7" box="[581,799,1768,1791]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFFFFDB41186A9D04090AA7" box="[581,799,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ameerega yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFFFFDB40726A9D04A50AA7" box="[815,947,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFFFFDB40726A9D04A60AA7" box="[815,944,1768,1791]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">A. pepperi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFFFFDB40B26A9D036E0AA7" box="[1007,1144,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFFFFDB40B26A9D03620AA7" box="[1007,1140,1768,1791]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">A. bassleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFFFFDB47EF6A9D02390AA7" box="[1202,1327,1768,1791]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFFFFDB47EF6A9D02390AA7" box="[1202,1327,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
standard advertisement call, field recording from 1.6 km SE of Callanayacu, San Martín, 25.5 C, 19 July 2007. Dominant frequency 3244 Hz. (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFFFFDB42F96B58050E0B1C" box="[420,536,1837,1860]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFFFFDB42F96B58050E0B1C" box="[420,536,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
short call, same location, temperature, and date as previous. Dominant frequency 3141 Hz. (C)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFFFFDB42706B2506880B3F" box="[301,414,1872,1895]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFFFFDB42706B2506880B3F" box="[301,414,1872,1895]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
advertisement call, field recording from near Polvora, San Martín, 24.5 C, 8 November 2008. Dominant frequency 2749 Hz. (D)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFFFFDB41506B0705690BD1" box="[525,639,1906,1929]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFFFFDB41506B0705690BD1" box="[525,639,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
advertisement call, field recording from 5.7 km NE of Roque, San Martín, 26.5 C, 16 June 2007. Dominant frequency 2714 Hz. See Fig. 3 for map of localities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF8FFDC439B6CED05B50D14" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,719]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hands relatively small, length being 23.7% of SVL. Relative length of appressed fingers II ≈ IV <I <III (with I being interior-most finger). Discs moderately expanded on all fingers. Disc on finger III is twice as wide as distal end of adjacent phalanx. A large, circular outer metacarpal tubercle present on median base of palm; a smaller inner metacarpal tubercle on base of finger I absent; one well developed subarticular tubercle on fingers I and II, two on fingers III and IV.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF8FFDC439B6D2C07FF0E03" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,719]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35003CCFFF8FFDC439B6D2C06170D2B" box="[198,257,345,371]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limbs short, with heel of appressed limb reaching the axillary region. Tibia length 50.7% of SVL. Relative lengths of appressed toes I <II <V<III <IV; first toe extending past subarticular tubercle on base of second toe; discs on toes I, II, III, IV barely expanded (much smaller than finger discs), and toe V expanded (disc 1.2 times wider than adjacent phalanx). Moderate-sized inner and outer metatarsal tubercles, protuberant with rounded surfaces. One protuberant subarticular tubercle on toes I and II, two on toes III, IV, and V. Hands and feet lacking supernumerary tubercles and lateral fringes. No basal webbing on toe fringes. Tarsal tubercles absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF8FFDC439B6E1D06080E97" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,719]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">In 70% alcohol the color is similar to the living animal described above, except the red dorsum changed to black, yellow dorsolateral stripes changed to silver-white, and gold coloration on venter changed to black and grey-green.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3813D4FFF8FFDC43CA698504EE0A72" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186523/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[220,1378,765,1497]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF8FFDC43CA698504EE0A72" blockId="12.[151,1437,1520,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF8FFDC43CA6985060B0A50" bold="true" box="[151,285,1520,1544]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Call variation between
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF8FFDC417B698504630A5F" box="[550,885,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF8FFDC417B698505E00A5F" box="[550,758,1520,1543]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">Ameerega bassleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF8FFDC405F698504630A5F" box="[770,885,1520,1543]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">A. pepperi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF8FFDC40F1698503360A5F" box="[940,1056,1520,1543]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF8FFDC40F1698503360A5F" box="[940,1056,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Box plots show period of silence between notes (L) and the calling rate (notes per minute) of the three species (R).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF8FFDC439B6A2D045A0B6C" blockId="12.[151,1436,1624,2037]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF8FFDC439B6A2D06570A2A" bold="true" box="[198,321,1624,1650]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Little variation has been observed in the two known populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF8FFDC47DB6A2C02120A2A" box="[1158,1284,1625,1650]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF8FFDC47DB6A2C02120A2A" box="[1158,1284,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Frogs from near Contamana vary somewhat with respect to dorsal coloration; some individuals are brick-red while others are more orange. These frogs also possess a venter which varies from greenish-gold to pale yellow-green, although black ventral markings are absent or not well-defined. Frogs from Callanayacu tend to be more orange as opposed to red on the dorsum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFF8FFDC41206A8605C20B55" box="[637,724,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,256,1680,1704]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1654]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,194,1656]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Ameerega yoshina, A. cainarachi, and A. pepperi. (a-c) A. yoshina from Callanayacu, San Martín, Peru (MUSM 26985 - 26987); (d-f) A. yoshina from type locality (MUSM 24945, 26953, 26954), (g) A. yoshina (left) and sympatric A. cainarachi (right) from Callanayacu, San Martín, Peru; (h) A. cainarachi from Cainarachi Valley, San Martín, Peru; (i) A. cainarachi from Chazuta, San Martín, Peru; (j, k) A. pepperi from type locality, (l) A. pepperi from Nuevo San Martín, San Martín, Peru." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186532/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
), and have blue venters that have diffuse and irregular black markings. The limbs vary in color from black to pale olive.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF8FFDC439B6B3506E90BAD" blockId="12.[151,1436,1624,2037]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF8FFDC439B6B3506650B02" bold="true" box="[198,371,1856,1882]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vocalizations.</emphasis>
|
||
The advertisement call for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF8FFDC418B6B34044E0B02" box="[726,856,1857,1882]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF8FFDC418B6B34044E0B02" box="[726,856,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFF8FFDC40326B3504AA0B02" box="[879,956,1856,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,262,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[172,1401,545,1730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,545,1742]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Advertisement calls of Ameerega yoshina, A. pepperi, and A. bassleri. (A) A. yoshina standard advertisement call, field recording from 1.6 km SE of Callanayacu, San Martín, 25.5 C, 19 July 2007. Dominant frequency 3244 Hz. (B) A. yoshina short call, same location, temperature, and date as previous. Dominant frequency 3141 Hz. (C) A. pepperi advertisement call, field recording from near Polvora, San Martín, 24.5 C, 8 November 2008. Dominant frequency 2749 Hz. (D) A. bassleri advertisement call, field recording from 5.7 km NE of Roque, San Martín, 26.5 C, 16 June 2007. Dominant frequency 2714 Hz. See Fig. 3 for map of localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186522/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) can be classified as a ‘retarded trill’ following Lötters
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF8FFDC42346B1206B50BD8" box="[361,419,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003). The call consists of a series of musical notes resembling short ‘whistles’ which are given in short bursts of 4–31 notes at a rate of 3.7–4.1 notes per second. Notes are 90–156 ms long, spaced 110–150 ms apart, and frequency-modulated by about 325 Hz (notes start at 2925 Hz, end at 3250 Hz, overall dominant frequency 3140 Hz).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF9FFDD439B6CED03450E6B" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD42166CED06D00CE9" box="[331,454,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD42166CED06D00CE9" box="[331,454,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be very easily distinguished from the advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD47F26CED023A0CE9" box="[1199,1324,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD47F26CED023A0CE9" box="[1199,1324,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is a series of whistle-like notes repeated at a much slower rate and for much longer. Our recordings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD46426CCA028A0C80" box="[1311,1436,191,216]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD46426CCA028A0C80" box="[1311,1436,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have notes repeated at a rate of 1.6–2.1 notes per second for 7.5 seconds or longer, although on several occasions we have heard
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD42E36D79052D0D7D" box="[446,571,268,293]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD42E36D79052D0D7D" box="[446,571,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calling continuously for several minutes at a time.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD47D06D7902700D7D" box="[1165,1382,268,293]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD47D06D7902700D7D" box="[1165,1382,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ameerega bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has an aggressive call which consists of 3–5 notes given in quick succession. However, even this aggressive call differs from the advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD41C66D2C040A0D2A" box="[667,796,345,370]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD41C66D2C040A0D2A" box="[667,796,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as notes are repeated at a slower rate (1.6 notes per second in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD42506DF5069D0DC1" box="[269,395,384,409]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD42506DF5069D0DC1" box="[269,395,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. over 4 notes per second in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD41AE6DF504780DC1" box="[755,878,384,409]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD41AE6DF504780DC1" box="[755,878,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and are spaced further apart (notes spaced 420 ms in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD43BE6DD206710D98" box="[227,359,423,448]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD43BE6DD206710D98" box="[227,359,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. 130 ms in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD41406DD205880D98" box="[541,670,423,448]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD41406DD205880D98" box="[541,670,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In the field, the call differences between the two species are immediately recognizable and fixed in a given geographic region. For example, during several days in Callanayacu and Contamana, we never heard a call which sounded like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD47536D8103840E55" box="[1038,1170,500,525]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD47536D8103840E55" box="[1038,1170,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Conversely, in areas containing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD42476E6F06810E6B" box="[282,407,538,563]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD42476E6F06810E6B" box="[282,407,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we have never heard a call which sounded like
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD408D6E6F03450E6B" box="[976,1107,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD408D6E6F03590E6B" box="[976,1103,538,563]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">A. yoshina</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFF9FFDF439B6E3506D60E49" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF9FFDD439B6E3505560FE1" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD439B6E35054B0E02" bold="true" box="[198,605,576,602]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution and natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD41396E34042A0E02" box="[612,828,577,602]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD41396E34042A0E02" box="[612,828,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ameerega yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from two localities, one in the Serranía de Contamana and the other in the Huallaga Canyon
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFF9FFDD405B6E1D04270EDC" box="[774,817,616,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
the northern Cordillera Azul (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFF9FFDD47EE6E1F02170EDC" box="[1203,1281,618,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,256,1210,1234]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,351,1190]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[164,1424,351,1190]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Map of study areas. Inset in bottom right shows the two primary regions dealt with in this paper. Box B corresponds to Fig. 8. Box A corresponds to the detailed map shown here. Black dots represent A. bassleri localities, red dots represent A. yoshina localities, and orange dots represent A. pepperi localities. All localities are in Departamento San Martín unless stated otherwise. Ameerega bassleri: (1) Chumia (6 ° 37 ' 5.10 " S, 76 ° 10 ' 12.22 " W); (2) Sauce (6 ° 41 ' 41.90 " S, 76 ° 14 ' 11.87 " W); (3) Cainarachi Valley (6 ° 27 ' 4.54 " S, 76 ° 17 ' 30.84 " W); (4) Huallaga Canyon (6 ° 34 ' 18.76 " S, 75 ° 57 ' 51.12 " W, north side of river); (5) Chazuta (6 ° 33 ' 30.68 " S, 76 ° 8 ' 44.88 " W); (6) Roque (6 ° 20 ' 48.54 " S, 76 ° 43 ' 38.60 " W, type locality of A. bassleri); (7) Saposoa (6 ° 53 ' 46.85 " S, 76 ° 49 ' 41.41 " W); (8) Alto Shima (6 ° 46 ' 15.85 " S, 76 ° 56 ' 28.32 " W); (9) Sisa (6 ° 35 ' 37.10 " S, 76 ° 34 ' 29.41 " W). Ameerega yoshina: (1) Callanayacu (6 ° 35 ' 17.61 " S, 75 ° 55 ' 2.47 " W; south side of river); (2) El Unión, Loreto (7 ° 11 ' 7.43 " S, 74 ° 57 ' 13.12 " W, type locality of A. yoshina). Ameerega pepperi: (1) Río Abiseo near Huicungo (7 ° 22 ' 2.88 " S, 76 ° 48 ' 42.81 " W); (2) Chumanza (7 ° 34 ' 7.8 " S, 76 ° 41 ' 34.4 " W); (3) Nuevo San Martín (7 ° 42 ' 13.64 " S, 76 ° 40 ' 3.15 " W; (4) San Francisco (8 ° 18 ' 30.3 " S, 76 ° 40 ’ 40 ' 37.6 " W, type locality of A. pepperi); (5) Campanilla (7 ° 25 ' 38.6 " S, 76 ° 39 ' 53.3 " W); (6) Polvora (7 ° 53 ' 28.75 " S, 76 ° 40 ' 21.49 " W). Note: Shucushuyacu, Loreto (shown near the top of the map) is the locality of a newly-discovered population of A. pongoensis (Fig. 11 c & d) and represents a substantial northward extension of the known range of this species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186521/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). These two localities are
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFF9FFDD426E6EE4069A0EF3" box="[307,396,657,683]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="130.0">130 km</quantity>
|
||
apart and separated by the Ucayali floodplain, which may represent a significant barrier between these two populations. We have not found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD41AE6ECD04790E89" box="[755,879,696,721]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD41AE6ECD04790E89" box="[755,879,696,721]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lowland habitats and expect that this species is restricted to premontane forests of the Serranía de Contamana and northeastern Cordillera Azul. At their closest points, the Cordillera Azul and Serranía de Contamana are separated by
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFF9FFDD47196F7003990F47" box="[1092,1167,773,799]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="26.0">26 km</quantity>
|
||
of lowland forest (and Río Ucayali), and it is unlikely that there is currently gene flow across this barrier. In the lower Huallaga Canyon, we have only found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD42AD6F26057B0F34" box="[496,621,851,876]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD42AD6F26057B0F34" box="[496,621,851,876]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the north-bank and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD40206F2604EF0F34" box="[893,1017,851,876]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD40206F2604EF0F34" box="[893,1017,851,876]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the south-bank of Río Huallaga. Therefore, it is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD42B26F0C05790FCA" box="[495,623,889,914]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD42B26F0C05790FCA" box="[495,623,889,914]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent from the northeastern Cordillera Azul and that this area is inhabited exclusively by
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD42E16FD505560FE1" box="[444,576,928,953]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD42E16FD5052A0FE1" box="[444,572,928,953]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">A. yoshina</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF9FFDD439B6FB2046609D2" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD439B6FB206880FB8" box="[198,414,967,992]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD439B6FB206880FB8" box="[198,414,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ameerega yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in undisturbed premontane forests, particularly in habitats which are adjacent to streams (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFF9FFDD425D6F980645085F" box="[256,339,1005,1031]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="30.[151,255,1593,1617]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1568]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,194,1569]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 15. Ameerega pepperi and habitat photos for the new species in this paper. (a, e) A. pepperi from Chumanza, San Martín, Peru (photo ‘ a’ by M. Pepper); (b-d) A. pepperi from Río Abiseo near Huicungo, San Martín, Peru; (f, g) A. pepperi from 6.3 km N of Campanilla, San Martín, Peru; (h) type locality of A. ignipedis, a geothermal stream flowing out of the Serranía de Contamana. The entire type series (as well as one A. yoshina metamorph) was found in the forest adjacent to the stream or among the plants growing in the stream banks. (i) type locality of A. pepperi near San Francisco, San Martín, Peru. (j) Quebrada Pacuyacu near Callanayacu. Three A. yoshina paratypes (MUSM 26985 - 26987) were collected from amongst the rocks and vegetation alongside the stream." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186533/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
h & j). This species appears to have extremely specific habitat requirements, as we were only able to find them in isolated pockets near Contamana and Callanayacu. For example, in Callanayacu we hiked for several kilometers along Quebrada Pacuyacu (a small stream), and only heard
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD473A684E03F3080C" box="[1127,1253,1083,1108]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD473A684E03F3080C" box="[1127,1253,1083,1108]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calling along a ~200-m stretch of habitat adjacent to the stream. In Contamana we were able to find this species alongside three different streams, but only in small areas along these streams. This species is exceedingly cryptic and is nearly impossible to detect if males are not calling. In Callanayacu we spent roughly 68 person-hours searching within the 200-m stretch of habitat and were only able to capture three individuals, despite the fact that numerous males were calling in the vicinity the entire time we were searching. In Contamana we searched for 60 person-hours in
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFF9FFDD42F6695705560964" box="[427,576,1314,1340]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2006" valueMax="2048">2006 and 48</date>
|
||
person-hours in 2007, yet we were only able to encounter a total of six frogs, one of which was a metamorph. Most adults were found under logs or under piles of leaf litter, although two were found moving about the leaf litter after a heavy rain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF9FFDD439B69E207F80AC1" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Reproduction appears to take place near small streams and forest pools. In the same spot where we found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD43CA69CB0633098F" box="[151,293,1470,1495]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ignipedis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD43CA69CB0633098F" box="[151,293,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. ignipedis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
transporting tadpoles, we also found one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD404769CB048E098F" box="[794,920,1470,1495]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD404769CB048E098F" box="[794,920,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
metamorph at the edge of the water. There were no other water sources nearby and we assume this metamorph emerged from the stream. We also found a shallow forest pool at the base of a small waterfall, around which many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD40B96A7E03760A7C" box="[996,1120,1547,1572]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD40B96A7E03760A7C" box="[996,1120,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males were calling. In this pool were numerous tadpoles which were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFF9FFDD41CF6A4404060A12" box="[658,784,1585,1610]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFF9FFDD41CF6A4404060A12" box="[658,784,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(confimed by DNA sequencing). Males appear to call from the leaf litter throughout the day. In Callanayacu males called incessantly the entire day, but were wellhidden.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFF9FFDD43CA6BE405900BB6" blockId="13.[151,1436,1937,2030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1. The term “Huallaga Canyon” refers to a narrow section of the river which forms between the Cordillera Oriental and Cordillera Azul, starting at Chumia and ending when the river reaches the lowlands. Callanayacu and Chazuta are both towns located within this section of river.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3813D4FFFAFFDE43CA6B5C041F0BB6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186524/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[340,1247,187,1793]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFAFFDE43CA6B5C041F0BB6" blockId="14.[151,1436,1833,2030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFAFFDE43CA6B5C060A0B19" bold="true" box="[151,284,1833,1857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Our Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis. Thicker branches represent posterior probabilities greater than 80 (nodes of particular interest to this study are labeled with observed posterior probabilities).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFAFFDE473B6B39022F0B3B" box="[1126,1337,1868,1891]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ignipedis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFAFFDE473B6B39022F0B3B" box="[1126,1337,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ameerega ignipedis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2002235FFFAFFDE461D6B3902830B3C" box="[1344,1429,1868,1892]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFAFFDE461D6B3902830B3C" bold="true" box="[1344,1429,1868,1892]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFAFFDE43CA6B1A061F0BDE" box="[151,265,1903,1926]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFAFFDE43CA6B1A061F0BDE" box="[151,265,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2002235FFFAFFDE424C6B1B067F0BDE" box="[273,361,1902,1926]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFAFFDE424C6B1B067F0BDE" bold="true" box="[273,361,1902,1926]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFAFFDE42F86B1A05010BDE" box="[421,535,1903,1926]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFAFFDE42F86B1A05010BDE" box="[421,535,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2002235FFFAFFDE41436B1B05600BDE" box="[542,630,1902,1926]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFAFFDE41436B1B05600BDE" bold="true" box="[542,630,1902,1926]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are highlighted with green, orange and red boxes, respectively. Since this study focused on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFAFFDE42DF6BE706CF0BF1" box="[386,473,1938,1961]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFAFFDE42DF6BE706CF0BF1" box="[386,473,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFAFFDE41526BE7054C0BF1" box="[527,602,1938,1961]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Phyllobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFAFFDE41526BE7054C0BF1" box="[527,602,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">petersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades, to simplify visualization of the tree we reduced individuals of other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFAFFDE425B6BC106670B93" box="[262,369,1972,1995]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFAFFDE425B6BC106670B93" box="[262,369,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ameerega</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other genera to a single representative (reducing the number of terminals to 76 from 135, and in every case, each clade comprised a monophyletic lineage).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFBFFDF43CA6CE206D60E49" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,529]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF43CA6CE206B60CE9" bold="true" box="[151,416,151,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||
Following the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2001), we tentatively suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF46DF6CED07E10C80" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF46DF6CED07E10C80" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be listed as Near Threatened (NT) based on the following: (1) we estimate the extent of occurrence to be less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF428F6C9D05540D5A" box="[466,578,232,258]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="4500.0">4,500 km</quantity>
|
||
2, (2) populations appear to be fragmented, as we have only encountered two disjunct populations which are restricted to small areas, and (3) there has been a small amount of potential habitat loss in the Cordillera Azul near Río Huallaga, although this species probably occurs throughout the northern part of the Cordillera Azul National Park. Further investigation may warrant a revised classification, as the above estimate on extent of occurrence assumes that this species occurs at elevations from
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF464B6DF7028A0DC4" box="[1302,1436,386,412]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="440.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="280.0">280–600 m</quantity>
|
||
and also occurs in the Ojo de Contaya (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFBFFDF413C6DDC05BE0D9B" box="[609,680,425,451]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,256,1210,1234]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,351,1190]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[164,1424,351,1190]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Map of study areas. Inset in bottom right shows the two primary regions dealt with in this paper. Box B corresponds to Fig. 8. Box A corresponds to the detailed map shown here. Black dots represent A. bassleri localities, red dots represent A. yoshina localities, and orange dots represent A. pepperi localities. All localities are in Departamento San Martín unless stated otherwise. Ameerega bassleri: (1) Chumia (6 ° 37 ' 5.10 " S, 76 ° 10 ' 12.22 " W); (2) Sauce (6 ° 41 ' 41.90 " S, 76 ° 14 ' 11.87 " W); (3) Cainarachi Valley (6 ° 27 ' 4.54 " S, 76 ° 17 ' 30.84 " W); (4) Huallaga Canyon (6 ° 34 ' 18.76 " S, 75 ° 57 ' 51.12 " W, north side of river); (5) Chazuta (6 ° 33 ' 30.68 " S, 76 ° 8 ' 44.88 " W); (6) Roque (6 ° 20 ' 48.54 " S, 76 ° 43 ' 38.60 " W, type locality of A. bassleri); (7) Saposoa (6 ° 53 ' 46.85 " S, 76 ° 49 ' 41.41 " W); (8) Alto Shima (6 ° 46 ' 15.85 " S, 76 ° 56 ' 28.32 " W); (9) Sisa (6 ° 35 ' 37.10 " S, 76 ° 34 ' 29.41 " W). Ameerega yoshina: (1) Callanayacu (6 ° 35 ' 17.61 " S, 75 ° 55 ' 2.47 " W; south side of river); (2) El Unión, Loreto (7 ° 11 ' 7.43 " S, 74 ° 57 ' 13.12 " W, type locality of A. yoshina). Ameerega pepperi: (1) Río Abiseo near Huicungo (7 ° 22 ' 2.88 " S, 76 ° 48 ' 42.81 " W); (2) Chumanza (7 ° 34 ' 7.8 " S, 76 ° 41 ' 34.4 " W); (3) Nuevo San Martín (7 ° 42 ' 13.64 " S, 76 ° 40 ' 3.15 " W; (4) San Francisco (8 ° 18 ' 30.3 " S, 76 ° 40 ’ 40 ' 37.6 " W, type locality of A. pepperi); (5) Campanilla (7 ° 25 ' 38.6 " S, 76 ° 39 ' 53.3 " W); (6) Polvora (7 ° 53 ' 28.75 " S, 76 ° 40 ' 21.49 " W). Note: Shucushuyacu, Loreto (shown near the top of the map) is the locality of a newly-discovered population of A. pongoensis (Fig. 11 c & d) and represents a substantial northward extension of the known range of this species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186521/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). While this species may range widely throughout the Cordillera Azul and Sierra del Divisor, it may just as likely be restricted to the Serranía de Contamana and extreme northern Cordillera Azul.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |