186 lines
21 KiB
XML
186 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="363C5C4E3D81E86CDCF52DBCD271E8D0">A review of bristly ground squirrels Xerini and a generic revision in the African genus Xerus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D5FEBD5178DA1E0E2DC0DD23F9FF2A74">Kryštufek, Boris</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="919292C20110899D73646BF0AB21D9D8">Mahmoudi, Ahmad</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="955F5D60C2623E1219B1576B929ED65D">Tesakov, Alexey S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D24B48BCA27B19DEAD3E95A42C73EDC1">Matějů, Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B487AEA5B098D15DED61A57E9411D43B">Hutterer, Rainer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="AB69978F0EA8BE52BF1A6BBC9DA53191">Mammalia</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5161880874CE7BB2EC88864C723A38DC">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="0239B801136FF46681095D08B8544334">Warsaw, Poland</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="BC368023273802BD44C38FA9FCC972D5">2015-12-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8A036AFB25A61A98406174FE1983935C">80</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="486E8FA334FD15FF9809B4DA9BDB8BAE">5</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="F9D02956C6D5BB69EBB4F9CF969FBA9F">http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2015-0073</mods:url>
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<subSubSection id="C35D6527FFEB5B07FCC4FC20FBDFFBE4" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEB5B07FCC4FC20FBDFFBE4" blockId="11.[824,1355,1014,1084]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">
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<heading id="D0B081C0FFEB5B07FCC4FC20FBDFFBE4" bold="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEB5B07FCC4FC20FBDFFBE4" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEB5B07FCC4FC20FB67FBCD" ID-CoL="7X85X" authority="(Cretzschmar)" baseAuthorityName="Cretzschmar" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[824,1206,1014,1045]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Xerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutilus">
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<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEB5B07FCC4FC20FC36FBCC" bold="true" box="[824,999,1014,1044]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">Xerus rutilus</emphasis>
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(Cretzschmar)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Unstriped ground squirrel
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEB5B07FCC4FBB5FC03FB3B" blockId="11.[824,1452,1123,1251]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE610BDFFEB5B07FCC4FBB5FB2BFBA3" author="Cretzschmar, J." box="[824,1274,1123,1148]" page="59" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" year="1828">
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEB5B07FCC4FBB5FB2BFBA3" authority="Cretzschmar, 1828, p. 59" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityPageNumber="59" authorityYear="1828" box="[824,1274,1123,1148]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutilus">
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<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEB5B07FCC4FBB5FC06FBA3" bold="true" box="[824,983,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">Sciurus rutilus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEB5B07FC1EFBB5FB61FBA4" author="Cretzschmar, J." box="[994,1200,1123,1148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" refId="ref13562" refString="Cretzschmar, J. 1828. Saugethiere. Atlas zu der Reisen im Nordlichen Afrika von Eduard Ruppell. Abt. 1. Zoologie. Partie 1. H. L. Bronner, Frankfurt a. M." type="book" year="1828">Cretzschmar, 1828</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 59
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, plate 24.
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<typeStatus id="54FC880EFFEB5B07FA8BFBB2FA7DFBA4" box="[1399,1452,1124,1148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">Type</typeStatus>
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locality is “eastern slope of Abysinnia”; probably Massawa (cf.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEB5B07FC06FB7FFA8DFB19" author="Thorington, R. W. & R. S. Hoffmann" box="[1018,1372,1193,1217]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" refId="ref17948" refString="Thorington, R. W. and R. S. Hoffmann. 2005. Family Sciuridae. In: (D. E. Wilson and D. - A. M. Reeder, eds.) Mammal species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic reference. 3 rd ed., Vol. 2. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. pp. 754 - 818." type="book" year="2005">Thorington and Hoffmann 2005</bibRefCitation>
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), today in
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<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEB5B07FC7DFB1DFC1FFB3B" box="[897,974,1227,1251]" name="Eritrea" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEB5B07FCC4FAC7FA9FFA93" blockId="11.[824,1452,1297,1945]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEB5B07FCC4FAC7FC23FAF1" author="Amtmann, E." box="[824,1010,1297,1321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" refId="ref12668" refString="Amtmann, E. 1975. Family Sciuridae. In: (J. Meester and H. W." type="book" year="1975">Amtmann (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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recognized eight subspecies but also noted that subspecific classification is uncertain.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35D6527FFEB5B00FCC4FA80FE85FE59" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="533" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEB5B07FCC4FA80FA4FFA0E" blockId="11.[824,1452,1297,1945]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">
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Etymology. –
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEB5B07FC28FA80FBC1FAB5" box="[980,1040,1366,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Xerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEB5B07FC28FA80FBC1FAB5" bold="true" box="[980,1040,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">Xerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is Greek for “dry”; “called from the character of the fur, which is harsh and often spiny” (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEB5B07FCC3FA4DFC1FFA6B" author="Palmer, T. S." box="[831,974,1435,1459]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" pagination="1 - 984" refId="ref16433" refString="Palmer, T. S. 1904. Index Generum Mammalium. A list of genera and families of mammals. North Amer. Fauna 23: 1 - 984." type="journal article" year="1904">Palmer 1904</bibRefCitation>
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). Species name
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEB5B07FB7DFA4DFB17FA6B" box="[1153,1222,1435,1459]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutilus">
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<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEB5B07FB7DFA4DFB17FA6B" bold="true" box="[1153,1222,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">rutilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is Latin for “red” or “golden red” in allusion to the colouration of the pelage.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEB5B07FCC4FA37FB59F88B" blockId="11.[824,1452,1297,1945]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">
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Diagnosis. –
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEB5B07FC3DFA37FB96FA20" baseAuthorityName="Cretzschmar" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[961,1095,1504,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Xerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutilus">
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<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEB5B07FC3DFA37FB96FA20" bold="true" box="[961,1095,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">Xerus rutilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a medium-sized member of the subtribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEB5B07FC66F9D5FC33F9C3" box="[922,994,1539,1563]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Xerina">Xerina</taxonomicName>
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and the only one with a plain, unstriped pelage (
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<figureCitation id="137C2A29FFEB5B07FC72F9F0FC3BF9E6" box="[910,1002,1574,1598]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[166,223,1011,1031]" captionTargetBox="[169,1353,177,979]" captionTargetId="figure-10@5.[166,1356,174,980]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2: Representatives of genera in African bristly ground squirrels Xerina: 1 – AtlantoxerUS getUlUS (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands; photo courtesy Alenka KryŠtufek); 2 – GeoSciUrUS inaUriS (Etosha National Park, Namibia; photo courtesy Emmanuel Do Linh San); 3 – XerUS rUtilUS (Samburu National Park, Kenya; photo by Jan Matějů); 4 – EUxerUS erythroPUS (captive; photo courtesy Klaus Rudloff)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10476685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10476685/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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). The ears are moderately large, with the tragus present. Metatarsal pads are absent (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEB5B07FAE4F99FFA70F9B9" author="Pocock, R. I." box="[1304,1441,1609,1633]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" pagination="1171 - 1212" refId="ref16558" refString="Pocock, R. I. 1922. On the external characters of the beaver (Castoridae) and of some squirrels (Sciuridae). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1922: 1171 - 1212." type="journal article" year="1922">Pocock 1922</bibRefCitation>
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). Females have posterior abdominal and the inguinal pairs of nipples (four nipples totally). The baculum (length=
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<quantity id="4CBF9B49FFEB5B07FA62F958FCB2F911" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
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) is typified by a wide and spearhead-shaped upper surface of the blade and a low dorsal median crest (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEB5B07FAA0F905FCBDF8D6" author="Pocock, R. I." pageId="11" pageNumber="532" pagination="209 - 246" refId="ref16598" refString="Pocock, R. I. 1923. The classification of the Sciuridae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1923: 209 - 246." type="journal article" year="1923">Pocock 1923</bibRefCitation>
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). Skull is moderately wide (
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<figureCitation id="137C2A29FFEB5B07FB73F920FB38F8D6" box="[1167,1257,1782,1806]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[166,223,1659,1679]" captionTargetBox="[170,786,1159,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-228@7.[166,790,1155,1628]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6: Bivariate plot of six Xerini species onto the first two principal components (PC) derived from ordination of nine cranial measurements (transformed to log10). Percentage of variance explained by individual PC is in parentheses. 95% confidence ellipses show the dispersion of all specimens within each species and letters indicate group centroids. Skulls (in dorsal view) are depicted to scale: A – AtlantoxerUS getUlUS (PMS 19301); E – EUxerUS erythroPUS (ZFMK 47.972); Gi – GeoSciUrUS inaUriS (NMW 32092); GP – GeoSciUrUS PrincePS (NMW 32097); S – SPermoPhiloPSiS lePtodactylUS (NMW 25782); X – XerUS rUtilUS (ZFMK 81.234)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10476693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10476693/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">Figure 6</figureCitation>
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) and the 3
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<superScript id="7C329BE4FFEB5B07FAA4F923FAB7F8DB" attach="left" box="[1368,1382,1781,1795]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">rd</superScript>
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upper premolar is absent (
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<figureCitation id="137C2A29FFEB5B07FBE7F8CFFBAAF8E9" box="[1051,1147,1817,1841]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="8.[136,193,1718,1738]" captionTargetBox="[136,760,1070,1687]" captionTargetId="figure-626@8.[136,760,1070,1687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 8: Left maxillary (above) and right mandibular (below) toothrows in Xerini: 1 – EUxerUS erythroPUS (NHML 69.10.24.18/ZFMK 97.467), 2 – XerUS rUtilUS (ZFMK 81.234/ZFMK 96.251); 3 – GeoSciUrUS inaUriS (ZFMK 55.147); 4 – AtlantoxerUS getUlUS (PMS 19301 / ZFMK 88.195); 5 – SPermoPhiloPSiS lePtodactylUS (ZFMK 92.497/ ZFMK 92.496). Abbreviations for cheek-teeth: P/p – upper/lower premolar, M/m – upper/lower molar; numbers refer to a position in the tooth-row. Scale bar=2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10476697" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10476697/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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); the jugal bone is bluntly truncated against the lacrimal.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEB5B00FCC4F888FD37FEE3" blockId="11.[824,1452,1297,1945]" lastBlockId="12.[136,764,187,385]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="533" pageId="11" pageNumber="532">
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Distribution. – Endemic to a Somali-Masai savannah (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEB5B07FCC3F857FC12F841" author="Denys, C." box="[831,963,1921,1945]" pageId="11" pageNumber="532" refId="ref13665" refString="Denys, C. 1999. Of mice and men. Evolution in East and South Africa during Plio-Pleistocene times. In: (T. Bromage and F. Schrenk, eds.) African Biogeography, Climate Change and Human Evolution. The Human Evolution series, Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1999">Denys 1999</bibRefCitation>
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), occupying dry bushland and savannah in
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<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEC5B00FF74FF6DFF35FF0B" box="[136,228,187,211]" name="Somalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEC5B00FF0DFF6DFE80FF0B" box="[241,337,187,211]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEC5B00FEA2FF6DFE7AFF0B" box="[350,427,187,211]" name="Eritrea" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEC5B00FE44FF6AFE2EFF0C" box="[440,511,188,212]" name="Kenya" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEC5B00FDF7FF6DFDBEFF0B" box="[523,623,187,211]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
and eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEC5B00FF74FF08FF0DFF2E" box="[136,220,222,246]" name="Uganda" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEC5B00FF17FF08FEA3FF2E" author="O'Shea, T. J." box="[235,370,222,246]" pageId="12" pageNumber="533" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref16222" refString="O'Shea, T. J. 1991. XerUS rUtilUS. Mammalian Species 370: 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Shea 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C2A29FFEC5B00FE74FF08FE37FF2E" box="[392,486,222,246]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="9.[166,223,1565,1585]" captionTargetBox="[169,1128,177,1531]" captionTargetId="figure-10@9.[166,1131,174,1534]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 9: Distributional ranges of Xerini. Fossil (Late Oligocene to Early Pleistocene) records (top inset) are based on Fortelius (2015) with corrections and additions from Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), Kozhamkulova and Bendukidze (2005), Winkler et al. (2010), Flynn and Wessels (2013), and Maridet et al. (2014). Map of recent ranges (inset below) does not show the isolate of EUxerUS erythroPUS in Morocco, and the population of AtlantoxerUS getUlUS introduced to Fuerteventura, Canary Islands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10476699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10476699/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). A century ago reported for Sinkat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEC5B00FEFBFED7FE7FFEC1" author="Anderson, J." box="[263,430,257,281]" pageId="12" pageNumber="533" refId="ref12721" refString="Anderson, J. 1902. Zoology of Egypt: Mammalia. Hugh Rees, London." type="book" year="1902">Anderson 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in what is today
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEC5B00FD7CFED7FD18FEC1" box="[640,713,257,281]" name="Sudan" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but current presence in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEC5B00FE9CFEF5FE77FEE3" box="[352,422,291,315]" name="Sudan" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
questioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEC5B00FDB0FEF5FD32FEE3" author="O'Shea, T. J." box="[588,739,291,315]" pageId="12" pageNumber="533" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref16222" refString="O'Shea, T. J. 1991. XerUS rUtilUS. Mammalian Species 370: 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Shea (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEC5B00FF74FE90FE85FE59" blockId="12.[136,764,187,385]" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">
|
||
Remark. –
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEC5B00FEFEFE90FE5AFE86" baseAuthorityName="Cretzschmar" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[258,395,326,350]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Xerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEC5B00FEFEFE90FE5AFE86" bold="true" box="[258,395,326,350]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="533">Xerus rutilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reviewed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEC5B00FDC9FE90FD18FE86" author="O'Shea, T. J." box="[565,713,326,350]" pageId="12" pageNumber="533" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref16222" refString="O'Shea, T. J. 1991. XerUS rUtilUS. Mammalian Species 370: 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Shea (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEC5B00FF74FEBFFE9EFE59" author="Waterman, J. M." box="[136,335,361,385]" pageId="12" pageNumber="533" pagination="100 - 101" refId="ref18406" refString="Waterman, J. M. 2013 c. XerUS rUtilUS Unstripped ground squirrel (Pallid ground squirrel). In: (D. C. D. Happold ed.): Mammals of Africa. Volume III: Rodents, hares and rabbits. Bloomsbury, London, pp. 100 - 101." type="book chapter" year="2013">Waterman (2013c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |