252 lines
31 KiB
XML
252 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="65E6E1DD5B26439839B6354D0822A933" ID-CLB-Dataset="7889" ID-DOI="10.1206/3864.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3bf6fc2c-fb02-4b86-a11d-6ef9255eb468" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566088" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614360144916" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rozen, Jerome G. & Praz, Christophe J." docDate="2016" docId="03ED8E304A478A00AF55FBF61AE0FCCC" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2016.3864.1-46.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2016 (3864)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3864.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Chelostoma Latreille 1809" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="FFD4F6484A668A25AD05FFA91E6FF858" masterDocTitle="Mature Larvae and Nesting Biologies of Bees Currently Assigned to the Osmiini (Apoidea: Megachilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1698931392955" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="B77022C0F9D1D04CDEDCA3D550FAB35B">Mature Larvae and Nesting Biologies of Bees Currently Assigned to the Osmiini (Apoidea: Megachilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="40172DC4702A9C80826975E120E30A7C">Rozen, Jerome G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3A6E46E90D7D0F68CDFCEDFE7DD8EECF">Praz, Christophe J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C5F4CE2053C7A8392837B1DF67E74360">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A5293CC6371C793D3326F1D8D541A3DF">
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<mods:date id="E5EAA3307318B0E7483A01E454937668">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03ED8E304A478A00AF55FBF61AE0FCCC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4583941" ID-GBIF-Taxon="179990475" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4583941" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED8E304A478A00AF55FBF61AE0FCCC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED8E304A478A00AF55FBF61AE0FCCC" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<subSubSection id="C35E6CAD4A478A04AF55FBF61C9FFC21" box="[592,752,1119,1145]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A478A04AF55FBF61C9FFC21" blockId="33.[592,752,1119,1145]" box="[592,752,1119,1145]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<heading id="D0B3884A4A478A04AF55FBF61C9FFC21" allCaps="true" box="[592,752,1119,1145]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A478A04AF55FBF61C9FFC21" ID-CoL="62M68" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[592,752,1119,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04AF55FBF61C9FFC21" box="[592,752,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">CHELOSTOMA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35E6CAD4A478A00ADADFB3E1AE0FCCC" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A478A04ADADFB3E1AA7FE13" blockId="33.[120,1225,1175,1612]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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Nests of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A478A04AC08FB3E1D3CFCEA" authority="(Lepeletier)" baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[269,851,1175,1202]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi" subGenus="Gyrodromella">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04AC08FB3E1FFBFCE9" box="[269,404,1175,1201]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Chelostoma</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04ACA0FB3E1C2CFCE9" box="[421,579,1175,1201]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gyrodromella</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04AF51FB3E1CADFCE9" box="[596,706,1175,1201]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">rapunculi</emphasis>
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(Lepeletier)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A478A04AE88FB3E1E98FC8F" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florisomne" subGenus="Chelostoma">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04AE88FB3E1DC9FCE9" box="[909,934,1175,1201]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C.</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04AEB2FB3E1A51FCE9" box="[951,1086,1175,1201]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Chelostoma</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04A94AFB3E1AA7FCE9" box="[1103,1224,1175,1201]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">florisomne</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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are treated together because of many shared similarities, and both, from The Botanical Gardens of the City of
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<collectingRegion id="4980F1C44A478A04ACBDFB481C5FFCA3" box="[440,560,1249,1275]" country="Switzerland" name="Neuchatel" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Neuchâtel</collectingRegion>
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, were studied together by J.G.R and C.J.P. Nests of these species have been extensively described before (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A478A04AFBEFAAE1D1DFD79" author="Westrich, P." box="[699,882,1287,1313]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref24301" refString="Westrich, P. 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Allgemeiner Teil: Lebensraume, Verhalten, Okologie und Schutz; Spezieller Teil: Die Gattungen und Arten. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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, and references therein); we briefly redescribe them here to precise some aspects related to cocoon spinning, structure, and function. Nests of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A478A04AC57FAFB1F8EFD33" baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[338,481,1361,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04AC57FAFB1F8EFD33" box="[338,481,1361,1388]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C. rapunculi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were in slender bamboo sections (outside diameter
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<quantity id="4CBC92C34A478A04A948FAF81AAFFD34" box="[1101,1216,1361,1388]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 mm</quantity>
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) from which C.J.P. collected larvae. They contained numerous cells in uninterrupted linear series, end to end (figs. 44, 51). Those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A478A04AF57FA341C84FDEE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[594,747,1436,1463]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florisomne">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04AF57FA341C84FDEE" box="[594,747,1436,1463]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C. florisomne</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were found in bamboo sections that had slightly larger diameters. Although some cells of this species were in uninterrupted linear series, others were in series in which cells were separated by open spaces somewhat shorter than cell length (fig. 44) (i.e., these are called “intercalary cells” by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A478A04AE7EF9A51A52FE7F" author="Krombein, K. V." box="[891,1085,1548,1575]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref22782" refString="Krombein, K. V. 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees. Life histories, nests, and associates. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Press, 570 pp." type="book" year="1967">Krombein, 1967</bibRefCitation>
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). Cell partitions of both species (figs. 43, 50) were dark soil that appeared to be identical in color to the
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A478A04AD7CF9DF1FDFFEBE" blockId="33.[121,1224,1654,1766]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<superScript id="7C31926E4A478A04AD7CF9DF1EE6FEDC" attach="left" box="[121,137,1654,1668]" fontSize="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">12</superScript>
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Reexamination of the cocoon of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A478A04ACE0F9DE1CFEFED6" box="[485,657,1654,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Haetosmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vechti">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04ACE0F9DE1CFEFED6" box="[485,657,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Haetosmia vechti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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originally described in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A478A04AE80F9DF1A3CFED6" author="Gotlieb, A." box="[901,1107,1654,1678]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref22683" refString="Gotlieb, A., et al. 2014. Nests, floral preferences, and immatures of Haetosmia vechti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Osmiini). American Museum Novitates 3808: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2014">Gotlieb et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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shows that the front end consists only of a single silk layer with fenestrations more or less centrally located
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A478A04A960F93A1C08FE90" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">where silk touches the rough inner surface of the cell closure</emphasis>
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(new information), although most of the cocoon’s front end does not contact this surface.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3B6FAE4A448A07AD7DF9931FFAFEBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566114" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566114" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566114/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" startId="34.[120,218,1594,1615]" targetBox="[120,1224,224,1568]" targetPageId="34">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A448A07AD7DF9931FFAFEBE" blockId="34.[120,1224,1592,1766]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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FIGURES 41–47.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A448A07AC28F9911C79FE08" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[301,534,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florisomne">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A448A07AC28F9911C79FE08" box="[301,534,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Chelostoma florisomne</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A448A07AF26F9911C2CFE08" bold="true" box="[547,579,1592,1616]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">41.</emphasis>
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Nest closure showing imbedded small stones.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A448A07A92EF9911A24FE08" bold="true" box="[1067,1099,1592,1616]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">42.</emphasis>
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Outer layer of transparent cocoon covering cell closure.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A448A07AF4FF9FF1C04FE36" bold="true" box="[586,619,1622,1646]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">43.</emphasis>
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Uncoated cell partition.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A448A07AE77F9FF1DFCFE36" bold="true" box="[882,915,1622,1646]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">44.</emphasis>
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Nest in split bamboo section consisting of 6 cells; cells 1 and 2 abutting but other cells separated by empty spaces; cell 6 containing pollen mass and dead larva; all other cells with cocoon.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A448A07AF97F93B1CDCFEF2" bold="true" box="[658,691,1682,1706]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">45.</emphasis>
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Cell (front end left) containing cocoon.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A448A07A954F93B1A1EFEF2" bold="true" box="[1105,1137,1682,1706]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">46.</emphasis>
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Cocoon showing white air-exchange portal on outer surface of front of inner cocoon layer.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A448A07AED5F9191D9EFE90" bold="true" box="[976,1009,1712,1736]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">47.</emphasis>
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Cell partition showing thinness, front end left.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF3B6FAE4A458A06AD7DF9821FB1FEC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566116" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566116" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566116/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" startId="35.[120,218,1579,1600]" targetBox="[120,1224,224,1552]" targetPageId="35">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A458A06AD7DF9821FB1FEC1" blockId="35.[120,1224,1576,1689]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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FIGURES 48–53.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A458A06AC2BF9801C7EFE19" box="[302,529,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A458A06AC2BF9801C63FE19" baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[302,524,1577,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">Chelostoma rapunculi</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A458A06AF1DF9811C57FE18" bold="true" box="[536,568,1576,1600]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">48.</emphasis>
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Nest closures showing small stones imbedded in outer surface.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A458A06AD7DF9EF1EFEFE06" bold="true" box="[120,145,1606,1630]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">49</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A458A06AD98F9EF1ED2FE06" bold="true" box="[157,189,1606,1630]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">50.</emphasis>
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Cell partitions, front and rear surfaces, respectively.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A458A06AFD6F9EF1C9DFE06" bold="true" box="[723,754,1606,1630]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">51.</emphasis>
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Nest in split bamboo section, showing cells in linear series.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A458A06ADFAF9CA1F70FE23" bold="true" box="[255,287,1635,1659]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">52.</emphasis>
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Two cocoons in linear series, front ends at left.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A458A06AE0EF9CA1D44FE23" bold="true" box="[779,811,1635,1659]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">53.</emphasis>
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Anterior end of front end of inner layer showing white air-exchange portal.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A428A01AD7DFF481CF3FB99" blockId="36.[120,1225,225,1708]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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thicker nest closure material but lacked the small, whitish pebbles that the nest maker added to the closure on sealing the completed nest (figs. 41, 48). Almost certainly, cell partitions and nest closure when first constructed are made of mud, perhaps moistened with nectar. The tunnel between the last cell constructed and nest closure (i.e., the “vestibular cell” by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A428A01AD7DFDA51F55FA7F" author="Krombein, K. V." box="[120,314,524,551]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref22782" refString="Krombein, K. V. 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees. Life histories, nests, and associates. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Press, 570 pp." type="book" year="1967">Krombein, 1967</bibRefCitation>
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) was open. Accounts of nests of species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A428A01AC11FD981FF4FA13" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[276,411,561,587]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A428A01AC11FD981FF4FA13" box="[276,411,561,587]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Chelostoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
offered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A428A01AF21FD981EA7FA2A" author="Krombein, K. V." pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref22782" refString="Krombein, K. V. 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees. Life histories, nests, and associates. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Press, 570 pp." type="book" year="1967">Krombein (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A428A01ADD3FDFE1FF5FA29" author="Westrich, P." box="[214,410,599,625]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref24301" refString="Westrich, P. 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Allgemeiner Teil: Lebensraume, Verhalten, Okologie und Schutz; Spezieller Teil: Die Gattungen und Arten. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A428A01ACACFDFE1CF7FA29" author="Muller, A. & A. Krebs & F. Amiet" box="[425,664,599,625]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref23158" refString="Muller, A., A. Krebs, and F. Amiet. 1997. Bienen, mitteleuropaische Gattungen, Lebensweise, Beobachtung. Munchen: Naturbuch Verlag. 384 pp." type="book" year="1997">Müller et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A428A01ADB1FDD41FA2FACF" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & H. H. Go" box="[180,461,636,663]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref23678" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and H. H. Go. 2015. Descriptions of the egg and mature larva of the bee Chelostoma (Prochelostoma) philadelphi with additional notes on nesting biology (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini). American Museum Novitates 3844: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2015">Rozen and Go (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide similar descriptions. Cocoons of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A428A01AC3FFD6E1FB9FAB9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[314,470,711,737]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florisomne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A428A01AC3FFD6E1FB9FAB9" box="[314,470,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. florisomne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(figs. 34–38, 45, 46) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A428A01ADDAFD441F1DFB5E" baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[223,370,748,775]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A428A01ADDAFD441F1DFB5E" box="[223,370,748,775]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(figs. 39, 40, 52, 53) are structured and function like the cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A428A01AD7DFC9E1FBAFB0A" authority="(Friese)" baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[120,469,823,850]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Ochreriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A428A01AD7DFC9E1F01FB09" box="[120,366,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ochreriades fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Friese)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A428A01AD7DFCF41F33FB2F" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & H. H. Go" box="[120,348,860,887]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref23678" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and H. H. Go. 2015. Descriptions of the egg and mature larva of the bee Chelostoma (Prochelostoma) philadelphi with additional notes on nesting biology (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini). American Museum Novitates 3844: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2015">Rozen et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. After initiating defecation but while still defecating, the larva deposits a thin nearly clear layer of silk that covers over
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A428A01AFB1FC151AA7FC72" blockId="36.[120,1225,225,1708]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
FIGURES 54, 55.
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A428A01AE6DFC131A56FB8A" box="[872,1081,954,978]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A428A01AE6DFC131A5AFB8A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[872,1077,954,978]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">Heriades truncorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A428A01A93AFC131A30FB8A" bold="true" box="[1087,1119,954,978]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">54.</emphasis>
|
||
Nest con- and adheres to the front end of the cell closure taining three cells in trap nest; note orange color of including any fecal pellets that happened to be feces contrasting with black feces of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A428A01A922FC5D1AF4FC54" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1063,1179,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A428A01A922FC5D1AF4FC54" box="[1063,1179,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Chelostoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and deposited there (figs. 34, 36). (In the case of partly resin-filled tunnel leading to cells.
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A428A01A95AFBBB1A10FC72" bold="true" box="[1119,1151,1042,1066]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">55.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A428A01AFB1FB991CF3FC0F" blockId="36.[120,1225,225,1708]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
up of cell (front end left) showing clear cell partition
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A428A01AD7DFB951C7DFC0F" authority=", Matthews, 1965" authorityName=", Matthews" authorityYear="1965" box="[120,530,1084,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A428A01AD7DFB951F22FC0E" box="[120,333,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Heriades carinata,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A428A01AC50FB951C7DFC0F" author="Matthews, R. W." box="[341,530,1084,1111]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref22853" refString="Matthews, R. W. 1965. The biology of Heriades carinata Cresson (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Contributions of the American Entomolgical Institute 1: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1965">Matthews, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, referred to
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A428A01AFB1FBE51F32FEF4" blockId="36.[120,1225,225,1708]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
of resin (arrow). this layer as the “operimentum”). The inner surface of this layer, though appearing reflective in normal light, is covered with a fine webbing of silk strands (fig. 35). The larva starts spinning the body of the cocoon and attaches the inner layer of the front of the cocoons to this webbing. As a final step in cocoon construction, the larva applies a thin but completely airtight final layer of silk to the inner surface of the entire cocoon except for a cottony mass of silk fibers (figs. 46, 53) centered at the front of the cocoon. This mass, termed the “air-exchange portal” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A428A01ADDFFACE1FDCFDDA" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & H. H. Go" box="[218,435,1383,1410]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref23678" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and H. H. Go. 2015. Descriptions of the egg and mature larva of the bee Chelostoma (Prochelostoma) philadelphi with additional notes on nesting biology (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini). American Museum Novitates 3844: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2015">Rozen et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is thick, but the fibers are not fused and consequently there is an exchange of air between the inside of the cocoon and the space between the two cocoon layers forming the cocoon front (fig. 29). At the periphery of the front end, the inner and outer layers are only loosely attached (figs. 34, 36) with the result that air exchange takes place between the outside of the cocoon and the space between the two front layers of the cocoon. Thus, univoltine larvae are provided with air for their ca. 10 month diapause before emerging the following year, and simultaneously they are protected from parasites and the cell humidity is controlled by the airtight, waterproof cocoon wall. Feces of both species were black or nearly so (figs. 42, 47, 51).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B6FAE4A438A00AD7DFD341FB6FAB6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566118" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566118/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[120,219,669,690]" targetBox="[120,1224,224,640]" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A438A00AD7DFD341FB6FAB6" blockId="37.[120,1224,667,750]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURES 56, 57. SEM micrographs of inner surface of cocoon showing central air-exchange portal surrounded by smooth, presumably airtight, thin layer of silk and close-up of air-exchange portal identified by rectangle in figure 56, respectively.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A438A00ADADFCAD1AE0FCCC" blockId="37.[120,1225,772,1172]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
The availability of unmodified surfaces of cell partitions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A438A00AE48FCAD1D8AFB46" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[845,997,772,798]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florisomne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A438A00AE48FCAD1D8AFB46" box="[845,997,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. florisomne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
permitted observations obscured by cocoon silk in other species. Partitions of this species, presumably made of mud, dry quickly, each forming a hard wafer that is slightly concave on the surface directed toward the nest closure and slightly convex on the other side (fig. 47). Both surfaces are rather uneven with the rear surface more or less nodular (fig. 43), so that partition thickness varies from point to point. At minimum, the thinness is a remarkable: 0.3 mm. When J.G.R. visited
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4980F1C44A438A00A950FC161AA7FB81" box="[1109,1224,959,985]" country="Switzerland" name="Neuchatel" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Neuchâtel</collectingRegion>
|
||
in early
|
||
<date id="FFFA19E64A438A00ADD2FC4D1F17FBA6" box="[215,376,996,1022]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2014-10">October 2014</date>
|
||
, most of the cells of this species were occupied by well-pigmented pupae contrasting with cells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A438A00AC9FFBA31C46FC7B" baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[410,553,1033,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A438A00AC9FFBA31C46FC7B" box="[410,553,1033,1060]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
containing white larvae, suggesting a noteworthy lack of developmental synchronization of the two related species, probably related to the fact that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A438A00A9AAFB861E81FC36" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florisomne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A438A00A9AAFB861E81FC36" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. florisomne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the pupa overwinters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A438A00AF06FBFD1CDAFC36" author="Westrich, P." box="[515,693,1108,1134]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref24301" refString="Westrich, P. 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Allgemeiner Teil: Lebensraume, Verhalten, Okologie und Schutz; Spezieller Teil: Die Gattungen und Arten. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A438A00AE35FBFC1DD1FC36" baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[816,958,1108,1135]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A438A00AE35FBFC1DD1FC36" box="[816,958,1108,1135]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the larva overwinters.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A438A00AD7DFBD01F15FCCB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[120,378,1145,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florisomne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A438A00AD7DFBD01F15FCCB" box="[120,378,1145,1171]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Chelostoma florisomne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is active already in April, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A438A00AFEBFBD31D14FCCB" baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[750,891,1145,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A438A00AFEBFBD31D14FCCB" box="[750,891,1145,1172]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
flies late May and June.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |