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<mods:title id="5E823F020D8700E1F1F0FD6E5E619C1E">Late Neogene Lophophaenidae (Nassellaria, Radiolaria) from the eastern equatorial Pacific</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFC3FFA875DFE768FC97C045" blockId="80.[151,848,798,861]" box="[151,848,798,825]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA875DFE768FD19C044" authority="(Funakawa, 1995 b)" baseAuthorityName="Funakawa" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[151,734,798,825]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="morawanensis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA875DFE768FE21C044" box="[151,486,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Pelagomanes morawanensis</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA874A5E769FD19C044" bold="true" box="[493,734,798,825]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFC3FFA874BFE768FD11C044" author="Funakawa, S." box="[503,726,798,825]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="13 - 59" refId="ref88821" refString="Funakawa, S. (1995 b) Lophophaeninae (Radiolaria) from the Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene and Intrageneric Variation in their Internal Skeletal Structures. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 38, 13 - 59." type="journal article" year="1995">Funakawa, 1995b</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA877AEE768FC97C045" bold="true" box="[742,848,799,825]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFC3FFA877AEE768FC97C045" box="[742,848,799,825]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFC3FFA875DFE734FE34C021" box="[151,499,835,861]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFC3FFA875DFE734FE34C021" blockId="80.[151,848,798,861]" box="[151,499,835,861]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
Plate 40,
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFC3FFA87448E734FEA5C021" box="[256,354,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,849,1556]" captionTargetId="figure-347@10.[164,1423,849,1556]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Examples of specimen measurements discussed in the Systematic Paleontology section of this study." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10544066/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs. 4A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFC3FFA8743AE734FEB8C021" box="[370,383,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1463,1487]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,737,1439]" captionTargetId="figure-139@15.[151,1436,736,1440]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Internal skeletal structure of Arachnocorallium calvata (Haeckel, 1887) Petrushevskaya, 1971." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10544070/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFC3FFA874C3E734FE5CC021" box="[395,411,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1556,1580]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,742,1532]" captionTargetId="figure-252@30.[151,1436,741,1532]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 9. Internal skeletal structure of Ceratocyrtis sp. C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10544076/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">9</figureCitation>
, 1112.
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<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFC3FFA875DFE7FFFC7FC087" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFC3FFA875DFE7FFFC95C0E3" blockId="80.[151,952,903,1019]" box="[151,850,903,927]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA875DFE7FFFE69C0E3" authorityName="Funakawa, Renaudie" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,430,904,927]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="morawanensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA875DFE7FFFE69C0E3" box="[151,430,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Ceratocyrtis morawanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFC3FFA874FDE7FFFE2AC0E3" box="[437,493,904,927]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFC3FFA874B0E7F0FD69C0E3" author="Funakawa, S." box="[504,686,903,927]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="13 - 59" refId="ref88821" refString="Funakawa, S. (1995 b) Lophophaeninae (Radiolaria) from the Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene and Intrageneric Variation in their Internal Skeletal Structures. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 38, 13 - 59." type="journal article" year="1995">Funakawa, 1995b</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 1, figs. 45.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFC3FFA875DFE7D1FCA3C0C2" blockId="80.[151,952,903,1019]" box="[151,868,934,958]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA875DFE7D1FEE4C0C1" box="[151,291,934,957]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA875DFE7D1FEDEC0C1" authorityName="Butschli" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,281,934,957]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Ceratocyrtis</taxonomicName>
?
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA87461E7D1FD1FC0C2" authority="Funakawa, Renaudie, 2014" authorityName="Funakawa, Renaudie" authorityYear="2014" box="[297,728,934,958]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="morawanensis">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA87461E7D1FE7CC0C1" box="[297,443,934,957]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">morawanensis</emphasis>
Funakawa,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFC3FFA8777EE7D1FD1FC0C2" author="Renaudie, J." box="[566,728,934,958]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref94207" refString="Renaudie, J. (2014) A synthesis of Antarctic Neogene radiolarians: taxonomy, macroevolution and biostratigraphy. PhD Thesis, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, 300 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.18452 / 16985" type="book" year="2014">Renaudie, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 22, fig. 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFC3FFA875DFE7B3FC73C0A1" blockId="80.[151,952,903,1019]" box="[151,948,964,989]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA875DFE7B3FD52C0A1" authority="O'Connor, Kamikuri, 2019" authorityName="O'Connor, Kamikuri" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,661,964,989]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="tekopua">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA875DFE7B3FEBEC0A0" box="[151,377,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lophophaena tekopua</emphasis>
OConnor,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFC3FFA874BAE7B3FD52C0A1" author="Kamikuri, S." box="[498,661,964,989]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="163 - 194" refId="ref90498" refString="Kamikuri, S. (2019) Middle to late Miocene radiolarians from ODP Site 1021 in the eastern North Pacific. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, 70, 163 - 194." type="journal article" year="2019">Kamikuri, 2019</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 14, fig. 13 (non fig. 14).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFC3FFA875DFE794FC7FC087" blockId="80.[151,952,903,1019]" box="[151,952,995,1019]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA875DFE794FD08C087" authority="O'Connor, Trubovitz et al., 2020" authorityName="O'Connor, Trubovitz" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,719,995,1019]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="tekopua">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA875DFE794FEBEC087" box="[151,377,995,1019]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lophophaena tekopua</emphasis>
OConnor,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFC3FFA874B9E794FD08C087" author="Trubovitz, S. &amp; Lazarus, D. &amp; Renaudie, J. &amp; Noble, P. J." box="[497,719,995,1019]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref96304" refString="Trubovitz, S., Lazarus, D., Renaudie, J. &amp; Noble, P. J. (2020) Marine plankton show threshold extinction response to Neogene climate change. Nature Communications, 11 (5069), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41467 - 020 - 18879 - 7" type="journal article" year="2020">
Trubovitz
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA87713E793FD49C087" box="[603,654,995,1019]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, supplementary data 7.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFC3FFA875DFE05EFE9CC63C" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFC3FFA875DFE05EFE9CC63C" blockId="80.[151,1436,1065,1452]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA875DFE05EFECCC73F" bold="true" box="[151,267,1065,1091]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFC3FFA8745BE05EFE20C738" author="Funakawa, S." box="[275,487,1065,1092]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="13 - 59" refId="ref88821" refString="Funakawa, S. (1995 b) Lophophaeninae (Radiolaria) from the Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene and Intrageneric Variation in their Internal Skeletal Structures. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 38, 13 - 59." type="journal article" year="1995">Funakawa (1995b)</bibRefCitation>
gives no differential diagnosis between this species and
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA87124E05EFE3EC71B" authority="(Sugiyama and Furutani, 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Sugiyama and Furutani" baseAuthorityYear="1992" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="cantharoides">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA87124E05EFA5BC73F" box="[1132,1436,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Pelagomanes cantharoides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFC3FFA875D7E03AFE36C71B" author="Sugiyama, K. &amp; Furutani, H." box="[159,497,1101,1127]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="199 - 213" refId="ref95385" refString="Sugiyama, K. &amp; Furutani, H. (1992) Middle Miocene radiolarians from the Oidawara formation, Mizunami Group, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 19, 199 - 213." type="journal article" year="1992">Sugiyama and Furutani, 1992</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 40, figs. 13, 78, 10, 14. The main difference we understand from the written descriptions of these species is the presence of a forked apical horn in
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA876F8E005FB9AC7F7" baseAuthorityName="Sugiyama and Furutani" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[944,1117,1137,1163]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="cantharoides">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA876F8E005FB9AC7F7" box="[944,1117,1137,1163]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">P. cantharoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but not in
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA87190E005FA52C7F7" authorityName="Funakawa, Renaudie" authorityYear="2014" box="[1240,1429,1138,1163]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="morawanensis">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA87190E005FA52C7F7" box="[1240,1429,1138,1163]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">P. morawanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As mentioned above, this character alone may not justify separate species. Until a more focused study can be done on these taxa, we retain the separate species concepts with some doubts.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFC3FFA87684E0CEFB67C7A8" author="Funakawa, S." box="[972,1184,1209,1236]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="13 - 59" refId="ref88821" refString="Funakawa, S. (1995 b) Lophophaeninae (Radiolaria) from the Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene and Intrageneric Variation in their Internal Skeletal Structures. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 38, 13 - 59." type="journal article" year="1995">Funakawa (1995b)</bibRefCitation>
notes that this species is different from
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA8741EE0A9FD8DC78B" authority="(Caulet)" baseAuthorityName="Caulet" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[342,586,1245,1271]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="thaumasia">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA8741EE0A9FE20C78B" box="[342,487,1245,1271]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">P. thaumasia</emphasis>
(Caulet)
</taxonomicName>
(Pl. 39,
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFC3FFA877E3E0AAFCDCC78B" box="[683,795,1245,1271]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1263,1287]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,418,1240]" captionTargetId="figure-130@40.[164,1423,417,1240]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 10. Internal skeletal structure of Lithomelissa alkonost n. sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10544078/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs. 10A</figureCitation>
11) in having longer apical and ventral horns, as well as being large overall. We would add that
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA8771FE175FD2FC667" baseAuthorityName="Caulet" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[599,744,1281,1307]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="thaumasia">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA8771FE175FD2FC667" box="[599,744,1281,1307]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">P. thaumasia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tends to have more poorly developed ribs on the thorax than
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFC3FFA875DFE151FE92C643" authorityName="Funakawa, Renaudie" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,341,1318,1343]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="morawanensis">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA875DFE151FE92C643" box="[151,341,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">P. morawanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFC3FFA8758FE13EFAFAC6D7" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFC3FFA8758FE13EFAFAC6D7" blockId="80.[151,1436,1065,1452]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFC3FFA8758FE13EFEDDC61F" bold="true" box="[199,282,1353,1379]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Range.</emphasis>
Middle Miocene in the EEP (
<tableCitation id="C6E2EBFDFFC3FFA8773CE13EFD0DC61F" box="[628,714,1353,1379]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="84.[151,248,834,860]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="TABLE 1. Occurrence chart of Late NeogeneRecent lophophaenids in the EEP." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F8ECEFFC7FFAC75DFE735FB46C021" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" tableUuid="DF1F8ECEFFC7FFAC75DFE735FB46C021">Table 1</tableCitation>
). One broken specimen was observed in the Pliocene, but it is unclear whether this individual was reworked. Funakawa (1995) described this species from Upper Oligocene material in
<collectingCountry id="F3779ED6FFC3FFA8745FE1E5FE9DC6D0" box="[279,346,1426,1452]" name="Japan" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFC3FFA8742CE1E6FDE7C6D7" author="Renaudie, J." box="[356,544,1425,1451]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref94207" refString="Renaudie, J. (2014) A synthesis of Antarctic Neogene radiolarians: taxonomy, macroevolution and biostratigraphy. PhD Thesis, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, 300 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.18452 / 16985" type="book" year="2014">Renaudie (2014)</bibRefCitation>
reported this species from the Middle Miocene of the Southern Ocean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>