229 lines
35 KiB
XML
229 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839079" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9aa79dbb-bcf2-41e6-845e-6791815b1312" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191992678" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839079" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_document="1" checkinTime="1641933524271" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Wilkinson, Mark, Reynolds, Robert P. & Jacobs, Jeremy F." docDate="2021" docId="03C387ECFFFD7D0D2418316A8811E613" docLanguage="en" docName="HerpetolJ.31.27-34.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Herpetological Journal 31 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/31.1.2734" docTitle="Amazops amazops amazops 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FFFAFF94FFFC7D08273D336E8C62E56E" masterDocTitle="A new genus and species of rhinatrematid caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Rhinatrematidae) from Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="27" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1641950447055" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new genus and species of rhinatrematid caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Rhinatrematidae) from Ecuador</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilkinson, Mark</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London “ W 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">m.wilkinson@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Reynolds, Robert P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>2031 Isles of Saint Marys Way, Saint Marys, Georgia 31558 U. S. A</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jacobs, Jeremy F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Vertebrate) oology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C., N. W., 20560</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Herpetological Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-01-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>27</mods:start>
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<mods:end>34</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/31.1.2734</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.33256/31.1.2734</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">9aa79dbb-bcf2-41e6-845e-6791815b1312</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5838883</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839079" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191992678" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839079" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387ECFFFD7D0D2418316A8811E613" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387ECFFFD7D0D2418316A8811E613" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection box="[805,1101,516,541]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[805,1415,516,2077]" box="[805,1101,516,541]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
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<heading bold="true" box="[805,1101,516,541]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" reason="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[805,1101,516,541]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName authority="Wilkinson & Reynolds & Jacobs, 2021" authorityName="amazops" authorityYear="2021" box="[805,1009,516,541]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Amazops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazops" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[805,1009,516,541]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Amazops amazops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1016,1101,516,541]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="28" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[805,1415,516,2077]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">{urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55BF6D3F-2B30-4EB2- BEFE-917532513286}</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[805,1415,516,2077]" box="[805,910,612,637]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[811,902,612,637]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStartId-0="2.[174,239,1317,1342]" captionStartId-1="2.[828,893,553,578]" captionStartId-2="3.[151,218,1638,1663]" captionStartId-3="4.[174,239,710,735]" captionStartId-4="4.[174,239,1727,1752]" captionTargetBox-0="[174,783,129,1300]" captionTargetBox-1="[828,1436,129,541]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1413,129,1612]" captionTargetBox-3="[174,1436,129,696]" captionTargetBox-4="[174,1436,913,1707]" captionTargetId-0="figure-551@2.[174,783,129,1300]" captionTargetId-1="figure-550@2.[825,1439,129,544]" captionTargetId-2="figure-117@3.[151,1413,129,1612]" captionTargetId-3="figure-138@4.[174,1436,129,696]" captionTargetId-4="figure-223@4.[174,1436,913,1707]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionTargetPageId-3="4" captionTargetPageId-4="4" captionText-0="Figure 1. USNM 320729, holotype of AmAZOPs AmAZOPs sp. nov. with head end (top), whole body (middle) and tail end (bottom). Scale bar gradations in mm. Photo by Harry Taylor (Natural History Museum,London)." captionText-1="Figure 2. USNM 320729, holotype of AmAZOPs AmAZOPs sp. nov. in life. Photo by William W.Lamar." captionText-2="Figure 3. CT scan of skull USNM 320729, holotype of AmAZOPs AmAZOPs sp. nov. in dorsal (top), right lateral (middle) and ventral (bottom) views.c = occipital condyle;cf = carotid foramen; ch = choana (internalnostril); cp = canalis primordialis;f = frontal;fm = foramen magnum;m = maxillopalatine; n = nasal;o = os basale;p = parietal; pa = pseudangular;pc = processus condyloides; pd = pseudodentary; pi = processus internus; pm = premaxilla; pt = pterygoid; q = quadrate; r = retroarticular process of the pseudoangular; s = stapes; sc = sagittal crest; sm = septomaxilla; sn = squamosal nothch; sq = squamosal; t = foramen for tentacular ducts; v = vomer." captionText-3="Figure 4. CT scan of tail end of USNM 320729, holotype of AmAZOPs AmAZOPs sp. nov. revealing vertebrae (lef), scales (right) and relationship between scales (green) and vertebrae (orange), in dorsal (top) lateral (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. C = centrum; ha = haemal arch; hs = hyposphene; na = neural arch; ps = parasphene; pz = prezygapophysis; r = rib. Dotted circle highlights the scale free region surrounding the vent." captionText-4="Figure 5. Map showing type locality (black star) of AmAZOPs AmAZOPs sp.nov." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838887" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838885" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838890" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838892" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838894" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5838887/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5838885/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5838890/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5838892/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5838894/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Figs. 1-5</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[805,1415,516,2077]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3434805301" collectingDate="1990-08-16" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Jeremy F. Jacobs & Robert P. Reynolds" country="Ecuador" elevation="1000" latitude="-0.730556" location="Finca Virgen La Dolores" longitude="-77.506944" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" specimenCode="320729" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Orellana" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus box="[843,946,644,669]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Holotype</typeStatus>
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. United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (
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<collectionCode box="[1199,1277,676,701]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">USNM</collectionCode>
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)
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<specimenCode box="[1295,1385,676,701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">320729</specimenCode>
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, a
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<specimenCount box="[806,884,708,733]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" type="female">female</specimenCount>
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collected by
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<collectorName box="[1048,1243,708,733]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Jeremy F. Jacobs</collectorName>
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and
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<collectorName pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Robert P. Reynolds</collectorName>
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from
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387ECFFFD7D0D2418316A8811E613:8EB56021FFFD7D0924F4318A88A8E793" box="[969,1226,740,765]" country="Ecuador" name="Finca Virgen La Dolores" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" stateProvince="Orellana">Finca Virgen La Dolores</location>
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, at
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<locationDeviation pageId="1" pageNumber="28">km 57 sign on Hollin-Loreto Road</locationDeviation>
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(E20),
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<collectingRegion box="[1082,1178,772,797]" country="Ecuador" name="Orellana" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Orellana</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1186,1276,772,797]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, c.
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<geoCoordinate pageId="1" pageNumber="28">0 degrees 43' 50" South</geoCoordinate>
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and
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<geoCoordinate box="[1000,1262,804,829]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">77 degrees 30' 25" West</geoCoordinate>
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,and c.
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<quantity box="[1338,1414,804,829]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1000.0">
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<elevation box="[1338,1414,804,829]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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above sea level,
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<date box="[981,1175,836,861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" value="1990-08-16">
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<collectingDate box="[981,1175,836,861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" value="1990-08-16">16th August 1990</collectingDate>
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</date>
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</materialsCitation>
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. According to the map available at the time (titled "Republica Del Ecuador" and "Compilado Por El Instituto Geografico Militar," Escala 1:1'000.000, published by the Ministerio De Relaciones Exteriores in Quito, Ecuador, dated 9 November 1981), the type locality, which was in the Province of Napo (Orellana having been established in 1998), is in the vicinity of the "Cordillera Galeras" and featured hillsides through cutover forest with abundant epiphytes. The "Hollin-Loreto road" was not on the map but was provided by the driver, Ramiro Donoso. This is shown as E20 on modern maps.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[805,1415,516,2077]" box="[843,1142,1220,1245]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis. As for the genus.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[805,1415,516,2077]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
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Identification. Based on external morphology alone, the new species is readily distinguished from all other rhinatrematids by having very few (less than four) annular grooves interrupted by the vent. Further, the combination of low number of annular grooves (<275) and its uniform colour distinguishes it from all other rhinatrematids except
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<taxonomicName authority="(Rendahl & Vestergren, 1938)" baseAuthorityName="Rendahl & Vestergren" baseAuthorityYear="1938" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Epicrionops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colombianus">
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<emphasis box="[1119,1284,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">E. colombianus</emphasis>
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(Rendahl & Vestergren, 1938)
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</taxonomicName>
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, the only known specimen of which has even fewer annular grooves (<225).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[805,1415,516,2077]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Description of holotype. Good condition, an c. 20 mm midventral longitudinal incision c. 30 mm anterior to tail tip, some open scale pockets, mouth preserved open. Total length 173 mm. Body subcylindrical, mostly somewhat dorsoventrally compressed (at midbody: width 7.3 mm, depth 4.5 mm, circumference 20 mm), less so posteriorly, not compressed (width 4.0 mm, depth 4.0 mm) at level of vent, fairly uniform,narrowing slightly anteriorly and more notably posteriorly. Tail moderately long, 7.6 mm, slightly laterally compressed, 3.0 mm wide and 3.5 mm deep c. half way between vent and tail tip, tapering more strongly in dorsal than in lateral view, tip much more broadly blunt in lateral than in dorsal view, dorsal and ventral margins symmetrical in lateral view, ventral surface not flat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[805,1415,516,2077]" lastBlockId="2.[174,784,1496,2065]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Head 7.0 mm from snout tip to corner of mouth, 9.0 mm from snout tip to first nuchal groove behind corner of mouth, in dorsal view slightly more V- than U-shaped, dorsoventrally compressed, as wide (6.1 mm) and deep (4.9mm) as adjacent nuchal region posteriorly,narrowing gently anteriorly up to about a third of the way between eyes and nares in front of the eyes. In ventral view, lower jaws virtually as wide as head, tip more bluntly rounded than snout anteriorly, mouth marginally subterminal (anterior of mouth to snout tip 0.7 mm). In lateral view, head tapers very gently anterior to eye level, sharply from level of nares, edges of mouth (lips) fairly straight, slightly downturned at corner of mouth, corner of mouth slightly further from top than from bottom of head,lower jaws robust, almost as deep as upper jaws at eye level.</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5838885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5838885/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" startId="2.[828,893,553,578]" targetBox="[828,1436,129,541]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[828,1438,553,609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[828,919,553,578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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USNM 320729, holotype of
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<taxonomicName authority="Wilkinson & Reynolds & Jacobs, 2021" authorityName="amazops" authorityYear="2021" box="[1212,1402,553,577]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Amazops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazops" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[1212,1402,553,577]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">AmAZOPs AmAZOPs</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. in life. Photo by William W. Lamar.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5838887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5838887/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" startId="2.[174,239,1317,1342]" targetBox="[174,783,129,1300]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[173,784,1317,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,265,1317,1342]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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USNM 320729, holotype of
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<taxonomicName authority="Wilkinson & Reynolds & Jacobs, 2021" authorityName="amazops" authorityYear="2021" box="[559,748,1317,1341]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Amazops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazops" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[559,748,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">AmAZOPs AmAZOPs</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. with head end (top), whole body (middle) and tail end (bottom). Scale bar gradations in mm. Photo by Harry Taylor (Natural History Museum, London).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[174,784,1496,2065]" lastBlockId="2.[828,1438,666,2067]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Circular eyes small (diameter 0.4 mm), central grey lens and darker periphery clearly visible through skin, elevated above adjacent skin, equidistant from top of head and lip in lateral view, inset by almost one diameter from outline of head in dorsal view. Tentacular apertures small (0.6 mm) almost horizontal arc-like slits, curving ventrally at their ends, extending anteriorly from the middle (i.e., at three o’clock) of the anterior edge of eye, their margins slightly elevated, the tips of the paired tentacular ducts of each side (leading from the tentacle to the vomeronasal organ) visible through the skin adjacent to the anterior end of the tentacular apertures. Nares small (0.3 mm), subcircular on lef, more tear shaped on right, deeper and broader anteriorly,visible dorsally inset about one and a half diameters from outline of head; in lateral view, slightly closer to tip than to top or bottom of snout; slightly closer to lips (0.7 mm) than are eyes (0.8 mm), visible in anterior but not ventral views. Distance between nares (1.5 mm) half the distance from naris to eye (3.0 mm).</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[828,1438,666,2067]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Teeth pointing posteriorly (at angles of 30˚ to 45˚ from the jaws), not strongly recurved, bicuspid, anterior and posterior teeth of each series smaller than those in between, none hypertrophied, outer mandibular (“dentary”) teeth (36) generally a little larger than opposing premaxillary-maxillary teeth (42) and vomeropalatine teeth (40), inner mandibular (“splenial”) teeth (24) a little smaller. Curvature of premaxillarymaxillary tooth series following that of upper lip, vomeropalatine tooth series straighter except anteriorly, extending slightly (about three teeth on each side) beyond the last premaxillary-maxillary teeth, distance between upper series narrowing posteriorly, maximal laterally (about the level of half way between the eye and the naris). Inner mandibular tooth series straightening a little anteromedially, much shorter than the outer mandibular series, about one quarter of the length of the outer mandibular tooth series (about six teeth on each side) posterior to the last inner mandibular teeth.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[828,1438,666,2067]" lastBlockId="3.[153,762,1883,2068]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Based on the CT scan there are nine premaxillary teeth (five right, four lef), 33 maxillary teeth (17 right, 16 lef) for a total of 42 premaxillary-maxillary teeth, 13 vomerine (six right, seven lef) and 26 palatinal teeth (12 right, 14 lef, two on each side posterior to the last maxillary teeth) for a total of 39 vomeropalatine teeth, 37 outer mandibular teeth (19 right, 18 left) and 22 symmetrically disposed inner mandibular teeth, with seven (right) and eight (left) outer mandibular teeth behind the level of the last inner mandibular teeth. Although not identical, numbers of teeth determined from CT scans are reassuringly similar to direct counts.</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838890" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5838890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5838890/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" startId="3.[151,218,1638,1663]" targetBox="[151,1413,129,1612]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[151,1414,1638,1822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,244,1638,1663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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CT scan of skull USNM 320729, holotype of
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<taxonomicName authority="Wilkinson & Reynolds & Jacobs, 2021" authorityName="amazops" authorityYear="2021" box="[712,907,1638,1662]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Amazops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="3" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazops" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[712,907,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">AmAZOPs AmAZOPs</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in dorsal (top), right lateral (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. c = occipital condyle; cf = carotid foramen; ch = choana (internal nostril); cp = canalis primordialis; f = frontal; fm = foramen magnum; m = maxillopalatine; n = nasal; o = os basale; p = parietal; pa = pseudangular; pc = processus condyloides; pd = pseudodentary; pi = processus internus; pm = premaxilla; pt = pterygoid; q = quadrate; r = retroarticular process of the pseudoangular; s = stapes; sc = sagittal crest; sm = septomaxilla; sn = squamosal nothch; sq = squamosal; t = foramen for tentacular ducts; v = vomer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[153,762,1883,2068]" lastBlockId="3.[805,1414,1883,2068]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Tongue with more or less longitudinal plicae over entire surface, margin free not covering any inner mandibular teeth, sides forming an angle of c. 100° anteriorly. Choanae elongate, much longer than wide, distance between them more than eight times their maximal transverse diameters, posterior limit about level with middle of the eye. Palate without plicae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[805,1414,1883,2068]" lastBlockId="5.[151,761,132,2077]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">First groove in the collar region (interpreted as first nuchal groove) poorly marked on dorsum and dorsolaterally, not visible in ventral view. Second nuchal groove faint dorsally, pale and clearly marked laterally and ventrally.Third nuchal groove complete,bows slightly anteromedially on the dorsum and resembles subsequent annular grooves. First nuchal collar much shorter (1.2 mm) than the second (4.5 mm). Four regularly spaced dorsal transverse grooves on second collar bowing slightly anteromedially and of slightly increasing length all ending dorsolaterally. Behind the collars 247 annular grooves,those in the first third and last sixth orthoplicate, otherwise slightly angulate (curving posteromedially) on venter except last complete annular groove before the vent which curves anteromedially mirroring the anterior limit of the disc. First and last (c. 15-20) annuli are a little longer than others. Annular grooves are complete ventrally except for two interrupted by the vent and disc, tail (area behind the vent) with ten complete and one (the last) dorsoventrally incomplete annular grooves.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838892" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5838892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5838892/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" startId="4.[174,239,710,735]" targetBox="[174,1436,129,696]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[173,1437,710,830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,265,710,735]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
CT scan of tail end of USNM 320729, holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Wilkinson & Reynolds & Jacobs, 2021" authorityName="amazops" authorityYear="2021" box="[774,963,710,734]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Amazops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazops" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[774,963,710,734]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">AmAZOPs AmAZOPs</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. revealing vertebrae (lef), scales (right) and relationship between scales (green) and vertebrae (orange), in dorsal (top) lateral (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. C = centrum; ha = haemal arch; hs = hyposphene; na = neural arch; ps = parasphene; pz = prezygapophysis; r = rib. Dotted circle highlights the scale free region surrounding the vent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838894" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5838894" box="[174,943,1727,1752]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5838894/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" startId="4.[174,239,1727,1752]" targetBox="[174,1436,913,1707]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[174,943,1727,1752]" box="[174,943,1727,1752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,263,1727,1752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Map showing type locality (black star) of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Wilkinson & Reynolds & Jacobs, 2021" authorityName="amazops" authorityYear="2021" box="[673,861,1727,1751]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Amazops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazops" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[673,861,1727,1751]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">AmAZOPs AmAZOPs</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,761,132,2077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
A single row of small subcircular scales present in shallow pockets (about one quarter the length of a midbody annulus) below the dorsal transverse grooves on the second nuchal collar. At midbody and posteriorly, scales occur in two well-defined rows, a posterior row of larger scales (e.g., 1.1 x 1.0 mm) and an anterior row of slightly smaller scales, in pockets about as deep as the length of an annulus at midbody, about one and a half times the length of an annulus posteriorly. Additional scattered scales may lie below (posterior to) the row of larger scales. The two rows of scales in posterior annuli can be clearly discerned in the CT scan of the tail end (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[174,239,710,735]" captionTargetBox="[174,1436,129,696]" captionTargetId="figure-138@4.[174,1436,129,696]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. CT scan of tail end of USNM 320729, holotype of AmAZOPs AmAZOPs sp. nov. revealing vertebrae (lef), scales (right) and relationship between scales (green) and vertebrae (orange), in dorsal (top) lateral (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. C = centrum; ha = haemal arch; hs = hyposphene; na = neural arch; ps = parasphene; pz = prezygapophysis; r = rib. Dotted circle highlights the scale free region surrounding the vent." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5838892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5838892/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), which reveals that apart from the last rows, scales mostly form complete transverse rings around the body and tail except where these and the associated annuli are interrupted by the vent. Scales in a single row overlap with their neighbours. Midventral scales are superficial to the proximal edges of the adjacent scales on each side, the distal edges of which are superficial to the proximal edges of the succeeding adjacent scale and so on until some mid-dorsal scale with edges that are deep to both its neighbours. Successive scale rows are offset in a brick layout (i.e., shifed half a scale in the transverse direction).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,761,132,2077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Vent slightly longitudinal, bordered by an irregular array of partially subdivided denticulations, perhaps two pairs and one posteromedial denticulations posteriorly, posterior denticulations pigmented and glandular like the adjacent skin especially peripherally, anterior denticulations, pale, with shorter interdenticular grooves. There is no disc other than what is delimited by the denticulations around the vent, approximately eggshaped with the narrow apex anterior formed by the unpigmented denticulations. No indication of papillae. Very small ovarian eggs (largest c. 0.8 mm diameter) are visible towards the front of the ventral incision.There are no melanophores in the viscera.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,761,132,2077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Almost uniformly dark, brownish lavender, slightly paler on the head, more so on throat. Pale areas around eye, a slightly paler snout tip encompassing nares. Pale, narrow, faint paramandibular stripes (inset from lips) on ventral surface of head, distinctive pale second nuchal groove on ventral collar region. Paler around vent, especially anteriorly. Annular grooves with a light posterior margin and typically slightly longer anterior dark, aglandular area.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,761,132,2077]" lastBlockId="5.[805,1415,132,893]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Other than the osteological features that distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Wilkinson & Reynolds & Jacobs, 2021" authorityName="amazops" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,377,1668,1692]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Amazops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazops" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,377,1668,1692]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Amazops amazops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[393,492,1668,1693]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1843" box="[153,280,1700,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[153,280,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Rhinatrema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1883" box="[330,454,1700,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Epicrionops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[330,454,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Epicrionops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the skull and mandibles are typically rhinatrematid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nussbaum, R. A." box="[408,598,1732,1757]" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 30" part="682" refId="ref5575" refString="Nussbaum, R. A. (1977) Rhinatrematidae: A new family of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 682, 1 - 30." title="Rhinatrematidae: A new family of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)" type="journal article" year="1977">Nussbaum, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus they are zygokrotaphic, with the characteristic squamosal notch and associated process of the os basale and medial parietal ridges providing part of the origin of the primary adductor musculature. There are separate septomaxillae but prefrontals and postfrontals are lacking. The os basale forms a continuous bony dorsal margin of the foramen magnum and a well-developed parasphenoidal rostrum separates the vomers. The retroarticular processes of the mandibles are relatively short and straight, not curving medially or dorsally. Different from what has been reported for other rhinatrematids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nussbaum, R. A." box="[1213,1411,132,157]" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 30" part="682" refId="ref5575" refString="Nussbaum, R. A. (1977) Rhinatrematidae: A new family of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 682, 1 - 30." title="Rhinatrematidae: A new family of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)" type="journal article" year="1977">Nussbaum, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Reiss, J." box="[806,933,164,189]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="27 - 39" part="30" refId="ref5653" refString="Reiss, J. (1996). Palatal metamorphosis in basal caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) as evidence for lissamphibian monophyly. Journal of Herpetology 30, 27 - 39." title="Palatal metamorphosis in basal caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) as evidence for lissamphibian monophyly" type="journal article" year="1996">Reiss, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the pterygoids are large and single on each side with posterodorsal processes closely adpressed to the quadrates and there is no indication of any pterygoid process of the quadrate. There are 77 vertebrae of which the last seven are entirely posterior to the vent and differ from more anterior vertebrae in bearing some indication of haemal arches associated with the parasphenes. Bony ribs are absent from the last four of these caudal vertebrae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[805,1415,132,893]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Remarks. That the species is known from a single specimen is sufficient reason to suggest that the IUCN conservation status of the species should be data deficient. Effort is needed to identify populations of this distinctive lineage as a precursor to any meaningful study of its natural history. Based on it being a rhinatrematid it is assumed that it will share the reproductive mode of the other rhinatrematids, as far as is known, in being oviparous with an aquatic larval stage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="San Mauro, D. & Gower, D. J. & Muller, H. & Loader, S. P. & Zardoya, R. & Nussbaum, R. A. & Wilkinson, M." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="177 - 189" part="73" refId="ref5686" refString="San Mauro, D., Gower, D. J., Muller, H., Loader, S. P., Zardoya, R., Nussbaum, R. A. & Wilkinson, M. (2014) Life-history evolution and mitogenomic phylogeny of caecilian amphibians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 73, 177 - 189. DOI: 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.01.009" title="Life-history evolution and mitogenomic phylogeny of caecilian amphibians" type="journal article" year="2014">San Mauro et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Muller, H." box="[872,1011,740,765]" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Biodiversity" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="98 - 108" part="6" refId="ref5539" refString="Muller, H. (2020) Development and demography of larval Epicrionops bicolor (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Rhinatrematidae), Neotropical Biodiversity 6, 98 - 108. DOI: 10.1080 / 23766808.2020.1756131]" title="Development and demography of larval Epicrionops bicolor (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Rhinatrematidae)" type="journal article" year="2020">Müller, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and thus being dependent on water bodies for its reproduction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[805,1415,132,893]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Etymology. As for the genus. For nomenclatural purposes the specific epithet is considered to be a genderless noun in apposition.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |