245 lines
34 KiB
XML
245 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="FB5DE811522EF19B92B401C8EE244431" ID-CLB-Dataset="55246" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="95de53d6-ac5c-424e-a3ed-087bc2e2912b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8090240" ID-ZooBank="C6664128-1B4E-40C8-80E8-6D09AB49CB30" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1687949290506" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2023" docId="03C387E8661AFFC8FF68E7CF838FFA21" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5310.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5310 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Solasteridae Viguier 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="FFFAFF906631FFE3FFFFE7588613FFBB" masterDocTitle="New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1699530808066" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="A9AB8F21DA5BE58F437E30694CEE9367" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="5A9F95018035F3C817F812A0B12BE0C8">
|
||
<mods:title id="84B3C7F86C08C91F7D4D951EC1208BF6">New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="6D5DCAD431B99DE5F62241CA3ACB789F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="14E1558222F418BF4BF298DC259F5559">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3FC8ADD7CF5E15FDD32573D6B37335B0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="20A85121E85D4EB06EB61A868D77C331">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="FB5980581E5255D2FA96BF906E103881">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="78BC0217B541053AC6288F4154CAF0C2" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="48ABF69C7F4E3F3AD272589555E194DE">
|
||
<mods:title id="1DD10B8BA398DD1F99F41DB80303D76C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="0565B62D1846BDEC423B867AAF483F51">
|
||
<mods:date id="9B085C5DFED22C07399544685C8CB859">2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="9F5A7D7421F03BC16D89F58BF4A2804D" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="05F1FDCAAC9757D978F5F8088D098E63">2023-06-27</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="A5C2B0B0D203EC7262F3EE16D822C201" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="553E1DF186C90414C9E867049311FD25">5310</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="619A493D9B3DB5BCA05F3F52B3B4CDF4" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="FF13F31B7FD1760BF391CF095675724A">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="8626642BBC2FB9078DBCEAD7EFD9CF41" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="0FFD54E8AA29D524A8AA11A612026E09">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="4A9DED3055CBC36F4F14DDA72A97AE92">88</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="2B8C28407C2B2C077DADF506F9CA27D6">
|
||
<mods:url id="7DF522E882B729588F1143D027609CCC">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="2791FB27E9294FB9FFE43DB546F7044C">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="65CEF1712862D25C22D643A2D101E171" type="CLB-Dataset">55246</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="32FE6D5828C311B6EE5C0E8012159144" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="798B60507AE07AC7A84C2D72D69941B2" type="GBIF-Dataset">95de53d6-ac5c-424e-a3ed-087bc2e2912b</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B97242BF458661FAD5BD3B68A4ECFD25" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4A8A90B26C896F707FC46CF7AC8D9538" type="Zenodo-Dep">8090240</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="745A3CBDCBCA45FB90027CA62CDC3E65" type="ZooBank">C6664128-1B4E-40C8-80E8-6D09AB49CB30</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03C387E8661AFFC8FF68E7CF838FFA21" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092140" ID-GBIF-Taxon="210479586" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8092140" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387E8661AFFC8FF68E7CF838FFA21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E8661AFFC8FF68E7CF838FFA21" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3706575661AFFC8FF68E7CF843BFF0A" box="[151,552,151,177]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661AFFC8FF68E7CF843BFF0A" blockId="43.[151,552,151,177]" box="[151,552,151,177]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FF68E7CF843BFF0A" ID-CoL="7NL36" ID-ENA="7596" authority="Viguier, 1878" authorityName="Viguier" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,552,151,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FF68E7CF843BFF0A" bold="true" box="[151,552,151,177]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
SOLASTERIDAE
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FE7BE7CF843BFF0A" author="Viguier, C." box="[388,552,151,177]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="681 - 683" refId="ref64502" refString="Viguier, C. (1878) Classification des Stellerides. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences, 86, 681 - 683." type="journal article" year="1878">Viguier, 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3706575661AFFC8FF68E7878377FC56" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661AFFC8FF68E787870BFF42" blockId="43.[151,1437,223,1005]" box="[151,280,223,249]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FF68E787870BFF42" bold="true" box="[151,280,223,249]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Comments</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661AFFC8FF38E65B82C7FD3E" blockId="43.[151,1437,223,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FF04E65B8797FEA6" authorityName="Viguier" authorityYear="1878" box="[251,388,259,285]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Solasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are among the most visible among Antarctic asteroids, including genera, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FAD4E65B873AFEFA" authority="Verrill, 1878" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FAD4E65B838EFEA6" box="[1323,1437,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Lophaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FF68E67F873AFEFA" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[151,297,295,321]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="91 - 96" refId="ref64036" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1878) Art. XX. Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. No. 1. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 3, 16, 91 - 96 + 207 - 215. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 16.93.207" type="journal article" year="1878">Verrill, 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FE96E67F84B6FEFA" authority="Fisher, 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[361,677,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FE96E67F8418FEFA" box="[361,523,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FDE9E67F84B6FEFA" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[534,677,295,321]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which includes among the largest species [e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FB19E67F8757FEDE" authority="Koehler, 1912 b" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1912" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FB19E67F838EFEFA" box="[1254,1437,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Lophaster gaini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FF68E6138757FEDE" author="Koehler, R." box="[151,324,331,357]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="151 - 163" refId="ref59430" refString="Koehler, R. (1912 b) Echinoderms nouveaux recueillis dans les mers antarctiques par le " Pourquoi Pas? " (Asterias, Ophiures et Echinides). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 39 (4), 151 - 163." type="journal article" year="1912">Koehler, 1912b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
up to R=
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B661AFFC8FE52E61387ECFEDD" box="[429,511,331,358]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="cm" value="8.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="8.0">8–9 cm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FDCAE613820CFEDE" authority="(Koehler, 1912 a)" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[565,1055,331,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FDCAE6138548FEDE" box="[565,859,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Paralophaster antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FC96E6138204FEDE" author="Koehler, R." box="[873,1047,331,357]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 277" refId="ref59374" refString="Koehler, R. (1912 a) Echinodermes (Asteries, Ophiures et Echinides). In: Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique Francaise 1908 - 1910 J. Charcot. Masson et cie, Paris, pp. 1 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85347" type="book chapter" year="1912">Koehler, 1912a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
up to R=16.0 cm] in the Southern Ocean. Solasterids, which historically included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FD50E637852BFE32" box="[687,824,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" genus="Cuenotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FD50E637852BFE32" box="[687,824,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cuenotaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
until 2011, are among the more regularly documented asteroid taxa reported in monographs of Antarctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FD3AE6CB852DFE16" baseAuthorityName="Mah & Blake" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[709,830,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Asteroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FC7BE6CB8218FE16" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[900,1035,403,429]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FBE8E6CB82ACFE16" author="Koehler, R." box="[1047,1215,403,429]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 277" refId="ref59374" refString="Koehler, R. (1912 a) Echinodermes (Asteries, Ophiures et Echinides). In: Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique Francaise 1908 - 1910 J. Charcot. Masson et cie, Paris, pp. 1 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85347" type="book chapter" year="1912">Koehler 1912a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FB36E6CB8302FE16" author="Koehler, R." box="[1225,1297,403,429]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="151 - 163" refId="ref59430" refString="Koehler, R. (1912 b) Echinoderms nouveaux recueillis dans les mers antarctiques par le " Pourquoi Pas? " (Asterias, Ophiures et Echinides). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 39 (4), 151 - 163." type="journal article" year="1912">1912b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FAE2E6CB834BFE16" author="Koehler, R." box="[1309,1368,403,429]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref59531" refString="Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata: Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380" type="journal article" year="1920">1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FF68E6EF8704FE6A" author="Clark, A. M." box="[151,279,439,465]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="68 - 70" refId="ref56254" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">Clark 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; H.E.S.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FE8CE6EF87E1FE6A" author="Clark, H. E. S." box="[371,498,439,465]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref56491" refString="Clark, H. E. S. (1963) The Fauna of the Ross Sea. Part 3. Asteroidea. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin, 151, 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="1963">Clark 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), implying they are significant members of the benthic community at high-latitudes. It is surprising that so little has been documented regarding their basic biology, including feeding habits and other ecological information, especially given that where solasterids have been studied (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FB9CE6A78344FDA2" authority="Forbes, 1839" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1839" box="[1123,1367,511,537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Solaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FB9CE6A782ACFDA2" box="[1123,1215,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Solaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FB3AE6A78344FDA2" author="Forbes, E." box="[1221,1367,511,537]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="114 - 129" refId="ref58008" refString="Forbes, E. (1839) On the Asteriadae of the Irish Sea. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh, 8, 114 - 129." type="journal article" year="1839">
|
||
Forbes,
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B661AFFC8FAE0E6A78344FDA2" box="[1311,1367,511,537]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.67106" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="1839.0">1839</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Pacific Northwest), they are important predators, playing significant roles in community structure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FB15E57B872CFDDA" author="Van Veldhuizen, H. D. & Oakes, V. J." pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="214 - 220" refId="ref63972" refString="Van Veldhuizen, H. D. & Oakes, V. J. (1981) Behavioral responses of seven species of asteroids to the asteroid predator, Solaster dawsoni (responses of asteroids to the predator Solaster dawsoni). Oecologia, 48 (2), 214 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00347967" type="journal article" year="1981">Van Veldhuizen & Oakes 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among Antarctic solasterids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FD5FE51F8547FDDA" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1912" box="[672,852,583,609]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FD5FE51F8547FDDA" box="[672,852,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Lophaster gaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a predator on Antarctic scallops (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FB14E51F8387FDDA" author="Berkman, P. A." box="[1259,1428,583,609]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref55422" refString="Berkman, P. A. (1988) Ecology of the Circumpolar Antarctic Scallop, Adamussium colbecki (Smith, 1902). Doctoral Dissertation, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, 215 pp." type="book" year="1988">Berkman 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FF38E533879CFD3E" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[199,399,619,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Solaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FF38E533879CFD3E" box="[199,399,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Solaster regularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a predator on sea stars and other echinoderms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FC42E53382DBFD3E" author="Mutschke, E. & Mah, C." box="[957,1224,619,645]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref61997" refString="Mutschke, E. & Mah, C. (2009) Asteroidea-Starfish. In: Haussermann, V. & F ˆ rsterra, G. (Eds.), Marine Benthic Fauna of Chilean Patagonia. Nature in Focus, Santiago, Chile, 1000 pp." type="book" year="2009">Mutschke & Mah 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661AFFC8FF38E5D78467FD4A" blockId="43.[151,1437,223,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FF06E5D78791FD12" authorityName="Viguier" authorityYear="1878" box="[249,386,655,681]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Solasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been most recently placed within the Valvatacea with molecular phylogenetic overviews reaffirming their relationship with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FDAEE5EB84C1FD76" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[593,722,691,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and related groups such as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FBBAE5EB82D3FD76" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[1093,1216,691,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ganeriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now a subfamily) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FF60E58F8793FD4A" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." box="[159,384,727,753]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FE73E58F847BFD4A" author="Mah, C. & Fujita, T." box="[396,616,727,753]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref60716" refString="Mah, C. & Fujita, T. (2020) New species and occurrence records of Japanese Solasteridae and Ganeriidae including a new species of Paralophaster from the North Pacific with an overview of Hyalinothrix. Zootaxa, 4750 (1), 67 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4750.1.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah & Fujita 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661AFFC8FF38E5A38377FC56" blockId="43.[151,1437,223,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Solasterids are diverse at high-latitude settings, including 11 species in four genera,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FB88E5A38386FCAE" box="[1143,1429,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FB88E5A382FBFCAE" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[1143,1256,763,789]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Lophaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FB0CE5A38386FCAE" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1267,1429,763,789]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Paralophaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FF68E44786E0FC82" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,243,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Solaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FF68E44786E0FC82" box="[151,243,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Solaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FECDE4478428FC82" authority="(Mah 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Mah" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[306,571,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FECDE44787B9FC82" box="[306,426,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Crossaster</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FE46E4478421FC82" author="Mah, C. L." box="[441,562,799,825]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref60447" refString="Mah, C. L. (2021) World Asteroidea Database. Solasteridae Viguier, 1878. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / asteroidea / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 123143 (accessed 15 November 2022)" type="url" year="2021">Mah 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among significant changes to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FC37E4478242FC82" authorityName="Viguier" authorityYear="1878" box="[968,1105,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Solasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from this region, A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FAA1E44786F1FCE6" author="Clark, A. M." pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="68 - 70" refId="ref56254" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">Clark (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized the Antarctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FDE1E41C8533FCE6" authority="Fisher 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[542,800,835,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Myoraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FDE1E41C8480FCE6" box="[542,659,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Myoraster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FD65E41B8533FCE6" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[666,800,835,861]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FC9FE41B8211FCE6" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[864,1026,835,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FC9FE41B8211FCE6" box="[864,1026,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FBC6E41B82D5FCE6" box="[1081,1222,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FBC6E41B82D1FCE6" box="[1081,1218,835,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" genus="Cuenotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Cuenotaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
historically placed within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FEEFE43F878AFC3A" authorityName="Viguier" authorityYear="1878" box="[272,409,871,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Solasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was moved to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FD91E43F84FAFC3A" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[622,745,871,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ganeriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on molecular data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FBEEE43F82E5FC3A" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." box="[1041,1270,871,897]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FF68E4D38733FC1E" authorityName="Viguier" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,288,907,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Solasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are now known to occur widely, with occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FC9CE4D385C8FC1E" baseAuthorityName="Mah" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[867,987,907,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FC9CE4D385C8FC1E" box="[867,987,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Crossaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FC17E4D38316FC1E" box="[1000,1285,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FC17E4D3824AFC1E" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[1000,1113,907,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Lophaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FB9CE4D38316FC1E" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1123,1285,907,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Paralophaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FABFE4D3838FFC1E" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1839" box="[1344,1436,907,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Solaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FABFE4D3838FFC1E" box="[1344,1436,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Solaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in both the northern and southern hemispheres.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FD40E4F78572FC72" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[703,865,943,969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FD40E4F78572FC72" box="[703,865,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which had previously recorded exclusively from Antarctic and adjacent regions, has been recorded from deep-sea, North Pacific settings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FB85E48B834BFC56" author="Mah, C. & Fujita, T." box="[1146,1368,979,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref60716" refString="Mah, C. & Fujita, T. (2020) New species and occurrence records of Japanese Solasteridae and Ganeriidae including a new species of Paralophaster from the North Pacific with an overview of Hyalinothrix. Zootaxa, 4750 (1), 67 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4750.1.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah & Fujita 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3706575661AFFC8FF68E367838FFA21" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="key">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661AFFC8FF68E36784C8FBE2" blockId="43.[151,1436,1087,1171]" box="[151,731,1087,1113]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FF68E36784C8FBE2" bold="true" box="[151,731,1087,1113]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Key to the Genera of High-Latitude
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FDB6E36784C8FBE2" ID-CoL="7NL36" authorityName="Viguier" authorityYear="1878" box="[585,731,1087,1113]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Solasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661AFFC8FF68E338838FFB29" blockId="43.[151,1436,1087,1171]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">(0) Arms 5, exceptionally 6................................................................................ (1) (0’) Multiple arms (7–12)................................................................................. (2)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661AFFC8FF68E3E0838FFAB3" blockId="43.[151,1436,1208,1289]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
(1) Superomarginal plates well-developed and morphologically distinct from adjacent abactinal paxillae, present at base of inferomarginal plates.................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FB43E38D838FFB51" ID-CoL="7PCBR" authority="Verrill, 1878" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[1212,1436,1237,1259]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FB43E38D830EFB51" box="[1212,1309,1237,1258]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Lophaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FADCE38D838FFB51" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[1315,1436,1237,1259]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="91 - 96" refId="ref64036" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1878) Art. XX. Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. No. 1. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 3, 16, 91 - 96 + 207 - 215. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 16.93.207" type="journal article" year="1878">Verrill, 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1’) Superomarginal plates weakly developed, similar or indistinguishable from abactinal paxillae....
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FB6AE3AB838FFAB3" ID-CoL="7PPR7" authority="Fisher, 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1173,1436,1267,1289]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FB6AE3AB8333FAB3" box="[1173,1312,1267,1288]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FADAE3AB838FFAB3" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1317,1436,1267,1289]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661AFFC8FF68E275838FFADB" blockId="43.[151,1437,1325,1435]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
(2) Abactinal skeleton reticulate, irregular with wide, open. Paxillae widely spaced with needle-like spinelets. Multiple papulae (>10 present between skin filled plates).......................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FBC9E213838FFADB" ID-CoL="7NTTC" authority="Muller & Troschel, 1840 a" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[1078,1436,1355,1377]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FBC9E213828EFADB" box="[1078,1181,1355,1376]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Crossaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FB5CE213838FFADB" author="Muller, J. & Troschel, F. H." box="[1187,1436,1355,1377]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="100 - 106" refId="ref61931" refString="Muller, J. & Troschel, F. H. (1840 a) [untitled]. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1840, 100 - 106." type="journal article" year="1840">Müller & Troschel, 1840a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661AFFC8FF68E230838FFA21" blockId="43.[151,1437,1325,1435]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
(2’) Abactinal plates more closely arranged, fenestrate. Paxillae more closely arranged with shorter spinelets. One or two papulae present within pores on abactinal skeleton..................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661AFFC8FB35E2DD838FFA21" ID-CoL="7PZV5" authority="Forbes, 1839" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1839" box="[1226,1436,1413,1435]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Solaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661AFFC8FB35E2DD830AFA21" box="[1226,1305,1413,1434]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Solaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661AFFC8FAE0E2DD838FFA21" author="Forbes, E." box="[1311,1436,1413,1435]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="114 - 129" refId="ref58008" refString="Forbes, E. (1839) On the Asteriadae of the Irish Sea. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh, 8, 114 - 129." type="journal article" year="1839">Forbes, 1839</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |