323 lines
42 KiB
XML
323 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document id="C45E60BA197A1C02ECE2F862872CD1B7" ID-DOI="10.4202/app.00304.2016" ID-ISSN="1732-2421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10626457" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="karina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="karina" IM.tables_approvedBy="karina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1707249326414" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Breton, Gérard, Wisshak, Max, Néraudeau, Didier & Morel, Nicolas" docDate="2017" docId="03C22917FF81AE3CFC86AE603B957D4F" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolPol.62.1.45-57.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.00304.2016" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E.4:ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus Breton and Wisshak 2017, isp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="AC1008BC-5224-409B-9B9D-40D54D4761E5" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FFFB516FFF87AE35FFD8AC1B39117957" masterDocTitle="Parasitic gastropod bioerosion trace fossil on Cenomanian oysters from Le Mans, France and its ichnologic and taphonomic context" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1713553412046" updateUser="karina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E96B5140F6DBAFECC6B9C4C4BEEEC0B5">Parasitic gastropod bioerosion trace fossil on Cenomanian oysters from Le Mans, France and its ichnologic and taphonomic context</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E418050F60EDEAB39C89AFC472C8F942">Breton, Gérard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E7012046FFE6B8C9576C28A9F9813789">Wisshak, Max</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="982CDA98BA66AD5D97AF0BC8C4FB6239">Néraudeau, Didier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DEEA515884A6627DE9B3226871C593AF">Morel, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6A31CB3752A3845B1072A8206A6D4FE4">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B9432C5DBC3D0C2580A99D1B734C449A">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="100460FD0B574999B900852D9BD4F751">2016-11-16</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C22917FF81AE3CFC86AE603B957D4F" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AC1008BC-5224-409B-9B9D-40D54D4761E5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C22917FF81AE3CFC86AE603B957D4F" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection id="C371CB8AFF81AE33FC86AE603AD87BEB" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD49801FF81AE33FC86AE603AD87BEB" blockId="6.[862,1507,635,700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
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<heading id="D09C2F6DFF81AE33FC86AE603AD87BEB" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF81AE33FC86AE603CF27BC0" authority="Breton and Wisshak" authorityName="Breton and Wisshak" authorityYear="2017" box="[862,1507,635,663]" class="Gastropoda" family="Oichnidae" genus="Loxolenichnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellatocinctus" status="isp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FC86AE603DC87BC0" box="[862,1241,635,663]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus</emphasis>
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Breton and Wisshak
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22CF968FF81AE33FC86AEBB3AD87BEB" box="[862,969,672,700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" rank="species">isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C371CB8AFF81AE3CFC86AED73B957D4F" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD49801FF81AE33FC86AED73AAD7BB6" blockId="6.[862,956,716,737]" box="[862,956,716,737]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
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<figureCitation id="13508484FF81AE33FC86AED73AB17BB6" box="[862,928,716,737]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1668,1688]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-210@7.[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion and perforation trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.244, holotype, Marnes à Pycnodonte biauriculata Formation, Upper Cenomanian, Lycée Bellevue earthmoving works, Le Mans, Sarthe Department, France; on LV of Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum (Lamarck, 1801). A. Entire LV shell with the arrow showing the perforation. B. LV (viewed from inside), the arrow shows the opening of the perforation on the inner side of the shell, diascopic illumination. Outer (C) and inner (D) sides of the shell, close-ups of the perforation, the dashed line delimitates approximately the course of the perforation through the shell, diascopic illumination. E. Positive X-ray print of the perforation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626467/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13508484FF81AE33FC72AED73AA97BB6" box="[938,952,716,737]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1644,1664]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,161,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-200@8.[153,1534,161,1616]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.346 and MHNLM 2015.2.347, paratypes; lower Campanian Inoceramus lingua–Goniotheuthis quadrata Zone, quarry near Höver, Germany. A. Outer side of an oyster valve, accommodating two specimens of L. stellatocinctus (arrows). B. Close-up of the two specimens and the multiple perforations. C. Inner side of the oyster valve showing two of the perforations reaching the adductor muscle pad. Outer (D) and inner (E) sides of an oyster valve with a marginal L. stellatocinctus. F. Close-up of D, note the two concentric stellate rims and the marginal notch." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626469/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">6</figureCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF81AE33FC86AEE33AB27A12" blockId="6.[862,1534,760,837]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
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||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FC86AEE33ADD7A5A" box="[862,972,760,781]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Etymology:</emphasis>
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||
From the Latin
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<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FBA9AEE33DD07A5A" box="[1137,1217,760,781]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">stellatus</emphasis>
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||
, star-shaped, and
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||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FAADAEE33CA87A5A" box="[1397,1465,760,781]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">cinctus</emphasis>
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, encircled; allusion to the stellate groove surrounding the central perforation(s).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF81AE33FC86AF4A3AF67A80" blockId="6.[862,1536,849,983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FC86AF4A3AF77A31" box="[862,998,849,870]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Type material</emphasis>
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||
:
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<materialsCitation id="3B03925CFF81AE33FC2FAF4A3C9C7A31" box="[1015,1421,849,870]" collectionCode="MHNLM" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="MHNLM 2015.2.244" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<typeStatus id="54D026A3FF81AE33FC2FAF4A3D457A31" box="[1015,1108,849,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
:
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||
<specimenCode id="DBCD307AFF81AE33FBB9AF4A3C257A31" box="[1121,1332,849,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">MHNLM 2015.2.244</specimenCode>
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||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13508484FF81AE33FA9DAF4A3C957A31" box="[1349,1412,849,870]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1668,1688]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-210@7.[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion and perforation trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.244, holotype, Marnes à Pycnodonte biauriculata Formation, Upper Cenomanian, Lycée Bellevue earthmoving works, Le Mans, Sarthe Department, France; on LV of Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum (Lamarck, 1801). A. Entire LV shell with the arrow showing the perforation. B. LV (viewed from inside), the arrow shows the opening of the perforation on the inner side of the shell, diascopic illumination. Outer (C) and inner (D) sides of the shell, close-ups of the perforation, the dashed line delimitates approximately the course of the perforation through the shell, diascopic illumination. E. Positive X-ray print of the perforation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626467/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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||
)
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B03925CFF81AE33FA43AF4A3D4A7AD4" collectionCode="MHNLM" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="MHNLM 2015.2.346" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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||
<typeStatus id="54D026A3FF81AE33FA43AF4A3CED7A31" box="[1435,1532,849,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
:
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||
<specimenCode id="DBCD307AFF81AE33FC86AF753D3E7AD4" box="[862,1071,878,899]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">MHNLM 2015.2.346</specimenCode>
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||
and
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B03925CFF81AE33FBBCAF753AF27A80" collectionCode="MHNLM" country="Germany" county="Hover" location="lower Campanian" municipality="Zone" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="MHNLM 2015.2" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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||
<specimenCode id="DBCD307AFF81AE33FBBCAF753C007AD4" box="[1124,1297,878,899]" collectionCode="MHNLM" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">MHNLM 2015.2</specimenCode>
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.347, ex collection Peter Girod. Two oyster valves from the
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<location id="8EB4CEDAFF81AE33FB6BAF913C4F7AC8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C22917FF81AE3CFC86AE603B957D4F:8EB4CEDAFF81AE33FB6BAF913C4F7AC8" box="[1203,1374,906,927]" country="Germany" county="Hover" municipality="Zone" name="lower Campanian" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">lower Campanian</location>
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||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FABDAF913D627AEC" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF81AE33FABDAF913A937AEC" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1835" class="Bivalvia" family="Inoceramidae" genus="Inoceramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myalinida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lingua">Inoceramus lingua</taxonomicName>
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||
–
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||
<location id="8EB4CEDAFF81AE33FC57AFBD3D077AEC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C22917FF81AE3CFC86AE603B957D4F:8EB4CEDAFF81AE33FC57AFBD3D077AEC" box="[911,1046,934,955]" country="Germany" county="Hover" municipality="Zone" name="Goniotheuthis" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Goniotheuthis</location>
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quadrata
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB0027BFF81AE33FBA0AFBD3DBD7AEC" box="[1144,1196,934,955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Zone</collectingMunicipality>
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||
, found in a quarry near
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<collectingCounty id="62B5E08DFF81AE33FA55AFBD3CDA7AEC" box="[1421,1483,934,955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Höver</collectingCounty>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F37CD891FF81AE33FA0BAFBD3A827A80" name="Germany" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13508484FF81AE33FC78AFD93ACA7A80" box="[928,987,962,983]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1644,1664]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,161,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-200@8.[153,1534,161,1616]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.346 and MHNLM 2015.2.347, paratypes; lower Campanian Inoceramus lingua–Goniotheuthis quadrata Zone, quarry near Höver, Germany. A. Outer side of an oyster valve, accommodating two specimens of L. stellatocinctus (arrows). B. Close-up of the two specimens and the multiple perforations. C. Inner side of the oyster valve showing two of the perforations reaching the adductor muscle pad. Outer (D) and inner (E) sides of an oyster valve with a marginal L. stellatocinctus. F. Close-up of D, note the two concentric stellate rims and the marginal notch." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626469/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF81AE33FC86AFF83AA87D66" blockId="6.[862,1535,995,1073]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FC86AFF83ACB7AAF" box="[862,986,995,1016]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Type locality</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B03925CFF81AE33FC30AFF83AA57D66" collectorName="Le Mans" country="France" latitude="48.01472" location="France" longLatPrecision="18" longitude="0.20583333" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" specimenCount="1">
|
||
Excavation of the earth working site of the Lycée Bellevue, town of
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||
<collectorName id="269EFDD7FF81AE33FC2FAFE43D407D43" box="[1015,1105,1023,1044]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Le Mans</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37CD891FF81AE33FB86AFE43D8E7D43" box="[1118,1183,1023,1044]" name="France" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5FFEC6FF81AE33FB68AFE43C237D43" box="[1200,1330,1023,1044]" degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" precision="15" seconds="53" value="48.01472">
|
||
48°00’53”
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7A00C4FF81AE33FAC6AFE43C237D43" box="[1310,1330,1023,1044]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">N</collectionCode>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5FFEC6FF81AE33FAE7AFE43CBE7D43" box="[1343,1455,1023,1044]" degrees="0" direction="east" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" precision="15" seconds="21" value="0.20583333">
|
||
0°12’21”
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7A00C4FF81AE33FA78AFE43CBE7D43" box="[1440,1455,1023,1044]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">E</collectionCode>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
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||
Google Earth ©)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF81AE33FC86A8263CB57D39" blockId="6.[862,1535,1085,1134]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FC86A8263ACD7D05" box="[862,988,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Type horizon</emphasis>
|
||
: Cretaceous, Upper Cenomanian,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF81AE33FAEAA8263D3F7D39" authority="Biozone, Marnes" authorityName="Biozone, Marnes" class="Cephalopoda" family="Acanthoceratidae" genus="Calycoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="guerangeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FAEAA8263A947D39" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Calycoceras guerangeri</emphasis>
|
||
Biozone, Marnes
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
à
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF81AE33FB9DA8423CB57D39" authority="Formation." authorityName="Formation." box="[1093,1444,1113,1134]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Pycnodonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="biauriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FB9DA8423C227D39" box="[1093,1331,1113,1134]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Pycnodonte biauriculata</emphasis>
|
||
Formation.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF81AE33FC86A89A3CEE7DAC" blockId="6.[862,1535,1153,1275]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FC86A89A3ADE7DCD" box="[862,975,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.—One or several, vertical or oblique penetrations, irregularly cylindrical, surrounded on the outer substrate surface by an asymmetrical depression with a set of stellate grooves increasingly distinct towards the margin of the trace.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF81AE33FC86A9173DE67CB1" blockId="6.[862,1535,1292,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FC86A9173AF27C72" box="[862,995,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Description</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FBDEA9173D7D7C72" box="[1030,1132,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D026A3FF81AE33FBDEA9173D7D7C72" box="[1030,1132,1292,1317]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Substrate: An incomplete left valve of the oyster
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF81AE33FC2AA9363DD37C11" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[1010,1218,1325,1350]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Rhynchostreon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="suborbiculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF81AE33FC2AA9363DD37C11" box="[1010,1218,1325,1350]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">R. suborbiculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(preserved length ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4C9335E4FF81AE33FA67A9363CE67C11" box="[1471,1527,1325,1350]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||
) with ventral and ventro-posterior margins broken. The colour pattern (longitudinal brown flames) is preserved near the umbo. Entobian perforations near the posterior margin and on the centre of the shell. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D026A3FF81AE33FB37A9B63C407C91" box="[1263,1361,1453,1478]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is located near the ventro-anterior margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13508484FF81AE33FB4DA9D63DFA7CB1" box="[1173,1259,1485,1510]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1668,1688]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-210@7.[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion and perforation trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.244, holotype, Marnes à Pycnodonte biauriculata Formation, Upper Cenomanian, Lycée Bellevue earthmoving works, Le Mans, Sarthe Department, France; on LV of Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum (Lamarck, 1801). A. Entire LV shell with the arrow showing the perforation. B. LV (viewed from inside), the arrow shows the opening of the perforation on the inner side of the shell, diascopic illumination. Outer (C) and inner (D) sides of the shell, close-ups of the perforation, the dashed line delimitates approximately the course of the perforation through the shell, diascopic illumination. E. Positive X-ray print of the perforation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626467/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF81AE3DFC5CA9F63C5D7E30" blockId="6.[862,1535,1292,1960]" lastBlockId="8.[862,1535,1806,1959]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Trace: The penetration hole is
|
||
<quantity id="4C9335E4FF81AE33FB00A9F63C087F51" box="[1240,1305,1517,1542]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, roughly cylindrical, with a diameter of ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4C9335E4FF81AE33FB47AA163DF27F71" box="[1183,1251,1549,1574]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
. It plunges very obliquely towards the centre of the valve into the shell which is
|
||
<quantity id="4C9335E4FF81AE33FA72AA363CEF7F11" box="[1450,1534,1581,1606]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick at this place. Its course is slightly sinuous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13508484FF81AE33FAADAA553CD97F30" box="[1397,1480,1614,1639]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1668,1688]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-210@7.[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion and perforation trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.244, holotype, Marnes à Pycnodonte biauriculata Formation, Upper Cenomanian, Lycée Bellevue earthmoving works, Le Mans, Sarthe Department, France; on LV of Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum (Lamarck, 1801). A. Entire LV shell with the arrow showing the perforation. B. LV (viewed from inside), the arrow shows the opening of the perforation on the inner side of the shell, diascopic illumination. Outer (C) and inner (D) sides of the shell, close-ups of the perforation, the dashed line delimitates approximately the course of the perforation through the shell, diascopic illumination. E. Positive X-ray print of the perforation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626467/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the opening on the inner side of the valve is a trench of ca. 4 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4C9335E4FF81AE33FC57AA953AC27FF0" box="[911,979,1678,1703]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13508484FF81AE33FC3DAA953D2C7FF0" box="[997,1085,1678,1703]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1668,1688]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-210@7.[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion and perforation trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.244, holotype, Marnes à Pycnodonte biauriculata Formation, Upper Cenomanian, Lycée Bellevue earthmoving works, Le Mans, Sarthe Department, France; on LV of Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum (Lamarck, 1801). A. Entire LV shell with the arrow showing the perforation. B. LV (viewed from inside), the arrow shows the opening of the perforation on the inner side of the shell, diascopic illumination. Outer (C) and inner (D) sides of the shell, close-ups of the perforation, the dashed line delimitates approximately the course of the perforation through the shell, diascopic illumination. E. Positive X-ray print of the perforation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626467/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The aperture on the outer side of the valve is an irregular depression ca. 3 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4C9335E4FF81AE33FAC1AAB53C637F90" box="[1305,1394,1710,1735]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. It is located in the middle of a roughly circular attachment scar on the shell, but slightly eccentric. Except for a recent partial mechanical etching, the surface of the shell is intact between the penetration hole and the peripheral stellate groove. The attachment scar is delineated by a stellate groove. There are 13 main rays, longer in the ventro-anterior direction (of the oyster shell) where they are up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C9335E4FF81AE33FB3BAB943C2A7EFF" box="[1251,1339,1935,1960]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, than in the opposite direction where they are reduced to small notches
|
||
<quantity id="4C9335E4FF80AE32FFBAAB5539A67E30" box="[98,183,1870,1895]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
deep. The transition between the shortest notch and the longest ray is progressive. The longest rays are sharply triangular, but their extremity is blunt and rounded. The groove is deepest along the side of the rays, so that there is an axial ridge in the axis of each ray. Between the eight main rays on the ventro-anterior side come in seven accessory rays, 3–5 times shorter than the main rays but with an axial ridge too. The accessory rays become progressively shorter—as do the main rays—in the dorso-posterior direction, where the groove becomes deeper, obliquely sunk into the shell, and the rays are there less clearly marked. Dorso-posteriorly, the inner side of the groove is a smooth surface, oblique, joining the outer surface of the shell with an angle (estimated) of 45°,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9335E4FF8FAE3DFC86AB353AA27E10" box="[862,947,1838,1863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
high which becomes progressively lower and fades, mainly in the anterior direction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13508484FF8FAE3DFB12AB553C517E30" box="[1226,1344,1870,1895]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1668,1688]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-210@7.[99,1479,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion and perforation trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.244, holotype, Marnes à Pycnodonte biauriculata Formation, Upper Cenomanian, Lycée Bellevue earthmoving works, Le Mans, Sarthe Department, France; on LV of Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum (Lamarck, 1801). A. Entire LV shell with the arrow showing the perforation. B. LV (viewed from inside), the arrow shows the opening of the perforation on the inner side of the shell, diascopic illumination. Outer (C) and inner (D) sides of the shell, close-ups of the perforation, the dashed line delimitates approximately the course of the perforation through the shell, diascopic illumination. E. Positive X-ray print of the perforation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626467/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Fig. 5C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF14C889FF80AE32FFBAAA9F3C5C7E5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626467" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10626467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626467/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" startId="7.[98,131,1668,1688]" targetBox="[99,1479,160,1644]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF80AE32FFBAAA9F3C5C7E5F" blockId="7.[98,1481,1668,1800]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Fig. 5. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion and perforation trace
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF80AE32FD53AA9F3A887FCF" authority="Breton & Wisshak & Néraudeau & Morel, 2017" authorityName="Breton & Wisshak & Néraudeau & Morel" authorityYear="2017" box="[651,921,1668,1688]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Loxolenichnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellatocinctus" status="igen. et isp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF80AE32FD53AA9F3A887FCF" box="[651,921,1668,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22CF968FF80AE32FC79AA9F3D2F7FCF" box="[929,1086,1668,1688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" rank="species">igen. et isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, MHNLM 2015.2.244, holotype, Marnes à
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF80AE32FFBAAABB38B17FE3" authority="Formation" authorityName="Formation" box="[98,416,1696,1716]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Pycnodonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="biauriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF80AE32FFBAAABB382C7FE3" box="[98,317,1696,1716]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Pycnodonte biauriculata</emphasis>
|
||
Formation
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Upper Cenomanian, Lycée Bellevue earthmoving works, Le Mans, Sarthe Department, France; on LV of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF80AE32FA9AAABB38817F87" authority="(Lamarck, 1801)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Rhynchostreon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="suborbiculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF80AE32FA9AAABB39E17F87" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAE5F0FF80AE32FF23AAA738987F87" author="Lamarck, J. B." box="[251,393,1724,1744]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" refId="ref8154" refString="Lamarck, J. B. 1801. Systeme des animaux sans vertebres ou tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux. 432 pp. Deterville, Paris." type="book" year="1801">Lamarck, 1801</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF80AE32FE40AAA738B97F87" bold="true" box="[408,424,1724,1744]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Entire LV shell with the arrow showing the perforation.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF80AE32FC73AAA73AAB7F87" bold="true" box="[939,954,1724,1744]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">B</emphasis>
|
||
. LV (viewed from inside), the arrow shows the opening of the perforation on the inner side of the shell, diascopic illumination. Outer (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF80AE32FCDEAAC33A077FBB" bold="true" box="[774,790,1752,1772]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">C</emphasis>
|
||
) and inner (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF80AE32FC5CAAC33A857FBB" bold="true" box="[900,916,1752,1772]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">D</emphasis>
|
||
) sides of the shell, close-ups of the perforation, the dashed line delimitates approximately the course of the perforation through the shell, diascopic illumination.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF80AE32FC0BAAEF3AF37E5F" bold="true" box="[979,994,1780,1800]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Positive X-ray print of the perforation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF14C889FF8FAE3DFF4FAA773BE17FA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626469" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10626469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626469/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" startId="8.[151,184,1644,1664]" targetBox="[153,1533,161,1616]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF8FAE3DFF4FAA773BE17FA7" blockId="8.[151,1535,1644,1776]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Fig. 6. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion trace
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF8FAE3DFDFFAA773A247FD7" authority="Breton & Wisshak & Néraudeau & Morel, 2017" authorityName="Breton & Wisshak & Néraudeau & Morel" authorityYear="2017" box="[551,821,1644,1664]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Loxolenichnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellatocinctus" status="igen. et isp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFDFFAA773A247FD7" box="[551,821,1644,1664]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22CF968FF8FAE3DFCE4AA773AC67FD7" box="[828,983,1644,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" rank="species">igen. et isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, MHNLM 2015.2.346 and MHNLM 2015.2.347, paratypes; lower Campanian
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFE98AA9C3BF67FCB" box="[320,743,1671,1692]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF8FAE3DFE98AA9C38E57FCB" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1835" box="[320,500,1671,1692]" class="Bivalvia" family="Inoceramidae" genus="Inoceramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myalinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lingua">Inoceramus lingua</taxonomicName>
|
||
–Goniotheuthis quadrata
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Zone, quarry near Höver, Germany.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFBE5AA933D5C7FCB" bold="true" box="[1085,1101,1672,1692]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Outer side of an oyster valve, accommodating two specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF8FAE3DFEE5AABF38C97FEF" authorityName="Breton & Wisshak & Néraudeau & Morel" authorityYear="2017" box="[317,472,1700,1720]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Loxolenichnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellatocinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFEE5AABF38C97FEF" box="[317,472,1700,1720]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">L. stellatocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(arrows).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFDEFAABF3B577FEF" bold="true" box="[567,582,1700,1720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Close-up of the two specimens and the multiple perforations.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFB5DAABF3D847FEF" bold="true" box="[1157,1173,1700,1720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Inner side of the oyster valve showing two of the perforations reaching the adductor muscle pad. Outer (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFD3FAADB3BE67F83" bold="true" box="[743,759,1728,1748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">D</emphasis>
|
||
) and inner (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFCBEAADB3A647F83" bold="true" box="[870,885,1728,1748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">E</emphasis>
|
||
) sides of an oyster valve with a marginal
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFB36AADB3C817F83" box="[1262,1424,1728,1748]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF8FAE3DFB36AADB3C9D7F83" authorityName="Breton & Wisshak & Néraudeau & Morel" authorityYear="2017" box="[1262,1420,1728,1748]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Loxolenichnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellatocinctus">L. stellatocinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFA4CAADB3CB37F83" bold="true" box="[1428,1442,1728,1748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Close-up of D, note the two concentric stellate rims and the marginal notch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF8FAE3CFC5CAB753B2D7BE8" blockId="8.[862,1535,1806,1959]" lastBlockId="9.[98,771,160,703]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B03925CFF8FAE3CFC5CAB7539C27B4A" collectionCode="MHNLM" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" specimenCode="MHNLM 2015.2.346" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFC5CAB753AE87ED0" box="[900,1017,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Paratypes</emphasis>
|
||
: The paratype
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCD307AFF8FAE3DFB67AB753CAB7ED0" box="[1215,1466,1902,1927]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">MHNLM 2015.2.346</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13508484FF8FAE3DFA09AB753AB27EF0" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1644,1664]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,161,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-200@8.[153,1534,161,1616]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.346 and MHNLM 2015.2.347, paratypes; lower Campanian Inoceramus lingua–Goniotheuthis quadrata Zone, quarry near Höver, Germany. A. Outer side of an oyster valve, accommodating two specimens of L. stellatocinctus (arrows). B. Close-up of the two specimens and the multiple perforations. C. Inner side of the oyster valve showing two of the perforations reaching the adductor muscle pad. Outer (D) and inner (E) sides of an oyster valve with a marginal L. stellatocinctus. F. Close-up of D, note the two concentric stellate rims and the marginal notch." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626469/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Fig. 6A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
) accommodates two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF8FAE3DFB7EAB953CEF7EF0" authority="Breton & Wisshak & Néraudeau & Morel, 2017" authorityName="Breton & Wisshak & Néraudeau & Morel" authorityYear="2017" box="[1190,1534,1934,1959]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Loxolenichnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellatocinctus" status="igen. et isp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8FAE3DFB7EAB953CEF7EF0" box="[1190,1534,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22CF968FF8EAE3CFFBAACBB383179EE" box="[98,288,160,185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rank="species">igen. et isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, located directly next to each other, each surrounded by a stellate groove, the diameter of which are
|
||
<quantity id="4C9335E4FF8EAE3CFFBAACFB39B479AE" box="[98,165,224,249]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in maximum. The first trace shows two penetration holes, one perpendicular and one oblique. The second trace shows, within the marginal stellate groove, two partial (1/4 circumference) grooves and there are two approximately central and one marginal penetration holes, one of them being superposed to one of the partial grooves. At least two penetration holes reach the adductor muscle scar. Callus formations as a host reaction are visible on the inner side of the valve and indicate a penetration during the life of the oyster
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B03925CFF8EAE3CFF0CAE1F3B297BE8" collectionCode="MHNLM" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" specimenCode="MHNLM 2015.2.347" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
. The second paratype
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCD307AFF8EAE3CFE0EAE1F3BD47B4A" box="[470,709,516,541]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">MHNLM 2015.2.347</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13508484FF8EAE3CFD0EAE1F39B47B6A" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1644,1664]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,161,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-200@8.[153,1534,161,1616]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.346 and MHNLM 2015.2.347, paratypes; lower Campanian Inoceramus lingua–Goniotheuthis quadrata Zone, quarry near Höver, Germany. A. Outer side of an oyster valve, accommodating two specimens of L. stellatocinctus (arrows). B. Close-up of the two specimens and the multiple perforations. C. Inner side of the oyster valve showing two of the perforations reaching the adductor muscle pad. Outer (D) and inner (E) sides of an oyster valve with a marginal L. stellatocinctus. F. Close-up of D, note the two concentric stellate rims and the marginal notch." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626469/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Fig. 6D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a right valve with two semi-circular concentric stellate grooves centred on the ventral margin of the valve. The grooves display alternately long and short rays. A possible penetrative way is a notch on the ventral margin of the valve, located at the centre of the grooves
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF8EAE3CFFBAAECA38AA7A9A" blockId="9.[98,772,721,973]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8EAE3CFFBAAECA39D77BBD" box="[98,198,721,746]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.—By including two former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF8EAE3CFDFDAECA3B947BBD" authorityName="Bromley" authorityYear="1981" box="[549,645,721,746]" genus="Oichnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8EAE3CFDFDAECA3B947BBD" box="[549,645,721,746]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Oichnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ichnospecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BE382FF8EAE3CFF46AEE939EC7A5C" authorityName="Bromley" authorityYear="1981" box="[158,253,754,779]" genus="Oichnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8EAE3CFF46AEE939EC7A5C" box="[158,253,754,779]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Oichnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now constrained to pure predation traces Praedichnia). The new ichnogenus, in contrast, comprises three ichnospecies that are all combinations of complete penetrations (parasitic in nature and thus unlike Praedichnia sensu stricto) and an attachment scar (Fixichnia), and this combination of two different modes of bioerosion is characteristic of the new ichnogenus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD49801FF8EAE3CFFBAAFC43B957D4F" blockId="9.[98,770,991,1048]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F4413FF8EAE3CFFBAAFC43B197AAF" box="[98,520,991,1016]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Stratigraphic and geographic range</emphasis>
|
||
.—Upper Cretaceous,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37CD891FF8EAE3CFFBAAFE439BF7D4F" box="[98,174,1023,1048]" name="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37CD891FF8EAE3CFF3DAFE438407D4F" box="[229,337,1023,1048]" name="Germany" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Known only from oysters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |