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<mods:title id="B1895F652698F2D23F8CED0C8BBC66E6">Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="B7B54D37FFB4775DFF39FBEEFDB5FBB5" authority="Muller, 1856" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,631,1114,1140]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Pontoscolex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corethrurus">
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFF39FBEEFDB5FBB5" bold="true" box="[151,631,1114,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFF39FBEEFE02FBB5" bold="true" box="[151,448,1114,1140]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">Pontoscolex corethrurus</emphasis>
(Müller, 1856)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38AF653FFFB4775DFF39FB16FB25FB18" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
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<taxonomicName id="B7B54D37FFB4775DFF39FB16FEDBFB78" box="[151,281,1186,1209]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Pontoscolex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Pontoscolex</taxonomicName>
corethrurus—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="F11410A5FFB4775DFE1AFB16FD9BFB78" author="Gates" box="[436,601,1186,1209]" page="54" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFE1AFB16FDF3FB78" author="Gates" box="[436,561,1186,1209]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms, an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 62, 1 - 326." type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 54
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="F11410A5FFB4775DFDCAFB16FC83FB78" author="Tsai" box="[612,833,1186,1209]" page="68" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFDCAFB16FCDBFB78" author="Tsai" box="[612,793,1186,1209]" pageId="12" pageNumber="68" refString="Tsai, C. - F., Shen, H. - P. &amp; Tsai, S. - C. (2000 a) Occurrence of the exotic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Muller) (Glossocolecidae: Oligochaeta) in Taiwan. Endemic Species Research, 2, 68 - 73." type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">
Tsai
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFD39FB16FD04FB78" box="[663,710,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2000a
</bibRefCitation>
: 68
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="F11410A5FFB4775DFCE2FB16FBEBFB78" author="Chen" box="[844,1065,1186,1209]" page="76" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFCE2FB16FBC3FB78" author="Chen" box="[844,1025,1186,1209]" pageId="12" pageNumber="66" refString="Chen, J. - H., Wu, J. - H. &amp; Chuang, S. - C. (2002) Alteration of earthworm species in Fushan Botanical Garden. Chinese Bioscience, 45, 76 - 82. (in Chinese)." type="journal article" year="2002">
Chen
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFC25FB16FC7BFB78" box="[907,953,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
: 76
</treatmentCitation>
; 2003: 56; Chuang
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFB54FB16FAEAFB78" box="[1274,1320,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2002: 66;
<treatmentCitation id="F11410A5FFB4775DFF69FB76FE6CFB18" author="Shen" box="[199,430,1218,1241]" page="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFF69FB76FE5AFB18" author="Shen" box="[199,408,1218,1241]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" refString="Shen, H. - P. &amp; Tsai, C. - F. (2002 b) Earthworm fauna of the Lanyu Island (Botel Tobago). Endemic Species Research, 4, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2002" yearSuffix="b">Shen &amp; Tsai 2002b</bibRefCitation>
: 3
</treatmentCitation>
4;
<treatmentCitation id="F11410A5FFB4775DFE76FB76FD15FB18" author="James" box="[472,727,1218,1241]" page="1022" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFE76FB76FD57FB18" author="James" box="[472,661,1218,1241]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" refString="James, S. W., Shih, H. - T. &amp; Chang, H. - W. (2005) Seven new species of Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) and new earthworm records from Taiwan. Journal of Natural History, 39, 1007 - 1028." type="journal article" year="2005">
James
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFDB1FB76FD8CFB18" box="[543,590,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 1022
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="F11410A5FFB4775DFD4CFB76FBCAFB18" author="Blakemore" box="[738,1032,1218,1241]" page="230" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFD4CFB76FC11FB18" author="Blakemore" box="[738,979,1218,1241]" pageId="12" pageNumber="66" refString="Blakemore, R. J., Chang, C. - H., Chuang, S. - C., Ito, M. T., James, S. W. &amp; Chen, J. - H. (2006) Biodiversity of earthworms in Taiwan: a species checklist with the confirmation and new records of the exotic lumbricids Eisenia fetida and Eiseniella tetraedra. Taiwania, 51, 226 - 236." type="journal article" year="2006">
Blakemore
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFCF0FB76FC4FFB18" box="[862,909,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
: 230
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="F11410A5FFB4775DFBBDFB76FB21FB18" author="Tsai" box="[1043,1251,1218,1241]" page="37" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFBBDFB76FB79FB18" author="Tsai" box="[1043,1211,1218,1241]" pageId="12" pageNumber="68" refString="Tsai, C. - F., Shen, H. - P., Tsai, S. - C., Lin, K. - J., Hsieh, H. - L. &amp; Yo, S. - P. (2009) A checklist of oligochaetes (Annelida) from Taiwan and its adjacent islands. Zootaxa, 2133, 33 - 48." type="journal article" year="2009">
Tsai
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFBE8FB76FBB7FB18" box="[1094,1141,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
: 37
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38AF653FFFB4775DFF39FAB3FADAF9E6" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="700A36B4FFB4775DFF39FAB3FADAF9E6" blockId="12.[151,1437,1287,1948]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFF39FAB3FE49FAE0" bold="true" box="[151,395,1287,1313]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">Material examined.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="66B3FD3DFFB4775DFE3AFABCFE25FAE3" box="[404,487,1288,1314]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
, NCHUZOOL 13525, Wujiang Village, Rueisuei, Hualien Co.,
<collectingCountry id="08A27624FFB4775DFB77FABCFAF0FAE3" box="[1241,1330,1288,1314]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, coll. Y.- H. Wang
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFEA7FA99FEFCFA87" box="[265,318,1325,1350]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
.,
<date id="040B1074FFB4775DFEFBFA99FE21FA86" box="[341,483,1325,1351]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" value="2005-01-01">1 Jan. 2005</date>
;
<specimenCount id="66B3FD3DFFB4775DFE5EFA99FD93FA86" box="[496,593,1325,1351]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" type="adult">6 adults</specimenCount>
, NCHUZOOL 13524, Baiyu Waterfall, Jhihben, Taimali, Taitung Co.,
<collectingCountry id="08A27624FFB4775DFF39FAE6FF3AFAAD" box="[151,248,1362,1388]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, coll. Y.-H. Wang &amp; L.-Y. Fan,
<date id="040B1074FFB4775DFD39FAE6FC86FAAD" box="[663,836,1362,1388]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" value="2004-10-22">22 Oct. 2004</date>
;
<specimenCount id="66B3FD3DFFB4775DFCFCFAE6FC7EFAAD" box="[850,956,1362,1388]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" type="adult">3 adults</specimenCount>
, NCHUZOOL 13535,
<geoCoordinate id="15815073FFB4775DFB4EFAE6FA5AFAAD" box="[1248,1432,1362,1388]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="22.036722">22°0212.2”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="15815073FFB4775DFF39FACCFE88FA53" box="[151,330,1400,1426]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="121.558754">121°3331.5”E</geoCoordinate>
, Lanyu Meteorological Station, Lanyu, Taitung Co.,
<collectingCountry id="08A27624FFB4775DFC15FACCFBD6FA53" box="[955,1044,1400,1426]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, coll. Y.-H. Wang,
<date id="040B1074FFB4775DFB58FACCFA43FA53" box="[1270,1409,1400,1426]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" value="2008-01-07">
7
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFAA2FACCFA43FA53" author="Jan" box="[1292,1409,1400,1426]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" refString="Jang-Liaw, N. - H., Lee, T. - H. &amp; Chou, W. - H. (2008) Phylogeography of Sylvirana latouchii (Anura, Ranidae) in Taiwan. Zoological Science, 25, 68 - 79." type="journal article" year="2008">Jan. 2008</bibRefCitation>
</date>
; 4 immature specimens, NCHUZOOL 13537-13538, Yeyou R., Lanyu, Taitung Co.,
<collectingCountry id="08A27624FFB4775DFBF8FA29FB6DFA76" box="[1110,1199,1437,1463]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, coll. Y.-H. Wang,
<date id="040B1074FFB4775DFA23FA29FECFFA1D" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" value="2008-01-08">
8
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFF39FA76FECFFA1D" author="Jan" box="[151,269,1474,1500]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" refString="Jang-Liaw, N. - H., Lee, T. - H. &amp; Chou, W. - H. (2008) Phylogeography of Sylvirana latouchii (Anura, Ranidae) in Taiwan. Zoological Science, 25, 68 - 79." type="journal article" year="2008">Jan. 2008</bibRefCitation>
</date>
;
<specimenCount id="66B3FD3DFFB4775DFEB4FA76FEADFA1D" box="[282,367,1474,1500]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
, NCHUZOOL 13539,
<geoCoordinate id="15815073FFB4775DFD2EFA76FCD9FA1D" box="[640,795,1474,1500]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="22.017834">22°014.2”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="15815073FFB4775DFC86FA76FC1CFA1D" box="[808,990,1474,1500]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="121.563255">121°3347.7”E</geoCoordinate>
, Hongtou Huandao Highway, Lanyu, Taitung Co.,
<collectingCountry id="08A27624FFB4775DFE94FA5CFE55F9C3" box="[314,407,1512,1538]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, coll. Y.-H. Wang
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFDD0FA5CFD77F9C0" box="[638,693,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
.,
<date id="040B1074FFB4775DFD60FA5CFCA4F9C3" box="[718,870,1512,1538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" value="2008-04-02">2 Apr. 2008</date>
;
<specimenCount id="66B3FD3DFFB4775DFCDAFA5CFC0EF9C3" box="[884,972,1512,1538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
, NCHUZOOL 13540,
<geoCoordinate id="15815073FFB4775DFB49FA5CFA5AF9C3" box="[1255,1432,1512,1538]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="22.027971">22°0140.7”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="15815073FFB4775DFF39F9B9FE88F9E6" box="[151,330,1549,1575]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="121.577774">121°3440.0”E</geoCoordinate>
, Yongsing Farm, Lanyu, Taitung Co.,
<collectingCountry id="08A27624FFB4775DFCA5F9B9FCA6F9E6" box="[779,868,1549,1575]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, coll. Y.-H. Wang
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFB92F9B9FBADF9E7" box="[1084,1135,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
.,
<date id="040B1074FFB4775DFB2BF9B9FAD6F9E6" box="[1157,1300,1549,1575]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" value="2008-04-02">2 Apr. 2008</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38AF653FFFB4775DFF69F986FDA4F85D" pageId="12" pageNumber="64" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="700A36B4FFB4775DFF69F986FDA4F85D" blockId="12.[151,1437,1287,1948]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFF69F986FE83F98D" bold="true" box="[199,321,1586,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFEE4F986FDE6F98D" box="[330,548,1586,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="68" refString="Tsai, C. - F., Shen, H. - P. &amp; Tsai, S. - C. (2000 a) Occurrence of the exotic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Muller) (Glossocolecidae: Oligochaeta) in Taiwan. Endemic Species Research, 2, 68 - 73." type="journal article">
Tsai
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFE2DF987FE7AF98D" box="[387,440,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. (2000a)
</bibRefCitation>
reported the first record of this species from Dongpu, Nantou Co. Then it was found in Ilan (
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFED6F9ECFD86F9B3" author="Chen" box="[376,580,1624,1650]" pageId="12" pageNumber="66" refString="Chen, J. - H., Wu, J. - H. &amp; Chuang, S. - C. (2002) Alteration of earthworm species in Fushan Botanical Garden. Chinese Bioscience, 45, 76 - 82. (in Chinese)." type="journal article" year="2002">
Chen
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFE6EF9ECFE37F9B0" box="[448,501,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; Chuang
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFD1BF9ECFD28F9B0" box="[693,746,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2002), and even on the offshore Gueishan I. (
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFAB9F9ECFF15F956" author="Chen" pageId="12" pageNumber="66" refString="Chen, I. - H., Chang, C. - H. &amp; Chen, J. - H. (2003) The species composition and distribution of earthworms in Ilan. Chinese Bioscience, 46, 56 - 65. (in Chinese)." type="journal article" year="2003">
Chen
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFACEF9ECFA56F9B0" box="[1376,1428,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
).
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James
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collected abundant specimens from Pingtung Co., the offshore Siaoliuciou I., and Kaohsiung City. This species has a wide distribution in the world (
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFC6BF916FB57F97D" author="Blakemore" box="[965,1173,1698,1724]" pageId="12" pageNumber="66" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms-an Eco-Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. VermEcology, Kippax, ACT, Australia." type="book" year="2002">Blakemore 2002</bibRefCitation>
), and it has become a dominant species in western and northeastern (Ilan Co.)
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ranging from lowland cultivated lands to elevations at
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(
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFE4DF959FD68F8C6" author="Tsai" box="[483,682,1773,1799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="68" refString="Tsai, C. - F., Shen, H. - P. &amp; Tsai, S. - C. (2000 a) Occurrence of the exotic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Muller) (Glossocolecidae: Oligochaeta) in Taiwan. Endemic Species Research, 2, 68 - 73." type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">
Tsai
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;
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFD18F959FCB9F8C6" author="Chen" box="[694,891,1773,1799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="66" refString="Chen, J. - H., Wu, J. - H. &amp; Chuang, S. - C. (2002) Alteration of earthworm species in Fushan Botanical Garden. Chinese Bioscience, 45, 76 - 82. (in Chinese)." type="journal article" year="2002">
Chen
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. 2002
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, 2003; Chuang
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFB9DF959FBA4F8C7" box="[1075,1126,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2002;
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFB11F959FA52F8C6" author="James" box="[1215,1424,1773,1799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" refString="James, S. W., Shih, H. - T. &amp; Chang, H. - W. (2005) Seven new species of Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) and new earthworm records from Taiwan. Journal of Natural History, 39, 1007 - 1028." type="journal article" year="2005">
James
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). Our study extends its record to Hualien and Taitung Cos. in eastern
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, showing that it has probably invaded the entire island of
<collectingCountry id="08A27624FFB4775DFE73F88CFDF5F893" box="[477,567,1848,1874]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
. Its impacts upon the ecology (
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Barros
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. 2001
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,
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;
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFB60F88CFF14F8B6" author="Tapia-Coral" pageId="12" pageNumber="68" refString="Tapia-Coral, S. C., Luizao, F. J., Barros, E., Pashanasi, B. &amp; Castill, D. D. (2006) Effect of Pontoscolex corethrurus Muller, 1857 (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae) inoculation on litter weight loss and soil nitrogen in mesocosms in the Peruvian Amazon. Caribbean Journal of Science, 42, 410 - 418." type="journal article" year="2006">
Tapia-Coral
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; Chen
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. 2008) and agriculture (
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Beare
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;
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;
<bibRefCitation id="14244B45FFB4775DFB37F8E9FAB0F8B6" author="Lafont" box="[1177,1394,1885,1911]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" refString="Lafont, A., Risedea, J. M., Loranger-Merciris, G., Clermont-Dauphin, C., Dorela, M., Rhinod, B. &amp; Lavelle, P. (2007) Effects of the earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus on banana plants infected or not with the plant-parasitic nematode Radopholus similis. Pedobiologia, 51, 311 - 318." type="journal article" year="2007">
Lafont
<emphasis id="42C1EAA6FFB4775DFB5FF8E9FAE7F8B7" box="[1265,1317,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
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) of
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need to be studied in the future.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>