476 lines
56 KiB
XML
476 lines
56 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="05D452D671A48A4922102CBA5631FD96">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBAB30AD6FF54FE89FDCA5958" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064301" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064301" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBAB30AD6FF54FE89FDCA5958" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBAB30AD6FF54FE89FDCA5958" lastPageId="129" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB30AD7FF54FE89FDCB5B45" box="[151,602,294,321]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB30AD7FF54FE89FDCB5B45" blockId="128.[151,602,294,321]" box="[151,602,294,321]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
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<heading id="C54581B7BAB30AD7FF54FE89FDCB5B45" bold="true" box="[151,602,294,321]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FF54FE89FDCB5B45" ID-CoL="8FHYF" ID-ENA="704163" authority="(Rondani)" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[151,602,294,321]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FF54FE89FDCB5B45" bold="true" box="[151,602,294,321]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FF54FE89FE425B44" bold="true" box="[151,467,294,321]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Trichoprosopon digitatum</emphasis>
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(Rondani)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB30AD7FF54FEC4FD815818" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB30AD7FF54FEC4FADC5BC4" blockId="128.[151,1436,363,541]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FEC9FEC4FD865B86" ID-CoL="8FHYF" authority="(Rondani, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[266,535,363,387]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FEC9FEC4FEFF5B86" bold="true" box="[266,366,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">digitatum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FEB8FEC4FD815B86" author="Rondani, C." box="[379,528,363,387]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="63 - 112" refId="ref176393" refString="Rondani, C. (1848) Esme di varie specie d'insetti ditteri brasiliani. Studi entomologici, Turino, 1, 63 - 112, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1848">Rondani, 1848</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—original combination:
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||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FCD6FEC4FC3E5B86" ID-CoL="8BNF7" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1848" box="[789,943,363,387]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FCD6FEC4FC3E5B86" box="[789,943,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Culex digitatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FB81FEC4FB3B5B86" box="[1090,1194,363,387]" name="Argentina" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FB70FEC4FB675B86" box="[1203,1270,363,387]" name="Belize" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Belize</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FAC2FEC4FADF5B86" box="[1281,1358,363,387]" name="Bolivia" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FA9BFEC4FA095B86" box="[1368,1432,363,387]" name="Brazil" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FF04FE25FEBF5BA7" box="[199,302,394,418]" name="Colombia" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FEF8FE25FE3F5BA7" box="[315,430,394,418]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FE78FE25FD805BA7" box="[443,529,394,418]" name="Ecuador" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FDDDFE25FD0B5BA7" box="[542,666,394,418]" name="El Salvador" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
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, French Guiana,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FC8CFE25FC2E5BA7" box="[847,959,394,418]" name="Guatemala" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FC0FFE25FB8C5BA7" box="[972,1053,394,418]" name="Guyana" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FBE9FE25FB1E5BA7" box="[1066,1167,394,418]" name="Honduras" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Honduras</collectingCountry>
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, Lesser Antilles (includes
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FF04FE07FE0F5BC5" box="[199,414,424,448]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FE6CFE07FE6E5BC5" box="[431,511,424,448]" name="Mexico" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FDCAFE07FDE55BC5" box="[521,628,424,448]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FDBDFE06FD405BC5" box="[638,721,425,448]" name="Panama" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Panama</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FD18FE06FCAB5BC4" box="[731,826,425,449]" name="Paraguay" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FC87FE06FCE45BC5" box="[836,885,425,448]" name="Peru" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Peru</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FCBCFE07FC725BC5" box="[895,995,424,448]" name="Suriname" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FC2FFE07FBC55BC5" box="[1004,1108,424,448]" name="Venezuela" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FBA2FE07FAD35BC4" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[1121,1346,424,449]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FB11FE06FB6E5BC5" box="[1234,1279,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2021
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB30AD7FF54FE68FD815818" blockId="128.[151,1436,363,541]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FED7FE68FD805BDA" authority="Stone, 1944" authorityName="Stone" authorityYear="1944" box="[276,529,455,479]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FED7FE68FEEF5BDA" bold="true" box="[276,382,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">townsendi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FE4CFE68FD805BDA" author="Stone, A." box="[399,529,455,479]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="335 - 341" refId="ref179534" refString="Stone, A. (1944) Notes on the genus Trichoprosopon (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista de Entomologia, 15 (3), 335 - 341." type="journal article" year="1944">Stone, 1944</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FCE1FE68FA0D5BDA" authorityName="Stone" authorityYear="1944" box="[802,1436,455,479]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="digitatus" subGenus="Trichoprosopon" variety="townsendi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FCE1FE68FC525BDA" box="[802,963,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Trichoprosopon</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FC1FFE68FBEC5BDA" box="[988,1149,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Trichoprosopon</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FB55FE68FB7E5BDA" box="[1174,1263,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">digitatus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FAF6FE68FA0D5BDA" box="[1333,1436,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">townsendi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subspecific status by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FE72FE49FD2E5BFB" author="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M." box="[433,703,486,510]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach & Howard 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FC9DFE49FC0F5BFB" box="[862,926,486,510]" name="Brazil" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Lesser Antilles (includes
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FB76FE49FA035BFB" box="[1205,1426,486,510]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FF04FDAAFE865819" box="[199,279,517,540]" name="Panama" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FEE7FDABFD945818" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[292,517,516,541]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FE56FDAAFE535819" box="[405,450,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB30AD6FF54FDE4FDCA5958" lastPageId="129" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB30AD7FF54FDE4FB8F5E84" blockId="128.[151,1437,587,2017]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FF54FDE4FED95860" author="Rondani, C." box="[151,328,587,613]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="63 - 112" refId="ref176393" refString="Rondani, C. (1848) Esme di varie specie d'insetti ditteri brasiliani. Studi entomologici, Turino, 1, 63 - 112, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1848">Rondani (1848)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FD80FDE4FD435860" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[579,722,587,613]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FD80FDE4FD435860" box="[579,722,587,613]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FCC2FDE4FC3A5860" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1848" box="[769,939,587,613]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FCC2FDE4FC3A5860" box="[769,939,587,613]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Culex digitatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) based on one or more females (number not indicated) from an unspecified locality in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FDA7FDC0FD39588C" box="[612,680,623,649]" name="Brazil" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Belkin 1968). The location of the type(s) remains unknown, but the type locality was restricted to the vicinity of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB30AD7FD53FD3CFCA258A8" box="[656,819,659,685]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Guanabara) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FC32FD3CFB4058A8" author="Belkin, J. N. & Schick, R. X. & Heinemann, S. J." box="[1009,1233,659,685]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref145236" refString="Belkin, J. N., Schick, R. X. & Heinemann, S. J. (1971) Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXV. Mosquitoes originally described from Brazil. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 7 (5), 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1971">
|
||
Belkin
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FB80FD3CFBE458A8" box="[1091,1141,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1971)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In the absence of type material,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FEF5FD18FE5658D4" author="Stone, A." box="[310,455,695,721]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="335 - 341" refId="ref179534" refString="Stone, A. (1944) Notes on the genus Trichoprosopon (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista de Entomologia, 15 (3), 335 - 341." type="journal article" year="1944">Stone (1944)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
aptly noted that “It cannot be determined whether the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FBB7FD18FB4E58D4" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1140,1247,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FBB7FD18FB4E58D4" box="[1140,1247,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possessed scales on the clypeus, but lacking proof to the contrary, it is best to retain the name for the most frequently encountered, unscaled variety [
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FEA0FD50FE17591D" box="[355,390,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FDC9FD50FD2D591C" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[522,700,767,793]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FDC9FD50FD2D591C" box="[522,700,767,793]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Trichoprosopon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
].” Stone then confirmed the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FB6EFD50FF4A5938" authority="Theobald, 1901 c" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nivipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FB6EFD50FAB3591D" box="[1197,1314,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. nivipes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FAE8FD50FF4A5938" author="Theobald, F. V." pageId="128" pageNumber="129" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(synonymy originally by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FDC0FC8CFD735938" author="Howard, L. O. & Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." box="[515,738,802,829]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" refId="ref160451" refString="Howard, L. O., Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1915) The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Vol. 3. Systematic description (in two parts). Part I. Publication No. 159. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., vi + 523 pp." type="book" year="1915">
|
||
Howard
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FDA6FC8CFD095938" box="[613,664,803,829]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1915
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FD34FC8CFB9C5938" authority="Lutz, 1904" authorityName="Lutz" authorityYear="1904" box="[759,1037,803,829]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FD34FC8CFC1B5938" box="[759,906,803,829]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. splendens</emphasis>
|
||
Lutz, 1904
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FBFFFC8CFB7B5938" author="Bourroul, C." box="[1084,1258,803,829]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="30 - 32" refId="ref146195" refString="Bourroul, C. (1904) Mosquitos do Brasil. These, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Officina Typographica, Bahia, viii + 31 pp. [Consisting of Prefacio (pp. i - viii), Novas especies (pp. l - 6, 30 - 32), Quadro das especies encontradas na Bahia (4 pp.) and Proposicies (18 pp.) by Bourroul; remainder and bulk of work by Adolpho Lutz]" type="book chapter" year="1904">Bourroul, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (synonymy by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FF54FCE8FE0E5964" author="Lane, J. & Cerqueira, N. L." box="[151,415,839,865]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="473 - 849" refId="ref163883" refString="Lane, J. & Cerqueira, N. L. (1942) Os sabetineos da America (Diptera, Culicidae). Arquivos de Zoologia do Estudo de Sao Paulo, 3 (9), 473 - 849." type="journal article" year="1942">Lane & Cerqueira 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FE1EFCE8FBB75964" authority="Martini, 1931 b" authorityName="Martini" authorityYear="1931" box="[477,1062,839,865]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Joblotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="splendens" variety="subsplendens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FE1EFCE8FD3C5964" box="[477,685,839,865]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Joblotia splendens</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FD20FCE8FCE95964" box="[739,888,839,865]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">subsplendens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FCBCFCE8FBB75964" author="Martini, E." box="[895,1062,839,865]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="199 - 219" refId="ref168182" refString="Martini, E. (1931 b) Ueber einige s ¸ damerikanische Culiciden. Revista de Entomologia Rio de Janeiro, 1 (2), 199 - 219." type="journal article" year="1931">Martini, 1931b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(synonymy by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FB10FCE8FF415980" author="Lane, J. & Cerqueira, N. L." pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="473 - 849" refId="ref163883" refString="Lane, J. & Cerqueira, N. L. (1942) Os sabetineos da America (Diptera, Culicidae). Arquivos de Zoologia do Estudo de Sao Paulo, 3 (9), 473 - 849." type="journal article" year="1942">Lane & Cerqueira 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FEDCFCC4FE1B5980" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[287,394,875,901]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FEDCFCC4FE1B5980" box="[287,394,875,901]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the absence of scales (presence of setae only) on the clypeus of those nominal species. Stone also noted that
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB30AD7FE29FC20FDE659AC" box="[490,631,911,937]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="female">four females</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FD5DFC20FC2659AC" authority="Ludlow, 1918" authorityName="Ludlow" authorityYear="1918" box="[670,951,911,937]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FD5DFC20FC8259AC" box="[670,787,911,937]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. wilsoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FCD8FC20FC2659AC" author="Ludlow, C. S." box="[795,951,911,937]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="66 - 68" refId="ref166672" refString="Ludlow, C. S. (1918) Trichoprosopon Theobald (Diptera; Culicidae). Psyche, 25 (3), 66 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1918 / 39087" type="journal article" year="1918">
|
||
Ludlow,
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBAB30AD7FCBCFC20FC2659AC" box="[895,951,911,937]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.87172" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" unit="in" value="1918.0">1918</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FBD2FC20FBDA59AC" box="[1041,1099,911,937]" name="United States of America" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">U. S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
N. M.” (National Museum of Natural History,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB30AD7FE93FC1CFE4959C8" box="[336,472,947,973]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
, D.C.) bear type labels but neither of those specimens nor others attributable to Ludlow bear the data provided in the original description of the species; thus, it was “not considered possible to select any one as a
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BAB30AD7FF3EFC54FEFB5E10" box="[253,362,1019,1045]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.” In the absence of a definite type specimen,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FCB3FC54FC775E10" authorityName="Ludlow" authorityYear="1918" box="[880,998,1019,1045]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FCB3FC54FC775E10" box="[880,998,1019,1045]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. wilsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has remained a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FAF2FC54FA0D5E10" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1329,1436,1019,1045]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FAF2FC54FA0D5E10" box="[1329,1436,1019,1045]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ever since the synonymy was established by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FD4CFBB0FC8C5E3C" author="Dyar, H. G." box="[655,797,1055,1081]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" refId="ref152545" refString="Dyar, H. G. (1928) The mosquitoes of the Americas. Publication No. 387. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., 616 pp." type="book" year="1928">Dyar (1928)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Of particular note, Stone observed that “One of the
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB30AD7FAADFBB0FF7F5E58" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="female">four females</specimenCount>
|
||
[‘supposed cotype’] has scales intermingled with the hairs [setae] on the clypeus and therefore should be referred to the new variety [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FE13FBC8FD6E5E84" box="[464,767,1127,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="digitatus" variety="townsendi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FE13FBC8FDC75E84" box="[464,598,1127,1153]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. digitatus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FD4EFBC8FD6E5E84" box="[653,767,1127,1153]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">townsendi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] described in this paper.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB30AD7FF04FB24FD4D5C34" blockId="128.[151,1437,587,2017]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
|
||
The presence of only setae on the clypeus of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FD0FFB24FC5F5EA1" box="[716,974,1163,1189]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FD0FFB24FCA65EA0" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[716,823,1163,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="digitatum">digitatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BAB30AD7FC83FB24FC5F5EA1" box="[832,974,1163,1188]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has been recognized by all investigators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FF5CFB00FEC95ECC" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[159,344,1199,1225]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald 1901c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FE42FB00FE655ECD" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[385,500,1199,1224]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nivipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FE42FB00FE655ECD" box="[385,500,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. nivipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Howard
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FDA7FB00FD045ECC" box="[612,661,1199,1225]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FCC5FB00FC5B5ECC" box="[774,970,1199,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Joblotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FCC5FB00FC5B5ECC" box="[774,970,1199,1225]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Joblotia digitatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FC1AFB00FBC25ECC" author="Dyar, H. G." box="[985,1107,1199,1225]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" refId="ref152545" refString="Dyar, H. G. (1928) The mosquitoes of the Americas. Publication No. 387. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., 616 pp." type="book" year="1928">Dyar 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FBB8FB00FAA45ECC" box="[1147,1333,1199,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Joblotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FBB8FB00FAA45ECC" box="[1147,1333,1199,1225]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Joblotia digitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FA87FB00FEFE5EE8" author="Senevet, G. & Abonnenc, E." pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="247 - 281" refId="ref177540" refString="Senevet, G. & Abonnenc, E. (1939) Les moustiques de la Guyane Francaise. III. Les sabethines. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 17 (2), 247 - 281." type="journal article" year="1939">Senevet & Abonnenc 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FEBCFB7CFD9A5EE8" author="Stone, A." box="[383,523,1235,1261]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="335 - 341" refId="ref179534" refString="Stone, A. (1944) Notes on the genus Trichoprosopon (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista de Entomologia, 15 (3), 335 - 341." type="journal article" year="1944">Stone, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FDD8FB7CFCA35EE8" author="Lane, J. & Cerqueira, N. L." box="[539,818,1235,1261]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="473 - 849" refId="ref163883" refString="Lane, J. & Cerqueira, N. L. (1942) Os sabetineos da America (Diptera, Culicidae). Arquivos de Zoologia do Estudo de Sao Paulo, 3 (9), 473 - 849." type="journal article" year="1942">Lane & Cerqueira 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FC81FB7CFC515EE8" author="Lane, J." box="[834,960,1234,1261]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" refId="ref163856" refString="Lane, J. (1953) Neotropical Culicidae. Vols. I & II. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 1112 pp." type="book" year="1953">Lane 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FC0CFB7CFB5A5EE8" author="Zavortink, T. J. & Roberts, D. R. & Hoch, A. L." box="[975,1227,1235,1261]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="141 - 149" refId="ref185867" refString="Zavortink, T. J., Roberts, D. R. & Hoch, A. L. (1983) Trichoprosopon digitatum - morphology, biology, and potential medical importance. Mosquito Systematics, 15 (2), 141 - 149." type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Zavortink
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FB8AFB7CFBEF5EE8" box="[1097,1150,1235,1261]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The last authors (Zavortink
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FED5FB58FED95F14" box="[278,328,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) defined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FE78FB58FDB75F14" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[443,550,1271,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FE78FB58FDB75F14" box="[443,550,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as “the only species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FCF1FB58FC755F14" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[818,996,1271,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FCF1FB58FC755F14" box="[818,996,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Trichoprosopon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with 3‒5 (3‒6) pairs of large preapical teeth on the aedeagus, with these teeth becoming progressively larger distad of the smallest basal tooth.... The pupa is the stage next most easily identified, by its normal countershading and the moderately strong to strong, more-orless rigid seta 6-VI and usually also 6-V…. The adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FCD2FACCFCED5F78" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[785,892,1379,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FCD2FACCFCED5F78" box="[785,892,1379,1405]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be identified only by the combination of the densely setose clypeus… the presence of setae on the upper calypter of the wing… the presence of a small patch of light scales at the base of the first hindtarsal segment… and the light integument of the mesepimeron and meron. The larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FEEAFA60FE055FEC" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[297,404,1487,1513]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FEEAFA60FE055FEC" box="[297,404,1487,1513]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the stage most difficult to identify. It can usually be told by the combination of a strong, long, single or double seta 0-P… a single or double seta 7-P… only a single ventral abdominal seta (12-II) arising from a sclerotized tubercle… and a long seta 6-VI”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB30AD7FF04F994FC665D9C" blockId="128.[151,1437,587,2017]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FF04F994FECA5C50" author="Stone, A." box="[199,347,1595,1621]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="335 - 341" refId="ref179534" refString="Stone, A. (1944) Notes on the genus Trichoprosopon (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista de Entomologia, 15 (3), 335 - 341." type="journal article" year="1944">Stone (1944)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FE20F994FD185C50" box="[483,649,1595,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Joblotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="digitatus" variety="townsendi">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FDD4F994FD185C50" box="[535,649,1595,1621]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">townsendi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” from a type series comprised of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BAB30AD7FB83F994FB335C50" box="[1088,1186,1595,1621]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB30AD7FB1EF994FAFC5C50" box="[1245,1389,1595,1621]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">17 paratypes</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB30AD7FABCF994FF7F5C7C" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="female">14 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB30AD7FEE1F9F0FEEC5C7C" box="[290,381,1631,1657]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
): “The
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BAB30AD7FE08F9F0FDBC5C7C" box="[459,557,1631,1657]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB30AD7FDA2F9F0FD7D5C7C" box="[609,748,1631,1657]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">11 paratypes</specimenCount>
|
||
were collected at Boa Vista, Rio Tapajós, Pará,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FB39F9F0FAD45C7C" box="[1274,1349,1631,1657]" name="Brazil" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
…. Four
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BAB30AD7FF54F92CFE935C98" box="[151,258,1667,1693]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
were reared by Dyar and Shannon at Porto Bello,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FC8AF92CFC345C98" box="[841,933,1667,1693]" name="Panama" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
... along with a number of typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FAE9F92CFA045C98" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1322,1429,1667,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FAE9F92CFA045C98" box="[1322,1429,1667,1693]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BAB30AD7FF0EF908FEA95CC4" box="[205,312,1703,1729]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FE8BF908FEF65CC5" box="[328,359,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">sic</emphasis>
|
||
] is the supposed cotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FD5BF908FB905CC4" authority="Ludlow" authorityName="Ludlow" authorityYear="1918" box="[664,1025,1703,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FD5BF908FC335CC4" box="[664,930,1703,1729]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Trichoprosopon wilsoni</emphasis>
|
||
Ludlow
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from Ancon,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FB63F908FB6D5CC4" box="[1184,1276,1703,1729]" name="Panama" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
. One
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BAB30AD7FAFFF908FA0D5CC4" box="[1340,1436,1703,1729]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
was reared at Montserrat,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB30AD7FE00F964FDB95CE0" box="[451,552,1739,1765]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
… along with many of the typical variety.” Stone did not indicate whether he examined the genitalia of the males or if the larval and pupal exuviae of the reared specimens were available or examined. He simply stated: “This [variety] agrees with typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FC42F8BCFC7D5D28" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[897,1004,1811,1837]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FC42F8BCFC7D5D28" box="[897,1004,1811,1837]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all diagnostic characters save that there are violaceous scales mingled with the hairs [setae] on the sides of the clypeus.” Without mention of the male genitalia and immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FDCCF8F4FC8B5D70" authority=", Lane (1953)" authorityName=", Lane" authorityYear="1953" box="[527,794,1882,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FDCCF8F4FD105D70" box="[527,641,1883,1909]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">townsendi</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FD53F8F4FC8B5D70" author="Lane, J." box="[656,794,1882,1909]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" refId="ref163856" refString="Lane, J. (1953) Neotropical Culicidae. Vols. I & II. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 1112 pp." type="book" year="1953">Lane (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reiterated that “The only difference between this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FA8DF8F4FF2E5D9C" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" rank="variety" variety="and">variety and</taxonomicName>
|
||
the typical form is that there are scales as well as setae on [the] clypeus.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB30AD6FF04F80CFDCA5958" blockId="128.[151,1437,587,2017]" lastBlockId="129.[151,1437,151,861]" lastPageId="129" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
|
||
As noted above for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FE63F80CFC8B5DB8" authority=", Zavortink (1981)" authorityName="Zavortink" authorityYear="1981" box="[416,794,1955,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FE63F80CFDDF5DB9" box="[416,590,1955,1980]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. compressum</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB30AD7FD9FF80CFC8B5DB8" author="Zavortink, T. J." box="[604,794,1955,1981]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="82 - 85" refId="ref185839" refString="Zavortink, T. J. (1981) Species complexes in the genus Trichoprosopon. Mosquito Systematics, 13 (1), 82 - 85." type="journal article" year="1981">Zavortink (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FC61F80CFBA15DB8" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[930,1072,1955,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FC61F80CFBA15DB8" box="[930,1072,1955,1981]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a species complex, consisting “of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FF01F868FEC15DE4" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[194,336,1991,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FF01F868FEC15DE4" box="[194,336,1991,2017]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and at least two undescribed species.” Zavortink elaborated: “By any measure,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB30AD7FB08F868FACB5DE4" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1227,1370,1991,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB30AD7FB08F868FACB5DE4" box="[1227,1370,1991,2017]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Tr. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most successful species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FDF3FF38FD735AB4" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[560,738,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FDF3FF38FD735AB4" box="[560,738,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Trichoprosopon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is widespread geographically, occupying the entire range of the genus from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB20AD6FE81FF14FE095AD0" box="[322,408,187,213]" name="Mexico" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB20AD6FE7BFF14FD845AD0" box="[440,533,187,213]" name="Ecuador" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB20AD6FD8BFF14FD2A5AD0" box="[584,699,187,213]" name="Argentina" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is diverse ecologically, with the immatures being found in water in bamboo stumps and tree holes, in fallen fruits and nuts, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FC82FF70FC3E5AFC" box="[833,943,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FC82FF70FC3E5AFC" box="[833,943,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Heliconia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
flower bracts, and in fallen leaves and palm spathes. And it is abundant, with about 95% of the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FC9DFEACFB815B18" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[862,1040,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FC9DFEACFB815B18" box="[862,1040,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Trichoprosopon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that I have examined being this one species. The undescribed species of the complex occur sympatrically with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FC0DFE88FBCD5B44" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[974,1116,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FC0DFE88FBCD5B44" box="[974,1116,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Tr. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one in the Pacific versant of eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB20AD6FF2EFEE4FED75B60" box="[237,326,331,357]" name="Panama" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB20AD6FEBFFEE4FE7C5B60" box="[380,493,331,357]" name="Colombia" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the other farther south in the Pacific versant of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB20AD6FBC6FEE4FBF45B60" box="[1029,1125,331,357]" name="Ecuador" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The immatures of only one of the undescribed species are known, and they have been found most often in leaf axils, a habitat not utilized by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FF54FE3CFEB65BA8" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[151,295,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FF54FE3CFEB65BA8" box="[151,295,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Tr. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FD92FE3CFD705BA8" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[593,737,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FD92FE3CFD705BA8" box="[593,737,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Tr. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the undescribed species whose immatures are known can be used to illustrate the size of the morphological gap separating related sympatric species in this genus.” Zavortink then mentioned differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FDF1FE74FD505BF0" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[562,705,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FDF1FE74FD505BF0" box="[562,705,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Tr. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the undescribed species—differences in the coloration of the adults and pupae, the aedeagus and cercal setae of the male genitalia, and seta 7-P of the larvae—and emphatically stated: “The nature of the differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FD76FD8CFCD75838" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[693,838,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FD76FD8CFCD75838" box="[693,838,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Tr. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the new species are important to note, because these species are sympatric and their specific distinctness cannot be doubted.” “Even after the separation of two undescribed species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FE40FDC4FD835880" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[387,530,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FE40FDC4FD835880" box="[387,530,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Tr. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains a variable species and may indeed still be a complex.” Zavortink did not mention
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FF3AFD20FEFA58AC" authorityName=", Lane" authorityYear="1953" box="[249,363,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FF3AFD20FEFA58AC" box="[249,363,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">townsendi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the available evidence indicates that this form is also sympatric with the nominotypical form in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB20AD6FF77FD1CFE9C58C8" box="[180,269,691,717]" name="Panama" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB20AD6FE87FD1CFE1D58C8" box="[324,396,691,717]" name="Brazil" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In view of the unknown immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FC4BFD1CFC6B58C8" authorityName=", Lane" authorityYear="1953" box="[904,1018,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FC4BFD1CFC6B58C8" box="[904,1018,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">townsendi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the unique presence of scales on the clypeus in the absence of morphological information for the male genitalia, we suspect that further collections and integrated study will show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FDDCFD54FD005910" authorityName=", Lane" authorityYear="1953" box="[543,657,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FDDCFD54FD005910" box="[543,657,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">townsendi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a separate sympatric species of the Digitatum Complex; henceforth, it is afforded species status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FE16FCB1FC08593D" authority="Stone, 1944" authorityName="Stone" authorityYear="1944" box="[469,921,798,825]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FE16FCB1FC08593D" bold="true" box="[469,921,798,825]" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FE16FCB1FC98593C" bold="true" box="[469,777,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Trichoprosopon townsendi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB20AD6FCD3FCB1FC08593D" author="Stone, A." box="[784,921,798,824]" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" pagination="335 - 341" refId="ref179534" refString="Stone, A. (1944) Notes on the genus Trichoprosopon (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista de Entomologia, 15 (3), 335 - 341." type="journal article" year="1944">Stone, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB20AD6FC64FCB0FB43593C" authorityName="Stone" authorityYear="1944" box="[935,1234,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Trichoprosopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB20AD6FC64FCB0FB43593C" box="[935,1234,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Trichoprosopon townsendi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |