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<document id="D65A30AA58D4ACF9398D8FACA4E0D6D9" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. &amp; Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBA680A0BFF54FD79FE1A5BA8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Culex (Culex) trifilatus Edwards" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="92" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="92" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A376E94510B5A0993C3B3B2A1C59B9E5">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2B890EFFFCA0481D6711D612C94B3EA4">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8D4F178382BE1DC626380D56E8CB61BB">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C8FA60DE9AB281E4015E882F4260AD20">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B3DBB11FFC9B426416E40AA60BECBA1A">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C00C5C2897D8AF0BF9525E0BF9913944">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="71045ED91041C531EE60E35F3B713BA4">5303</mods:number>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA680A0BFF54FD79FE1A5BA8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064253" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700520" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064253" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA680A0BFF54FD79FE1A5BA8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA680A0BFF54FD79FE1A5BA8" lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA680A0CFF54FD79FDB958F4" box="[151,552,726,753]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA680A0CFF54FD79FDB958F4" blockId="91.[151,552,726,753]" box="[151,552,726,753]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<heading id="C54581B7BA680A0CFF54FD79FDB958F4" bold="true" box="[151,552,726,753]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFF54FD79FDB958F4" ID-CoL="8BMP5" ID-ENA="2918768" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" box="[151,552,726,753]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifilatus" subGenus="Culex">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFF54FD79FDB958F4" bold="true" box="[151,552,726,753]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFF54FD79FF4E58F4" bold="true" box="[151,223,726,753]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Culex</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFF33FD79FEA958F4" bold="true" box="[240,312,726,753]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Culex</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFE8AFD79FE2058F4" bold="true" box="[329,433,726,753]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">trifilatus</emphasis>
Edwards
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA680A0CFF54FCB4FABC59AB" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA680A0CFF54FCB4FDC35957" blockId="91.[151,1436,795,942]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFECDFCB4FD8C5936" authority="Edwards, 1941" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[270,541,795,819]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFECDFCB4FEE95937" bold="true" box="[270,376,795,818]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">aenescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFE40FCB4FD8C5936" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[387,541,795,819]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards, 1941</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—original combination:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFCE0FCB4FB2B5936" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[803,1210,795,819]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="trifilatus" subGenus="Culex" subSpecies="aenescens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFCE0FCB4FCCF5936" box="[803,862,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Culex</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFCB2FCB4FC3D5936" box="[881,940,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Culex</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFC7CFCB4FB875936" box="[959,1046,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">trifilatus</emphasis>
ssp.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFB90FCB3FB2B5936" box="[1107,1210,796,819]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">aenescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFA94FCB4FA0D5936" box="[1367,1436,795,819]" name="Eritrea" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFF0DFC95FED05957" author="Mara, L." box="[206,321,826,850]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="189 - 198" refId="ref167769" refString="Mara, L. (1945) Considerazioni sul rinvenimento dell' Aedes aegypti (Dip. Aedinae) ad altitudini d'eccezione' e brevi note sulla fauna culicidica de 1 M. Bizen (Eritrea, A. O.). Bollettino. Societa italiana di medicina e igiene tropicale. Sezione Eritrea, 5, 189 - 198." type="journal article" year="1945">Mara 1945</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFE90FC95FE335957" box="[339,418,826,850]" name="Uganda" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Uganda</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFE6CFC95FDD75957" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[431,582,826,850]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards 1941</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA680A0CFF54FCF7FABC59AB" blockId="91.[151,1436,795,942]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFECCFCF7FD9E5975" ID-CoL="8BMP5" authority="Edwards, 1914" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1914" box="[271,527,856,880]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifilatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFECCFCF7FEF85975" bold="true" box="[271,361,856,880]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">trifilatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFEB7FCF7FD9E5975" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[372,527,856,880]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="63 - 81" refId="ref153338" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1914) New species of Culicidae in the British Museum, with notes on the genitalia of some African Culex. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 5 (1), 63 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300034568" type="journal article" year="1914">Edwards, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—original combination:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFCD6FCF7FC235975" ID-CoL="8BMP5" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1914" box="[789,946,856,880]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifilatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFCD6FCF7FC235975" box="[789,946,856,880]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Culex trifilatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFB8CFCF7FB0D5975" box="[1103,1180,856,880]" name="Angola" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Angola</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFB68FCF6FA865974" box="[1195,1303,857,881]" name="Cameroon" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFAE5FCF7FA0D5975" box="[1318,1436,856,880]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Democratic</collectingCountry>
Republic of the Congo,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFE04FCD8FDB1598A" box="[455,544,887,911]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFDEFFCD8FDE3598A" box="[556,626,887,911]" name="Gabon" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Gabon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFD43FCD8FD5D598A" box="[640,716,887,911]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Guinea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFD1BFCD7FC8C5995" box="[728,797,888,912]" name="Kenya" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Kenya</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFCE9FCD8FC37598A" box="[810,934,887,911]" name="Madagascar" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFC77FCD8FB95598A" box="[948,1028,887,911]" name="Malawi" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Malawi</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFBD2FCD8FB08598A" box="[1041,1177,887,911]" name="Mozambique" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFB65FCD8FA09598A" box="[1190,1432,887,911]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFF04FC39FE5659AB" box="[199,455,918,942]" name="South Africa" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Republic of South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFE11FC39FDC459AB" box="[466,597,918,942]" name="South Sudan" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFD9CFC39FD3059AB" box="[607,673,918,942]" name="Sudan" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Sudan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFD68FC39FC9859AB" box="[683,777,918,942]" name="Tanzania" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFCD0FC39FCF559AB" box="[787,868,918,942]" name="Uganda" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Uganda</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFCADFC39FC4C59AB" box="[878,989,918,942]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFC24FC39FBA559AB" box="[999,1076,918,942]" name="Zambia" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Zambia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFB82FC39FAB359AB" author="Wilkerson, R. C. &amp; Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D." box="[1089,1314,918,942]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 &amp; 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
Wilkerson
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFB71FC38FB4E59AB" box="[1202,1247,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA680A0BFF54FC73FE1A5BA8" lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA680A0CFF54FC73FEE15C17" blockId="91.[151,1437,988,2023]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFF54FC73FED159F3" box="[151,320,988,1014]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifilatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFF54FC73FED159F3" box="[151,320,988,1014]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Culex trifilatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was descried by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFDC6FC73FD2859F3" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[517,697,988,1014]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="63 - 81" refId="ref153338" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1914) New species of Culicidae in the British Museum, with notes on the genitalia of some African Culex. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 5 (1), 63 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300034568" type="journal article" year="1914">Edwards (1914)</bibRefCitation>
based on adult males and females collected in Kabete,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFAEEFC72FAEB59F2" box="[1325,1402,989,1015]" name="Kenya" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Kenya</collectingCountry>
. In 1941, he described subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFE2FFBAEFDCF5E1F" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[492,606,1025,1050]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFE2FFBAEFDCF5E1F" box="[492,606,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">aenescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from adults captured in the Toro District of
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFB87FBAFFB0E5E1F" box="[1092,1183,1024,1050]" name="Uganda" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Uganda</collectingCountry>
. Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFAE8FBAEFA0C5E1F" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[1323,1437,1025,1050]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFAE8FBAEFA0C5E1F" box="[1323,1437,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">aenescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was distinguished principally from the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA680A0CFD90FB8AFD125E3A" box="[595,643,1061,1087]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
form in having seta
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFCACFB8AFCEA5E3B" box="[879,891,1061,1086]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">c</emphasis>
of the subapical lobe of the male gonocoxite as long as seta
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFEDCFBE7FEBC5E67" box="[287,301,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">b</emphasis>
(seta
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFEACFBE6FEEA5E67" box="[367,379,1097,1122]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">c</emphasis>
is shorter than
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFDE5FBE7FDA55E67" box="[550,564,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">b</emphasis>
in the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA680A0CFD43FBE6FD215E66" box="[640,688,1097,1123]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
form), setae
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFC81FBE7FCC15E67" box="[834,848,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">d</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFC45FBE6FC035E67" box="[902,914,1097,1122]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">e</emphasis>
absent (both present in the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA680A0CFB06FBE6FB645E66" box="[1221,1269,1097,1123]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
form) and seta
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFF54FBC3FF0E5E83" box="[151,159,1132,1158]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">f</emphasis>
very slender (broad and flattened in the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA680A0CFD9FFBC2FD1D5E82" box="[604,652,1133,1159]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
form). However, the illustrations of the genitalia provided by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFAF9FBC3FF735EAF" author="Edwards, F. W." pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
clearly indicate that the two laterally bent projections of the lateral plate are more slender, the dorsal one is tapered and pointed, and the dorsal arm is narrower and longer in subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFBEDFB1AFB315ECB" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[1070,1184,1205,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFBEDFB1AFB315ECB" box="[1070,1184,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">aenescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the dorsal projection is broadened apically in the nominate subspecies). The larva of subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFC36FB76FBF65EF7" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[1013,1127,1241,1266]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFC36FB76FBF65EF7" box="[1013,1127,1241,1266]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">aenescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFAFEFB77FF735F12" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">Hopkins (1952)</bibRefCitation>
from many specimens collected in the Toro District. The larva of the nominate subspecies was not known until it was described by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFE6CFA8FFD025F3F" author="Ribeiro, H. &amp; Danilov, V. N. &amp; da Cunha Ramos, H." box="[431,659,1312,1339]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="94 - 100" refId="ref175495" refString="Ribeiro, H., Danilov, V. N. &amp; da Cunha Ramos, H. (1982) Description of the fourth instar larva of Culex (Culex) trifilatus trifilatus Edwards, 1914 (Diptera, Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 14 (2), 94 - 100." type="journal article" year="1982">
Ribeiro
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFDC9FA8EFDAA5F3F" box="[522,571,1312,1338]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al</emphasis>
. (1982)
</bibRefCitation>
based on specimens from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFC78FA8FFB9C5F3F" box="[955,1037,1312,1338]" name="Angola" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Angola</collectingCountry>
(Ribeiro &amp; da
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFB75FA8FFB6E5F3F" box="[1206,1279,1312,1338]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Cunha</collectingCountry>
Ramos 1980) and
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFF04FAEBFEBD5F5B" box="[199,300,1348,1374]" name="Tanzania" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFEF8FAEBFEE65F5A" box="[315,375,1348,1375]" name="Vietnam" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">V. N.</collectingCountry>
Danilov). As described by these researchers, larvae of subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFBA6FAEAFB465F5B" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[1125,1239,1349,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFBA6FAEAFB465F5B" box="[1125,1239,1349,1374]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">aenescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from those of the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA680A0CFF1EFAC6FE9C5F86" box="[221,269,1385,1411]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
form as follows: Seta 5-C with 3 branches (4 or more in the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA680A0CFC6EFAC6FC4C5F86" box="[941,989,1385,1411]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
form); siphonal seta 1-S comprised of 3 pairs of alternating setae with 2–5 branches (with 3–9 branches in the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA680A0CFC60FA22FC425FA2" box="[931,979,1421,1447]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
form); seta 1-X single or double (always single in the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA680A0CFEE4FA1EFEC65FCE" box="[295,343,1457,1483]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
form); dorsal pair of anal papillae 1.5 times as long as the ventral pair, which are about as long as the saddle (dorsal pair 3 times as long as the ventral pair in the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA680A0CFC94FA7AFC165FEA" box="[855,903,1493,1519]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
form, but the ventral pair are only about half as long as the saddle).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA680A0CFF04F9B3FCB45D0B" blockId="91.[151,1437,988,2023]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFF04F9B3FE255C33" author="Ribeiro, H. &amp; Danilov, V. N. &amp; da Cunha Ramos, H." box="[199,436,1564,1591]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="94 - 100" refId="ref175495" refString="Ribeiro, H., Danilov, V. N. &amp; da Cunha Ramos, H. (1982) Description of the fourth instar larva of Culex (Culex) trifilatus trifilatus Edwards, 1914 (Diptera, Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 14 (2), 94 - 100." type="journal article" year="1982">
Ribeiro
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFEE6F9B2FEC85C33" box="[293,345,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al</emphasis>
. (1982)
</bibRefCitation>
stated that the two subspecies are allopatric based on then present knowledge of their geographical distributions. This is apparently incorrect as both forms are recorded from localities in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFAD7F9EFFAFA5C5F" box="[1300,1387,1600,1626]" name="Uganda" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Uganda</collectingCountry>
and a footnote in
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFEF4F9CBFE7A5C7A" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[311,491,1636,1663]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">Hopkins (1952)</bibRefCitation>
provided by P. F. Mattingly indicates that
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFC27F9CAFBE55C7A" author="Mara, L." box="[996,1140,1636,1663]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="189 - 198" refId="ref167769" refString="Mara, L. (1945) Considerazioni sul rinvenimento dell' Aedes aegypti (Dip. Aedinae) ad altitudini d'eccezione' e brevi note sulla fauna culicidica de 1 M. Bizen (Eritrea, A. O.). Bollettino. Societa italiana di medicina e igiene tropicale. Sezione Eritrea, 5, 189 - 198." type="journal article" year="1945">Mara (1945)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the presence of subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFED4F926FE185CA7" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[279,393,1673,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFED4F926FE185CA7" box="[279,393,1673,1698]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">aenescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFE6DF927FE6F5CA7" box="[430,510,1672,1698]" name="Eritrea" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFDCAF927FD4F5CA6" author="Stone, A. &amp; Knight, K. L. &amp; Starcke, H." box="[521,734,1672,1699]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref180004" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L. &amp; Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp." type="book" year="1959">
Stone
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFD93F926FD135CA7" box="[592,642,1672,1698]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al</emphasis>
. (1959)
</bibRefCitation>
, and later catalogs, indicate that the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA680A0CFBB8F926FB3A5CA6" box="[1147,1195,1673,1699]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
form has been found in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFF75F903FE845CC3" box="[182,277,1708,1734]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA680A0CFE8CF903FE095CC3" box="[335,408,1708,1734]" name="Sudan" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Sudan</collectingCountry>
, but without identifying the sources of those records and whether they are based on adult or larval mosquitoes. Assuming the identifications are correct, it seems likely that the two subspecies occur in sympatry in northeastern areas of the Afrotropical Region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA680A0BFF04F8B6FE1A5BA8" blockId="91.[151,1437,988,2023]" lastBlockId="92.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
It is an undeniable fact that most species of Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFC89F8B7FC1A5D37" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[842,907,1816,1842]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFC89F8B7FC1A5D37" box="[842,907,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Culex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are incompletely (inadequately) described and illustrated or otherwise only superficially known. As a result of critical revisionary studies, it is known that many currently recognized species of the genus are distinguished by a combination of seemingly minor differences in individual life stages,
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFE57F82AFE2D5D9B" box="[404,444,1925,1950]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">e.g.</emphasis>
species of the
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA680A0CFDA9F82BFD575D9B" box="[618,710,1924,1950]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Ash Sharqiyah" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Oriental</collectingRegion>
Vishnui Group (
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFC45F82BFBCD5D9B" author="Sirivanakarn, S." box="[902,1116,1924,1950]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 272" refId="ref178540" refString="Sirivanakarn, S. (1976) Medical entomology studies - III. A revision of the subgenus Culex in the Oriental Region (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 12 (2), iii, 1 - 272." type="journal article" year="1976">Sirivanakarn 1976</bibRefCitation>
), and some nominal species thought to be conspecific have been found to be distinct species with very similar male genitalia that exhibit distinctive minor differences,
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFE20F862FD9A5DE3" box="[483,523,1997,2022]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">e.g.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFDD2F863FC965DE3" authority="Dyar, 1922" authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1922" box="[529,775,1996,2023]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFDD2F863FD175DE3" box="[529,646,1996,2022]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Cx. bidens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFD4FF862FC965DE3" author="Dyar, H. G." box="[652,775,1996,2023]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="188 - 196" refId="ref152473" refString="Dyar, H. G. (1922) Notes on tropical American mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 10 (10 - 12), 188 - 196, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1922">Dyar, 1922</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA680A0CFCF8F863FBAF5DE3" authority="Dyar, 1928" authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1928" box="[827,1086,1996,2023]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interfor">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFCF8F863FC2C5DE3" box="[827,957,1996,2022]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Cx. interfor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFC00F862FBAF5DE3" author="Dyar, H. G." box="[963,1086,1996,2023]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref152545" refString="Dyar, H. G. (1928) The mosquitoes of the Americas. Publication No. 387. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., 616 pp." type="book" year="1928">Dyar, 1928</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA680A0CFB88F863FABA5DE3" author="Harbach, R. E. &amp; Jakob, W. L. &amp; Peyton, E. L." box="[1099,1323,1996,2023]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="139 - 144" refId="ref159105" refString="Harbach, R. E., Jakob, W. L. &amp; Peyton, E. L. (1986) Recognition of Culex bidens Dyar and Culex interfor Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae) as separate species. Mosquito Systematics, 18 (2), 139 - 144." type="journal article" year="1986">
Harbach
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA680A0CFB71F862FB735DE3" box="[1202,1250,1996,2022]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al</emphasis>
. 1986
</bibRefCitation>
). It is well known that male genitalia generally provide a better means for distinguishing species than any other morphological characters, especially members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFD61FF14FD725AD0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[674,739,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFD61FF14FD725AD0" box="[674,739,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Evolution of genital form is thought to be involved in the origin of species and the reproductive isolation between species. Thus, the differences in the male genitalia noted above would alone provide
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE11FEACFDC25B18" box="[466,595,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">prima facie</emphasis>
evidence of separate species; however, those differences coupled with the larval differences and the probable sympatry of the two forms further strengthens the likelihood that
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFAE8FE88FA0C5B45" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[1323,1437,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFAE8FE88FA0C5B45" box="[1323,1437,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">aenescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a valid species. For these reasons, we feel justified in formally recognizing this nominal subspecific taxon as a distinct species:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFE90FEC1FCBE5B8D" authority="Edwards, 1941" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[339,815,366,393]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens" subGenus="Culex">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE90FEC1FCBE5B8D" bold="true" box="[339,815,366,393]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE90FEC1FE065B8C" bold="true" box="[339,407,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE6AFEC1FE7C5B8C" bold="true" box="[425,493,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE3CFEC0FDE55B8C" bold="true" box="[511,628,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">aenescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFDBFFEC0FCBE5B8D" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[636,815,366,393]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards, 1941</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFCFDFEC0FC685B8D" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[830,1017,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFCFDFEC0FC685B8D" box="[830,1017,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex aenescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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