269 lines
29 KiB
XML
269 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="19F6647E2E1A102A37A8C42853B48498" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBA560A32FF54FF38FC525E83" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Culex (Microculex) imitator Theobald" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="102" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="102" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="6AC21B742B7BC775B63A9E0D596B2488" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="372F700FE04FBC8DD9655268AAE4F8FC">
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<mods:title id="7662428EF83CF7537A882CAA01F36D4F">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8B6A1A2A3F8F16ABAEBE0331A6B9440E" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="354A3B589B3E688510661C0CD23A0932">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="691B92B690C296EA53C513B754FE1454" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="8639C889F2770F11B04F7FD39D8E5CCE">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B0E9C93B2659E0E634447C9EC98ABB31" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="CD364AED4F97205B74EBA5255055848A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="19548021C1FFE894C6FFDB17C2F72603">
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<mods:date id="38DC57CFDB74B19928E4CE8F92E256F1">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CB352B27688C5CD918BEE683299B36BD">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="723C64D6D7F606D9BB835A02B2621A55">5303</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="4EFF2D95C892FE4106F01DF98475C5E0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B9F1174A50DA4A256BA31669914B24F7" type="CLB-Dataset">53758</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1A1642418E81046CAFB980C48A86F2D3" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA560A32FF54FF38FC525E83" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064267" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700522" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064267" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA560A32FF54FF38FC525E83" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA560A32FF54FF38FC525E83" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA560A32FF54FF38FDFB5AB4" box="[151,618,151,178]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA560A32FF54FF38FDFB5AB4" blockId="101.[151,618,151,178]" box="[151,618,151,178]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA560A32FF54FF38FDFB5AB4" bold="true" box="[151,618,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FF54FF38FDFB5AB4" ID-CoL="8BN8X" ID-ENA="707273" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" box="[151,618,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator" subGenus="Microculex">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FF54FF38FDFB5AB4" bold="true" box="[151,618,151,178]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FF54FF38FF4E5AB7" bold="true" box="[151,223,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Culex</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FF33FF38FEEA5AB7" bold="true" box="[240,379,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Microculex</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FE4FFF38FE7D5AB4" bold="true" box="[396,492,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">imitator</emphasis>
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Theobald
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA560A32FF54FF73FE585B6B" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA560A32FF54FF73FD1A5B34" blockId="101.[151,1437,219,366]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FED2FF74FDB15AF1" ID-CoL="8BN8X" authority="Theobald, 1903 a" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[273,544,219,244]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FED2FF74FEF55AF6" bold="true" box="[273,356,219,243]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">imitator</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA560A32FEB2FF73FDB15AF1" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[369,544,220,244]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref181601" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1903">Theobald, 1903a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FCEFFF73FC575AF6" ID-CoL="8BN8X" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[812,966,220,244]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FCEFFF73FC575AF6" box="[812,966,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Culex imitator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FBA4FF73FB5E5AF1" box="[1127,1231,220,244]" name="Argentina" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FB23FF73FAB15AF1" box="[1248,1312,220,244]" name="Brazil" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FAF1FF73FA085AF1" box="[1330,1433,220,244]" name="Colombia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FF04FF55FE8C5B17" box="[199,285,250,274]" name="Ecuador" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, French Guiana,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FE09FF55FD8A5B17" box="[458,539,250,274]" name="Guyana" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FDE5FF55FD1A5B17" box="[550,651,250,274]" name="Honduras" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Honduras</collectingCountry>
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, Lesser Antilles (includes
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FC55FF55FBFC5B17" box="[918,1133,250,274]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FBBDFF55FB5F5B17" box="[1150,1230,250,274]" name="Mexico" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FB1BFF54FABA5B17" box="[1240,1323,251,274]" name="Panama" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Panama</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FAF6FF55FA085B17" box="[1333,1433,250,274]" name="Suriname" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FF04FEB6FEB05B34" box="[199,289,281,305]" name="Uruguay" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FEE9FEB6FE035B34" box="[298,402,281,305]" name="Venezuela" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA560A32FE5CFEB6FD115B34" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[415,640,281,305]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FDD3FEB5FDAC5B34" box="[528,573,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
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. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA560A32FF54FE97FE585B6B" blockId="101.[151,1437,219,366]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FEC9FE97FDC45B4A" authority="Lane & Whitman, 1951" authorityName="Lane & Whitman" authorityYear="1951" box="[266,597,311,336]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retrosus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FEC9FE97FECF5B4A" bold="true" box="[266,350,312,335]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">retrosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA560A32FEA5FE97FDC45B4A" author="Lane, J. & Whitman, L." box="[358,597,311,336]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="341 - 366" refId="ref163925" refString="Lane, J. & Whitman, L. (1951) The subgenus " Microculex " in Brazil (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 11 (3), 341 - 366." type="journal article" year="1951">Lane & Whitman, 1951</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FC90FE97FB585B4A" authorityName="Lane & Whitman" authorityYear="1951" box="[851,1225,312,336]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="imitator" subGenus="Microculex" subSpecies="retrosus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FC90FE97FC1F5B55" box="[851,910,312,336]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Culex</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FC5EFE97FB9E5B55" box="[925,1039,312,336]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Microculex</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FBDCFE97FB585B4A" box="[1055,1225,312,335]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">imitator retrosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FA9DFE97FA0D5B55" box="[1374,1436,312,336]" name="Brazil" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA560A32FF0DFEF9FE2C5B6B" author="Lane, J. & Whitman, L." box="[206,445,342,366]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="341 - 366" refId="ref163925" refString="Lane, J. & Whitman, L. (1951) The subgenus " Microculex " in Brazil (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 11 (3), 341 - 366." type="journal article" year="1951">Lane & Whitman 1951</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA560A32FF54FE33FC525E83" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA560A32FF54FE33FAC859D7" blockId="101.[151,1437,412,1159]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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Despite being included in many taxonomic studies,
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FD25FE32FCFE5BB3" box="[742,879,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FD25FE32FCFE5BB3" box="[742,879,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Cx. imitator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has only been superficially described, especially the larval and pupal stages. This also applies to subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FCF6FE6EFC1E5BDF" authorityName="Lane & Whitman" authorityYear="1951" box="[821,911,449,474]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retrosus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FCF6FE6EFC1E5BDF" box="[821,911,449,474]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">retrosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which has only been described once (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA560A32FA86FE6EFED35BFA" author="Lane, J. & Whitman, L." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="341 - 366" refId="ref163925" refString="Lane, J. & Whitman, L. (1951) The subgenus " Microculex " in Brazil (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 11 (3), 341 - 366." type="journal article" year="1951">Lane & Whitman 1951</bibRefCitation>
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; summarized by
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA560A32FDC2FE4AFDED5BFA" author="Lane, J." box="[513,636,484,511]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref163856" refString="Lane, J. (1953) Neotropical Culicidae. Vols. I & II. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 1112 pp." type="book" year="1953">Lane 1953</bibRefCitation>
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). However, Lane & Whitman provided distinctions, some unmentioned but illustrated, which seem to indicate that
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FD48FDA6FD745827" authorityName="Lane & Whitman" authorityYear="1951" box="[651,741,521,546]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retrosus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FD48FDA6FD745827" box="[651,741,521,546]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">retrosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a separate species. The differences include the following. In the male genitalia, ninth tergal lobe (as illustrated) short with relatively weak apical setae only slightly longer than the lobe (lobe elongate with strong apical setae about as long as the lobe in
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FBF9FDFEFB05586F" box="[1082,1172,593,618]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FBF9FDFEFB05586F" box="[1082,1172,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">imitator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); subapical lobe of the gonocoxite (as illustrated) relatively long, setae
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FD72FDDAFD2E588B" box="[689,703,629,654]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">a</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FD36FDDBFC92588B" box="[757,771,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">b</emphasis>
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equally broad with narrow hooked apices, proximal side of lobe with a row of relatively long setae (lobe shorter, setae
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FCDCFD36FCBC58B7" box="[799,813,665,690]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">a</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FCA2FD37FCFE58B7" box="[865,879,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">b</emphasis>
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constricted before short somewhat leaf-like apical segment, seta
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FEF6FD13FED258D3" box="[309,323,700,726]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">b</emphasis>
|
|
distinctly stouter than seta
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FDB5FD12FD1558D3" box="[630,644,701,726]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">a</emphasis>
|
|
, proximal side of lobe with a row of relatively short setae in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FAF2FD12FA1A58D3" box="[1329,1419,701,726]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FAF2FD12FA1A58D3" box="[1329,1419,701,726]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">imitator</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
); basal hook of the lateral plate of the phallosome strongly curved/sharply bent (slightly curved, not bent in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FAF1FD4EFA1D58FF" box="[1330,1420,737,762]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FAF1FD4EFA1D58FF" box="[1330,1420,737,762]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">imitator</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). In the larva, based on the “prothoracic hair formula”, seta 4-P 3-branched and setae 6,8-P 2-branched (seta 4-P 2- branched and setae 6,8-P single in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FDE7FC86FDEF5947" box="[548,638,809,834]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FDE7FC86FDEF5947" box="[548,638,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">imitator</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). This, coupled with molecular evidence that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FB49FC86FA825947" box="[1162,1299,809,835]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FB49FC86FA825947" box="[1162,1299,809,835]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Cx. imitator</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a species complex in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FEDDFCE3FEF35963" box="[286,354,844,870]" name="Brazil" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA560A32FEB1FCE3FD015962" author="Demari-Silva, B. & Vesgueiro, F. T. & Sallum, M. A. M. & Marrelli, M. T." box="[370,656,844,871]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="272 - 279" refId="ref150975" refString="Demari-Silva, B., Vesgueiro, F. T., Sallum, M. A. M. & Marrelli, M. T. (2011) Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships between species of the genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil inferred from the cytochrome c oxidase I mitochondrial gene. Journal of Medical Entomology, 48 (2), 272 - 279. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / me 09293" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
|
Demari-Silva
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FDD0FCE2FDD75963" box="[531,582,844,870]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2011
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), based on high intraspecific divergence (3.5%) in the mitochondrial
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FF54FCDEFF56598E" box="[151,199,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">COI</emphasis>
|
|
gene and associated morphological differences in the pupal stage, we believe it is likely that further study will reveal
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FEDBFC3AFEE359AB" authorityName="Lane & Whitman" authorityYear="1951" box="[280,370,917,942]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retrosus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FEDBFC3AFEE359AB" box="[280,370,917,942]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">retrosus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a separate species. Thus,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FD77FC3AFC9F59AB" authorityName="Lane & Whitman" authorityYear="1951" box="[692,782,917,942]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retrosus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FD77FC3AFC9F59AB" box="[692,782,917,942]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">retrosus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is hereby elevated to specific status:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FB7AFC3BFD8459D7" authority="Lane & Whitman, 1961" authorityName="Lane & Whitman" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retrosus" subGenus="Microculex">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FB7AFC3BFD8459D7" bold="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FB7AFC3BFB6C59AA" bold="true" box="[1209,1277,916,943]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Culex</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FACCFC3BFA0259AA" bold="true" box="[1295,1427,916,943]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Microculex</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FF54FC16FF6559D6" bold="true" box="[151,244,953,979]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">retrosus</emphasis>
|
|
Lane & Whitman, 1961
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FDE0FC17FD5459D7" authorityName="Lane & Whitman" authorityYear="1961" box="[547,709,952,978]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retrosus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FDE0FC17FD5459D7" box="[547,709,952,978]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Culex retrosus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA560A32FF04FC73FC525E83" blockId="101.[151,1437,412,1159]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
|
|
Three nominal species are currently considered to be synonyms of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FC6AFC72FBBE59F3" box="[937,1071,989,1015]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FC6AFC72FBBE59F3" box="[937,1071,989,1015]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Cx. imitator</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FBFEFC72FF4C5E1F" authority="Dyar & Knab, 1906 b" authorityName="Dyar & Knab" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daumasturus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FBFEFC72FB6B59F3" box="[1085,1274,988,1015]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Cx. daumasturus</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA560A32FB3CFC72FF4C5E1F" author="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="169 - 230" refId="ref152617" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1906 b) The larvae of Culicidae classified as independent organisms. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 14 (4), 169 - 230, 13 pls." type="journal article" year="1906">Dyar & Knab, 1906b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<typeStatus id="41098879BA560A32FF2EFBAEFE8E5E1E" box="[237,287,1025,1051]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">type</typeStatus>
|
|
locality:
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FE49FBAFFDEB5E1F" box="[394,634,1024,1050]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
|
),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FD4DFBAEFC6B5E1F" authority="Dyar & Knab, 1906 b" authorityName="Dyar & Knab" authorityYear="1906" box="[654,1018,1024,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vector">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FD4DFBAEFD3C5E1E" box="[654,685,1025,1051]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Cx</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FD7FFBAEFC935E1F" box="[700,770,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">vector</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA560A32FCC8FBAEFC6B5E1F" author="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." box="[779,1018,1024,1051]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="169 - 230" refId="ref152617" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1906 b) The larvae of Culicidae classified as independent organisms. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 14 (4), 169 - 230, 13 pls." type="journal article" year="1906">Dyar & Knab, 1906b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<typeStatus id="41098879BA560A32FBC9FBAEFBAD5E1E" box="[1034,1084,1025,1051]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">type</typeStatus>
|
|
locality:
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FB6BFBAFFA055E1F" box="[1192,1428,1024,1050]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FF05FB8BFD5E5E3A" authority="Theobald, 1907" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1907" box="[198,719,1060,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Microculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argenteoumbrosus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FF05FB8BFD885E3B" box="[198,537,1060,1086]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Microculex argenteoumbrosus</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA560A32FDE3FB8BFD5E5E3A" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[544,719,1060,1087]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref182007" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1907) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 639 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1907">Theobald, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<typeStatus id="41098879BA560A32FD1EFB8AFC9E5E3A" box="[733,783,1061,1087]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">type</typeStatus>
|
|
locality:
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA560A32FCBBFB8BFB8D5E3B" box="[888,1052,1060,1086]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA560A32FBE4FB8BFBE15E3B" box="[1063,1136,1060,1086]" name="Brazil" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|
). It is possible the first two nominal forms represent a distinct species and the last one may be conspecific with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FB88FBE6FB435E67" authorityName="Lane & Whitman" authorityYear="1961" box="[1099,1234,1097,1123]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retrosus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FB88FBE6FB435E67" box="[1099,1234,1097,1123]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Cx. retrosus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but we believe it is prudent to retain them as synonyms of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA560A32FDA6FBC2FD7D5E83" box="[613,748,1133,1159]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA560A32FDA6FBC2FD7D5E83" box="[613,748,1133,1159]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Cx. imitator</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
for the time being.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |