551 lines
71 KiB
XML
551 lines
71 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="39CC31252511BEF85B3BD557EB804ECA">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BBB71B691C58CD49FB03A209F5FFD9EA">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3259F984B22F6FC9AC5A172731CE4C7F">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1850299A2D8EBC880EAC46B505A83C25">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2735E60AD7F87C1EFB1DF8FECDBFAC1A">
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<mods:date id="6CBA936CB29C24FC64360F80044EC216">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA280A4AFF54F8E8FE9F5D00" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8060464" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8060464" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA280A4AFF54F8E8FE9F5D00" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA280A4AFF54F8E8FE9F5D00" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA280A4CFF54F8E8FD245D64" box="[151,693,1863,1890]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA280A4CFF54F8E8FD245D64" blockId="27.[151,693,1863,1890]" box="[151,693,1863,1890]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA280A4CFF54F8E8FD245D64" bold="true" box="[151,693,1863,1890]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA280A4CFF54F8E8FD245D64" ID-CoL="89VTQ" authority="(Theobald)" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[151,693,1863,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFF54F8E8FD245D64" bold="true" box="[151,693,1863,1890]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFF54F8E8FF4E5D67" bold="true" box="[151,223,1863,1890]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Aedes</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFF33F8E8FE1D5D67" bold="true" box="[240,396,1863,1890]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFE5DF8E8FDB55D67" bold="true" box="[414,548,1863,1890]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">canadensis</emphasis>
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(Theobald)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA280A4CFF54F82AFAE45DFC" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA280A4CFF54F82AFC305DB9" blockId="27.[151,1437,1925,2041]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA280A4CFECBF82AFDA55D98" ID-CoL="89VTQ" authority="(Theobald, 1901 c)" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[264,564,1925,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFECBF82AFEEA5D98" bold="true" box="[264,379,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">canadensis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA280A4CFE45F82AFDBF5D98" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[390,558,1925,1949]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901c</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA280A4CFCECF82AFC4E5D98" ID-CoL="8BNDP" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[815,991,1925,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFCECF82AFC4E5D98" box="[815,991,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Culex canadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA280A4CFBACF82AFB2F5D98" box="[1135,1214,1925,1949]" name="Canada" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Canada</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA280A4CFB05F82AFA095D98" box="[1222,1432,1925,1949]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA280A4CFF04F80BFE865DB9" box="[199,279,1956,1980]" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA280A4CFEE2F80BFE3B5DB9" box="[289,426,1956,1980]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">United States</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA280A4CFE75F80BFE6F5DB9" box="[438,510,1956,1980]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Alaska</collectingRegion>
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and continental) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA280A4CFD76F80BFC075DB9" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[693,918,1956,1980]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFCE5F80AFCC85DB9" box="[806,857,1956,1980]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
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2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA280A4CFF54F86CFAE45DFC" blockId="27.[151,1437,1925,2041]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA280A4CFEC9F86DFDA95DDE" authority="Middlekauff, 1944" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[266,568,1986,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFEC9F86DFEE75DDF" bold="true" box="[266,374,1986,2010]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">mathesoni</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA280A4CFEBEF86CFDA95DDE" author="Middlekauff, W. W." box="[381,568,1987,2011]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="42 - 44" refId="ref170110" refString="Middlekauff, W. W. (1944) A new species of Aedes from Florida (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 46 (2), 42 - 44." type="journal article" year="1944">Middlekauff, 1944</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA280A4CFCF6F86CFBEB5DDE" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[821,1146,1987,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFCF6F86CFCE05DDE" box="[821,881,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Aedes</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFC43F86CFB925DDE" box="[896,1027,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA280A4CFBD1F86CFBEB5DDE" box="[1042,1146,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">mathesoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(subspecific status by
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA280A4CFAA2F86CFA0D5DDE" author="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O." box="[1377,1436,1987,2011]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="41 - 49" refId="ref175661" refString="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O. (1948) The taxonomic status of Aedes mathesoni. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 50 (2), 41 - 49." type="journal article" year="1948">Rings</bibRefCitation>
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& Hill 1948). Distribution: Southeast
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA280A4CFD84F84EFD415DFC" box="[583,720,2017,2041]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">United States</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA280A4CFD1FF84EFCAD5DFC" box="[732,828,2017,2041]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Alabama</collectingRegion>
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, Florida,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA280A4CFC5FF84EFC615DFC" box="[924,1008,2017,2041]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Georgia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA280A4CFC39F84EFB055DFC" box="[1018,1172,2017,2041]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA280A4CFB6BF84EFAFB5DFC" author="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O." box="[1192,1386,2017,2041]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="41 - 49" refId="ref175661" refString="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O. (1948) The taxonomic status of Aedes mathesoni. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 50 (2), 41 - 49." type="journal article" year="1948">Rings & Hill 1948</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA2F0A4BFF54FF38FE5E5958" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2F0A4BFF54FF38FEF75864" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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||
The nominotypical subspecies was described from specimens collected near Toronto,
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2F0A4BFBADFF38FB575AB4" box="[1134,1222,151,177]" name="Canada" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFB11FF38FA0D5AB4" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1234,1436,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald (1901c)</bibRefCitation>
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stated: “A very distinct species, in which the legs are very characteristically marked, the last tarsal joint [tarsomere 5] of the hind legs being entirely dull white and the banding of the legs involving both sides of the joints. The dusky scaled abdomen, with the creamy-white basal lateral patches, is also very characteristic.” Additionally we note: Maxillary palpus with apical half of palpomere 2 pale; scutum dull purplish brown to deep chestnut brown, covered with varying patterns of curved golden-brown scales; wing all dark; and venter of abdomen covered with pale yellowish scales. In the Natural History Museum, London,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFCE6FEC0FC795B8C" author="Townsend, B. C." box="[805,1000,367,393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="35 - 152" refId="ref182830" refString="Townsend, B. C. (1990) Culicidae. In: Townsend, B. C., Chainey, J. E., Crosskey, R. W., Pont, A. C., Lane, R. P., Boorman, J. P. T. & Crouch, C. A. (Eds.), A catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History), Natural History Museum, London, pp. 35 - 152." type="book chapter" year="1990">Townsend (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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found: “
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<typeStatus id="41098879BA2F0A4BFB84FEC0FB2B5B8C" box="[1095,1210,367,393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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||
male, designated by Belkin, 1968b: 4 ‒
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2F0A4BFEACFE3CFE565BA8" box="[367,455,403,429]" name="Canada" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2F0A4BFE11FE3CFDBB5BA8" box="[466,554,403,429]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ontario</collectingRegion>
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||
, near Toronto, Trout Creek.
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<typeStatus id="41098879BA2F0A4BFCABFE3CFB9A5BA8" box="[872,1035,403,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="paralectotype">Paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(14) ‒
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2F0A4BFB9EFE3CFB245BA8" box="[1117,1205,403,429]" name="Canada" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA2F0A4BFB03FE3CFA9F5BA8" box="[1216,1294,403,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
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||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA2F0A4BFADAFE3CFA1E5BA8" box="[1305,1423,403,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="female">13 female</specimenCount>
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.” “Belkin misread the type locality as ‘Front Creek’, and overlooked some of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA2F0A4BFBF2FE18FB485BD4" box="[1073,1241,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.” Other pertinent descriptions include: Adult female, larva and male genitalia (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFC80FE74FBEB5BF0" author="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J." box="[835,1146,474,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref147571" refString="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, vii + 360 pp., 127 pls." type="book" year="1955">Carpenter & LaCasse 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); larva and male genitalia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFF5CFE50FE8B581C" author="Ross, H. H." box="[159,282,511,537]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref176503" refString="Ross, H. H. (1947) The mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae). Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 24 (1), 1 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 24.195" type="journal article" year="1947">Ross 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); pupa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFEB6FE50FD92581C" author="Darsie, R. F., Jr." box="[373,515,510,537]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref150411" refString="Darsie, R. F., Jr. (1951) Pupae of the culicine mosquitoes of the northeastern United States (Diptera, Culicidae, Culicini). Memoir 304. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, New York, 67 pp." type="book" year="1951">Darsie 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and egg (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFDBCFE50FC93581C" author="Craig, G. B. Jr." box="[639,770,510,537]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref149581" refString="Craig, G. B. Jr. (1956) Classification of eggs of nearctic aedine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). PhD Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illionis, vii + 135 pp." type="book" year="1956">Craig 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFCCDFE50FB9E581C" author="Craig, G. B., Jr. & Horsfall, W. R." box="[782,1039,510,537]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="853 - 857" refId="ref149621" refString="Craig, G. B., Jr. & Horsfall, W. R. (1958) Taxonomic and ecological significance of eggs of aedine mosquitoes. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Entomology, 3, 853 - 857." type="journal article" year="1958">Craig & Horsfall 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFBDFFE50FA84581C" author="Ross, H. H. & Horsfall, W. R." box="[1052,1301,510,537]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref176554" refString="Ross, H. H. & Horsfall, W. R. (1965) A synopsis of the mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae). Biological Notes No. 52. Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois, 50 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15153" type="book" year="1965">Ross & Horsfall 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFAE1FE50FE875838" author="Kalpage, K. S. & Brust, R. A." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="699 - 718" refId="ref161820" refString="Kalpage, K. S. & Brust, R. A. (1968) Mosquitoes of Manitoba. I. Descriptions and a key to Aedes eggs (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 46 (4), 699 - 718. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 68 - 098" type="journal article" year="1968">Kalpage & Brust 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFEE1FD8CFE6E5838" author="Horsfall, W. R. & Voorhees, F. R. & Cupp, E. W." box="[290,511,547,573]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1709 - 1716" refId="ref160326" refString="Horsfall, W. R., Voorhees, F. R. & Cupp, E. W. (1970) Eggs of floodwater mosquitoes. XIII. Chorionic sculpturing. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63 (6), 1709 - 1716. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 63.6.1709" type="journal article" year="1970">
|
||
Horsfall
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFE47FD8CFE245838" box="[388,437,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1970
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Notably,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFDBAFD8CFD645838" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[633,757,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFDBAFD8CFD645838" box="[633,757,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is cold adapted, emerging very early in the spring (reviewed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFF79FDE8FEC85864" author="Horsfall, W. R." box="[186,345,583,609]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref160296" refString="Horsfall, W. R. (1972) Mosquitoes, their bionomics and relation to disease. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, x + 723 pp." type="book" year="1972">Horsfall 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2F0A4BFF04FDC4FE5E5958" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Notable characters of the larva include: Setae 1-A and 5–7-C multi-branched, 5–7-C not in a straight line, 6-C inserted far forward of 5-C; seta 1-M small and short, not reaching bases of prothoracic setae; comb with many scales in a patch, individual scales pointed and fringed with rather slender subequal spinules; siphon index 3.0–4.0, pecten with 13–24 evenly spaced spines on basal two-fifths of siphon, siphonal tuft (seta 1-S) usually 3–8-branched, inserted beyond pecten; saddle incomplete, extending about 0.67 down side of segment, ventral brush (seta 4-X) large, usually with 2 precratal setae; anal papillae tapered, about 1.5 times as long as saddle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFB6AFCB0FF435958" author="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref147571" refString="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, vii + 360 pp., 127 pls." type="book" year="1955">Carpenter & LaCasse 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFF1DFCECFE525958" author="Harrison, B. A. & Byrd, B. D. & Sither, C. B. & Whitt, P. B." box="[222,451,835,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref159337" refString="Harrison, B. A., Byrd, B. D., Sither, C. B. & Whitt, P. B. (2016) The Mosquitoes of the Mid-Atlantic Region: An Identification Guide. Mosquito and Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory Publication 2016 - 1. Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, v + (1) + 201 pp." type="book" year="2016">
|
||
Harrison
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFE84FCECFEEE5958" box="[327,383,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA2F0A4AFF04FCC8FE9F5D00" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2F0A4BFF04FCC8FE9D5E78" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFE88FCC8FE2F5984" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[331,446,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFE88FCC8FE2F5984" box="[331,446,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described, as a species, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFCE8FCC8FB985984" author="Middlekauff, W. W." box="[811,1033,871,897]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="42 - 44" refId="ref170110" refString="Middlekauff, W. W. (1944) A new species of Aedes from Florida (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 46 (2), 42 - 44." type="journal article" year="1944">Middlekauff (1944)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from specimens collected in south-central Florida (Kissimmee) in late summer and autumn [early season occurrence not noted]. Middlekauff recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFF54FC00FE9B59CC" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,266,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFF54FC00FE9B59CC" box="[151,266,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as quite similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFE2FFC00FDF959CC" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[492,616,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFE2FFC00FDF959CC" box="[492,616,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: “This species [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFCE6FC00FC0959CC" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[805,920,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFCE6FC00FC0959CC" box="[805,920,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] is most closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFB17FC00FF6A59E8" authority="(Theob.)" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFB17FC00FA0D59CC" box="[1236,1436,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Aedes canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Theob.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but that species [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFE0BFC7CFDD559E8" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[456,580,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFE0BFC7CFDD559E8" box="[456,580,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] lacks the nearly black scales of the mesonotum and the white areas on the legs are more extensive. The male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFD5DFC58FC8B5E14" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[670,794,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFD5DFC58FC8B5E14" box="[670,794,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ only slightly, the spines of the ninth tergites [terga] being less regularly placed and more abundant, and the tenth sternites [paraprocts] being somewhat curved and acutely [
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFF39FB90FE885E5D" box="[250,281,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">sic</emphasis>
|
||
] apically.” “
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA2F0A4BFE6BFB90FD845E5C" box="[424,533,1087,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA2F0A4BFDE0FB90FDEC5E5C" box="[547,637,1087,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA2F0A4BFD74FB90FCD95E5C" box="[695,840,1087,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">one paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
[are] in the collection of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2F0A4BFB58FB90FAA25E5C" box="[1179,1331,1087,1113]" name="United States of America" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
National Museum.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2F0A4BFF04FB28FB6E5C28" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFF04FB28FE3A5EA4" author="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O." box="[199,427,1159,1185]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="237 - 240" refId="ref175613" refString="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O. (1946) The larva of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) mathesoni Middlekauff (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 48 (9), 237 - 240." type="journal article" year="1946">Rings & Hill (1946)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFD6EFB28FCB15EA4" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[685,800,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFD6EFB28FCB15EA4" box="[685,800,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using reared-associated specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2F0A4BFB2CFB28FAD85EA4" box="[1263,1353,1159,1185]" name="Georgia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Camp Gordon) and from northeastern Florida (Camp Blanding). They found the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFB89FB04FB575EC0" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1098,1222,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFB89FB04FB575EC0" box="[1098,1222,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFB3CFB04FAE35EC0" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[1279,1394,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFB3CFB04FAE35EC0" box="[1279,1394,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“to be remarkably similar, the only apparent difference being in the degree of branching in the head hairs [setae] and antennal tufts [seta 1-A].” In general, mean branch counts for setae 5- and 6-C were lower in specimens from further north (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFF20FAB8FECE5F34" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[227,351,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFF20FAB8FECE5F34" box="[227,351,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) than southern specimens. They counted setal branches of 89
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFBD8FAB8FB065F34" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1051,1175,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFBD8FAB8FB065F34" box="[1051,1175,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in places ranging from British Columbia to Florida and 33
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFDEAFA94FD0D5F50" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[553,668,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFDEAFA94FD0D5F50" box="[553,668,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2F0A4BFD22FA94FCAA5F50" box="[737,827,1339,1365]" name="Georgia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Florida: Seta 5-C, mean number of branches 6.77 (4–10) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFF30FAF0FEFE5F7C" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[243,367,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFF30FAF0FEFE5F7C" box="[243,367,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 9.8 (6–14) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFDCDFAF0FD105F7C" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[526,641,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFDCDFAF0FD105F7C" box="[526,641,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); seta 6-C 5.06 (range not given) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFBCFFAF0FB195F7C" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1036,1160,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFBCFFAF0FB195F7C" box="[1036,1160,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 7.1 (4–9) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFADAFAF0FA1D5F7C" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[1305,1420,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFADAFAF0FA1D5F7C" box="[1305,1420,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Rings & Hill compared specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFD9AFA2CFD5D5F98" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[601,716,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFD9AFA2CFD5D5F98" box="[601,716,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2F0A4BFCD9FA2CFCE55F98" box="[794,884,1411,1437]" name="Georgia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Florida and found the same tendency: “... individuals collected in the more southern portions of the geographical range showed relatively more branching than those from the north.” Seta 5-C, mean 8.9 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2F0A4BFD72FA64FC805FE0" box="[689,785,1483,1509]" name="Georgia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 10.7 (Florida); seta 6-C, 7.0 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2F0A4BFBA9FA64FB5B5FE0" box="[1130,1226,1483,1509]" name="Georgia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 7.2 (Florida). We think these numbers are suggestive of clinal variation. Rings & Hill concluded: “...there is a very close phylogenetic relationship between the two forms and that these forms do not possess differences of specific rank.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2F0A4BFF04F998FAAB5DD8" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2F0A4BFF04F998FE395C54" author="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O." box="[199,424,1591,1617]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="41 - 49" refId="ref175661" refString="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O. (1948) The taxonomic status of Aedes mathesoni. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 50 (2), 41 - 49." type="journal article" year="1948">Rings & Hill (1948)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented and illustrated the scutal patterns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFC11F998FBDF5C54" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[978,1102,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFC11F998FBDF5C54" box="[978,1102,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFB46F998FB695C54" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[1157,1272,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFB46F998FB695C54" box="[1157,1272,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and noted that there were many “intergrades”. They stated: “The data here presented are interpreted by the authors as evidence that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFF54F9D0FE9B5C9C" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,266,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFF54F9D0FE9B5C9C" box="[151,266,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a melanistic, geographical variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFD1FF9D0FCE65C9C" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[732,887,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFD1FF9D0FCE65C9C" box="[732,887,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” They illustrated intergrades showing the extent of pale scaling on the hindtarsomeres and mapped the geographical extent of intergradation and showed a broad area of intergrades. Those north and south of this zone were easily identified as either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFBBFF968FB695CE4" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1148,1272,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFBBFF968FB695CE4" box="[1148,1272,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFAE1F968FA045CE4" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[1314,1429,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFAE1F968FA045CE4" box="[1314,1429,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively. Darker coloration seen on the legs was explained as directly related to higher temperatures at decreasing latitudes. They found little or no differences (intergrades) in the larvae or male genitalia of the two forms. The notion that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFF0AF89CFEAD5D48" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[201,316,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFF0AF89CFEAD5D48" box="[201,316,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2F0A4BFDEBF89CFD355D48" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[552,676,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2F0A4BFDEBF89CFD355D48" box="[552,676,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was introduced in this paper; however, their unattributed definition of subspecies allows for sympatry (which for us precludes subspecific status). They concluded: “The phylogenetic rank of subspecies is generally applied to a part of a species showing geographical variations which intergrade with a subspecies occupying different though usually adjacent and overlapping parts of the general range of the species.” They, however, continued to use the subspecies rank as a convention for pointing out observed variability.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2E0A4AFF04FF38FD685B8C" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFF04FF38FEE05AB4" author="Bickley, W. E." box="[199,369,151,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="150 - 152" refId="ref145464" refString="Bickley, W. E. (1981) Notes on the geographical distribution of Aedes canadensis mathesoni. Mosquito Systematics, 13 (2), 150 - 152." type="journal article" year="1981">Bickley (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
furthered the observations of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFD04FF38FC375AB4" author="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O." box="[711,934,151,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="237 - 240" refId="ref175613" refString="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O. (1946) The larva of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) mathesoni Middlekauff (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 48 (9), 237 - 240." type="journal article" year="1946">Rings & Hill (1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFC71FF38FC7A5AB4" author="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O." box="[946,1003,151,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="41 - 49" refId="ref175661" refString="Rings, R. W. & Hill, S. O. (1948) The taxonomic status of Aedes mathesoni. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 50 (2), 41 - 49." type="journal article" year="1948">1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in an analysis of adults and larvae of more than 1,400 specimens in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFDDCFF14FD275AD0" box="[543,694,187,213]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
National Museum (Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (USNM),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2E0A4AFE78FF70FDD25AFC" box="[443,579,223,249]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
, D.C.). He concluded: “From the survey described here, involving specimens from 43 North American states and provinces, it may be concluded that the geographical range of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFB30FEACFA805B18" box="[1267,1297,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFAE3FEACFE9B5B44" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFAE3FEACFA0D5B18" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1312,1436,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFF54FE88FE9B5B44" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,266,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">mathesoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
does not extend northward from southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2E0A4AFD27FE88FCAF5B44" box="[740,830,295,321]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2E0A4AFCB0FE88FB8E5B44" box="[883,1055,295,321]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Only 1 character, the narrow pale rings on the hindtarsomeres, is available as a means of recognizing this rare subspecies, the validity of which is certainly complicated by the existence of intergrades.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2E0A4AFF04FE3CFB1858F4" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFF04FE3CFE2C5BA8" author="Harrison, B. A. & Byrd, B. D. & Sither, C. B. & Whitt, P. B." box="[199,445,403,429]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref159337" refString="Harrison, B. A., Byrd, B. D., Sither, C. B. & Whitt, P. B. (2016) The Mosquitoes of the Mid-Atlantic Region: An Identification Guide. Mosquito and Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory Publication 2016 - 1. Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, v + (1) + 201 pp." type="book" year="2016">
|
||
Harrison
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFEF2FE3CFEFB5BA8" box="[305,362,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also used the pale bands of the hindtarsomeres to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFB9EFE3CFACC5BA8" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1117,1373,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFB9EFE3CFACC5BA8" box="[1117,1373,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">canadensis canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFF54FE18FE035BD4" box="[151,402,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFF54FE18FE825BD4" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[151,275,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFEDCFE18FE035BD4" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[287,402,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">mathesoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, but they could not separate them in the larval stage. They stated (Note 14): “The two subspecies of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFEF4FE74FE715BF0" box="[311,480,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Ae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFEA7FE74FE715BF0" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[356,480,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are separated in the adult female key, but are not separated in the larval key. Those subspecies,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFEDEFE50FEAA581C" box="[285,315,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFE89FE50FDD8581C" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[330,585,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFE89FE50FDD8581C" box="[330,585,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">canadensis canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFD42FE50FD0E581C" box="[641,671,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFD6EFE50FC35581C" box="[685,932,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFD6EFE50FCB8581C" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[685,809,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFCF2FE50FC35581C" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[817,932,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">mathesoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
represent a real taxonomic enigma that begs to be resolved with more study and the use of modern techniques.” An explanation for this enigma may lie in the abundant examples of mosquito morphological and physiological variation influenced by the environment, for example: Factors affecting larval setal branching (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFD0FFDC4FCF35880" author="Colless, D. H." box="[716,866,618,645]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="229 - 230" refId="ref148569" refString="Colless, D. H. (1956) Environmental factors affecting hairiness in mosquito larvae. Nature, 177, 229 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 177229 a 0" type="journal article" year="1956">Colless 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFCACFDC4FBB05880" author="Mattingly, P. F." box="[879,1057,618,645]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="179 - 184" refId="ref169007" refString="Mattingly, P. F. (1975) Mosquito larvae. III. The hairiness factor again? Mosquito Systematics, 7 (3), 179 - 184." type="journal article" year="1975">Mattingly 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); altitude and latitude influencing diapause and the size of anal papillae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFD99FD20FAD758AC" authority="(Coquillett, 1901) (Bradshaw & Lounibos 1977)" authorityName="Bradshaw & Lounibos" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[602,1350,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Wyeomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFD99FD20FC8F58AC" box="[602,798,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Wyeomyia smithii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFCEEFD20FC7758AC" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[813,998,655,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="258 - 260" refId="ref149029" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1901) Three new species of Culicidae. Canadian Entomologist, 33 (9), 258 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 33258 - 9" type="journal article" year="1901">Coquillett, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFC3FFD20FAAF58AC" author="Bradshaw, W. E. & Lounibos, L. P." box="[1020,1342,655,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="546 - 567" refId="ref146399" refString="Bradshaw, W. E. & Lounibos, L. P. (1977) Evolution of dormancy and its photoperiodic control in pitcher-plant mosquitoes. Evolution, 31 (3), 546 - 567. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2407521" type="journal article" year="1977">Bradshaw & Lounibos 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; season and temperature affecting melanism in species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFCE4FD1CFBC758C8" authority="(Harrison 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Harrison" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[807,1110,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFCE4FD1CFC0D58C8" box="[807,924,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFC6BFD1CFBDC58C8" author="Harrison, B. A." box="[936,1101,691,717]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 195" refId="ref159231" refString="Harrison, B. A. (1980) Medical entomology studies - XIII. The Myzomyia Series of Anopheles (Cellia) in Thailand, with emphasis on intra-interspecific variations (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 17 (4), iv + 1 - 195." type="journal article" year="1980">Harrison 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and the effect of temperature on morphological attributes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFE31FD78FD2358F5" authorityName="Donitz" authorityYear="1902" box="[498,690,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="merus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFE31FD78FD2358F5" box="[498,690,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Anopheles merus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D̂nitz, 1902) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFCAEFD78FBED58F4" author="Le Sueur, D. & Sharp, B. L." box="[877,1148,727,753]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="55 - 62" refId="ref165344" refString="Le Sueur, D. & Sharp, B. L. (1991) Temperature-dependent variation in Anopheles merus larval head capsule width and adult wing length: implications for anopheline taxonomy. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 5 (1), 55 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.1991. tb 00521. x" type="journal article" year="1991">Le Sueur & Sharp 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2E0A4AFF04FD54FE235F34" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Ongoing sampling of mosquitoes at several locations in North America is being carried out by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). Their sampling is based on light trapping of adult females, which are then identified morphologically. A subsample is kept as morphological and DNA vouchers, with single legs used for sequencing of the barcoding region of the mtDNA
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFD37FCC8FCB55984" box="[756,804,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">COI</emphasis>
|
||
gene. The NEON database (https://biorepo.neonscience. org/portal/collections/list.php?usethes=1&taxa=80835) has 571 records for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFC3FFC24FA9159A0" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1020,1280,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFC3FFC24FA9159A0" box="[1020,1280,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">canadensis canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(also written simply as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFECCFC00FE1A59CC" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[271,395,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFECCFC00FE1A59CC" box="[271,395,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFE12FC00FD5B59CC" box="[465,714,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFE12FC00FDDC59CC" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[465,589,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFD94FC00FD5B59CC" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[599,714,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">mathesoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The database includes a limited number of sympatric records of nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFE9CFC7CFE4A59E8" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[351,475,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFE9CFC7CFE4A59E8" box="[351,475,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFDDEFC7CFC8559E8" box="[541,788,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFDDEFC7CFD0859E8" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[541,665,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFD62FC7CFC8559E8" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[673,788,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">mathesoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in the area of historical “intergrades,”
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFB08FC7CFB7C59E9" box="[1227,1261,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2E0A4AFB37FC7CFAD459E8" box="[1268,1349,979,1005]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Disney Wilderness Preserve near Kissimmee and near Gainesville,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2E0A4AFC80FC58FC065E14" box="[835,919,1015,1041]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, which is relatively close to Camp Blanding. The Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD: boldsystems.org) includes a single entry for
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFB61FBB4FA0D5E30" box="[1186,1436,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFB61FBB4FA8F5E30" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1186,1310,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFAEAFBB4FA0D5E30" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[1321,1436,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">mathesoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxon=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFC01FB90FB985E5C" box="[962,1033,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aedes</taxonomicName>
|
||
%20canadensis) that corresponds to a specimen collected by NEON (specimen number MOSN4427-20), which allowed us to visualize, using tools available in BOLD, its genetic distance from more than 300 other nominal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFBEDFB28FB3B5EA4" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1070,1194,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFBEDFB28FB3B5EA4" box="[1070,1194,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the database. This specimen clustered very closely with all others at a distance of <1.0%, well within accepted
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFB76FB04FB745EC0" box="[1205,1253,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">COI</emphasis>
|
||
barcode criteria for an individual species. This is a single data point, from a single gene, from unpublished data, but it suggests that further focused collecting and sequencing will probably reveal that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFC5FFB5CFB895F08" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[924,1048,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFC5FFB5CFB895F08" box="[924,1048,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFB91FB5CFB545F08" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[1106,1221,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFB91FB5CFB545F08" box="[1106,1221,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are conspecific, at least using the
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFEFDFAB8FEFF5F34" box="[318,366,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">COI</emphasis>
|
||
gene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2E0A4AFF04FA94FD3C5C70" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
We do not think there is any indication of genetic divergence, only easily explicable clinal variation. Plus, the two nominal taxa are apparently sympatric and, although weak, the single molecular indicator shows they are genetically very similar. We therefore think that subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFCACFA2CFC735F98" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[879,994,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFCACFA2CFC735F98" box="[879,994,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFB6FFA2CFE825FC4" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFB6FFA2CFB7E5F98" box="[1196,1263,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFAC1FA2CFA025F98" box="[1282,1427,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFF54FA08FE825FC4" box="[151,275,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which we formally assert here:
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFD4BFA09FD235FE1" bold="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFD4BFA09FC745FC5" authority="Middlekauff, 1944" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[648,997,1446,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFD4BFA09FC915FC4" bold="true" box="[648,768,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFCCBFA09FC745FC5" author="Middlekauff, W. W." box="[776,997,1446,1472]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="42 - 44" refId="ref170110" refString="Middlekauff, W. W. (1944) A new species of Aedes from Florida (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 46 (2), 42 - 44." type="journal article" year="1944">Middlekauff, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFA9BFA09FD235FE1" authority="(Theobald, 1901 c)" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFA9BFA09FA0D5FC4" bold="true" box="[1368,1436,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFF62FA65FEA75FE0" bold="true" box="[161,310,1482,1509]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFE88FA65FE5A5FE0" bold="true" box="[331,459,1482,1509]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFE1DFA65FD3B5FE1" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[478,682,1482,1508]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Future work may prove we have not interpreted the literature correctly, but until then
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFE64FA40FD8B5C0C" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[423,538,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFE64FA40FD8B5C0C" box="[423,538,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs as a synonym. An alternate hypothesis, that there is a northern species and a southern species with a zone of hybridization, is valid. We do not see signs of that, but it should not be totally discounted. The nominal subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFDFAF998FD3D5C54" authorityName="Middlekauff" authorityYear="1944" box="[569,684,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFDFAF998FD3D5C54" box="[569,684,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">mathesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life, must be removed from the list of valid species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFDA0F9F4FD375C70" box="[611,678,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFDA0F9F4FD375C70" box="[611,678,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2E0A4AFF04F9D0FE9F5D00" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
There is one other synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFDDDF9D0FDAD5C9C" box="[542,572,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFD8BF9D0FD555C9C" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[584,708,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFD8BF9D0FD555C9C" box="[584,708,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFD11F9D0FBAE5C9C" authority="Coquillett, 1904" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1904" box="[722,1087,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nivitarsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFD11F9D0FC105C9D" box="[722,897,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Culex nivitarsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFC44F9D0FBAE5C9C" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[903,1087,1663,1689]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="166 - 192" refId="ref149151" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1904) New North American Diptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 6 (3), 166 - 192." type="journal article" year="1904">Coquillett, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, synonymized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFAC6F9D0FF755CB8" author="Howard, L. O. & Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="525 - 1064" refId="ref160521" refString="Howard, L. O., Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1917) The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Vol. 4. Systematic description (in two parts). Part II. Publication No. 159. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., pp. 525 - 1064." type="book chapter" year="1917">
|
||
Howard
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFAA6F9D0FA045C9C" box="[1381,1429,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1917)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who wrote: “Coquillett described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFDA8F90CFC8A5CB9" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1904" box="[619,795,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nivitarsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFDA8F90CFC8A5CB9" box="[619,795,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Culex nivitarsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA2E0A4AFC9CF90CFB945CB8" box="[863,1029,1699,1725]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
and none have been since collected. Dr. C. S. Ludlow suggested to us that these specimens were only aberrations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFBC8F968FB345CE4" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1035,1189,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFBC8F968FB345CE4" box="[1035,1189,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and we have adopted this view.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |