185 lines
19 KiB
XML
185 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="0709012975047CE1ABC6DBBD5A89FBB9" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399EDFF560364FB5EF669FE2B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Oreotragus saltatrixoides" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="737" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="737" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="B15F6C280F209AA4460C61A4D64C2D46" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1E0D9A7082528B57BA5520D5B86C4DAA">
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<mods:title id="7930393B649D2F53CE713B19C9E373FE">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E1EF25CFCE5D5A14F5F2485307C90F95">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="803ECB7A3B9868BA68C389BABCC9523E" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0BCAAEFBFAFBEA14BF512BCC9CC24E6C">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="A49AAC9843A16C209374965C52D131D6">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="0335D46270150A2B7DB72AB825904CBA" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="C6C5F29700F7CF57B25912314D3F8C84">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="6EFCFCBDACB6FE151DDFDA88F43F5081">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="0D8EDF1992B6E6F01CD5C30DED184EA8">
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<mods:title id="BA901A124B53A4481D28702F1C14688D">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="92393133804DE0B65369A173F015F12F">
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<treatment id="03F5071399EDFF560364FB5EF669FE2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773253" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659306" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773253" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399EDFF560364FB5EF669FE2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399EDFF560364FB5EF669FE2B" lastPageNumber="737" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF560364FB5EFF29FA8F" blockId="166.[112,1204,1244,1334]" box="[114,196,1244,1294]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EDFF560364FB5EFF29FA8F" box="[114,196,1244,1294]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099EDFF560364FB5EFF29FA8F" box="[114,196,1244,1294]" captionStart="Plate 54: Bovidae" captionStartId="164.[117,147,3397,3418]" captionTargetBox="[13,2775,15,3638]" captionTargetPageId="163" captionText="269. Cape Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus), 270. Transvaal Klipspringer (Oreotragus transvaalensis), 271. Stevenson’s Klipspringer (Oreotragus stevensoni), 272. Angolan Klipspringer (Oreotragus tyler), 273. Zambian Klipspringer (Oreotragus centralis), 274. Noack’s Klipspringer (Oreotragus aceratos), 275. Masai Klipspringer (Oreotragus schillingsi), 276. Golden Klipspringer (Oreotragus aureus), 277. Ethiopian Klipspringer (Oreotragus saltatrixoides), 278. Somali Klipspringer (Oreotragus somalicus), 279. Nigerian Klipspringer (Oreotragus porteousi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512975/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">277.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF5603C2FB5EFD59FA8F" box="[212,692,1244,1294]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF5603C2FB5EFD59FA8F" blockId="166.[112,1204,1244,1334]" box="[212,692,1244,1294]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EDFF5603C2FB5EFD59FA8F" box="[212,692,1244,1294]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EDFF5603C2FB5EFD59FA8F" box="[212,692,1244,1294]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Ethiopian Klipspringer</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF5601EBFB5EFB5FFA8F" box="[765,1202,1244,1294]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF5601EBFB5EFB5FFA8F" blockId="166.[112,1204,1244,1334]" box="[765,1202,1244,1294]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EDFF5601EBFB5EFB5FFA8F" box="[765,1202,1244,1294]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EDFF5601EBFB5EFB5FFA8F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[765,1202,1244,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltatrixoides">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF5601EBFB5EFB5FFA8F" box="[765,1202,1244,1294]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Oreotragus saltatrixoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF560367FA9DFBB9FAB5" box="[113,1108,1311,1332]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF560367FA9DFBB9FAB5" blockId="166.[112,1204,1244,1334]" box="[113,1108,1311,1332]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EDFF560367FA9DFBB9FAB5" box="[113,1108,1311,1332]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF560367FA9DFF53FAB5" bold="true" box="[113,190,1311,1332]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EDFF5603D0FA9DFE4EFAB5" box="[198,419,1311,1332]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Oréotrague d'Ethiopie</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF5602AEFA9DFDFEFAB5" bold="true" box="[440,531,1311,1332]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EDFF56010DFA9DFCE9FAB5" box="[539,772,1311,1332]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Athiopien-Klippspringer</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF56000EFA9DFC99FAB5" bold="true" box="[792,884,1311,1332]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EDFF56006BFA9DFC07FAB5" box="[893,1002,1311,1332]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Saltarrocas</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EDFF560705FA9DFBB9FAB5" box="[1043,1108,1311,1332]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Etiopia</collectingCountry>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF5601C1FAE4FC67FA2B" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF5601C1FAE4FC67FA2B" blockId="166.[727,1314,1382,1803]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF5601C1FAE4FC9FFA02" bold="true" box="[727,882,1382,1411]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EDFF56009DFAE4FC68FA2B" authority="Temminck, 1853" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Calotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltatrixoides">Calotragus saltatrixoides Temminck, 1853</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF560085FA13FBF6FA2B" box="[915,1051,1425,1450]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF560085FA13FBF6FA2B" blockId="166.[727,1314,1382,1803]" box="[915,1051,1425,1450]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899EDFF560085FA13FBF6FA2B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198359" box="[915,1051,1425,1450]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EDFF560085FA13FBFAFA2B" box="[915,1047,1425,1450]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Abyssinia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF5601CEFA32FBE8FA79" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF5601CEFA32FBE8FA79" blockId="166.[727,1314,1382,1803]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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Formerly considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EDFF560613FA32FCB7FA79" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oreotragus">O. oreotragus</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF5601C1F985FC40F9C9" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99EDFF5601C1F985FC40F9C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512913/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" targetBox="[109,703,1385,1801]" targetPageId="166">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF5601C1F985FC40F9C9" blockId="166.[727,1314,1382,1803]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF5601C1F985FC6BF9A1" bold="true" box="[727,902,1543,1568]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EDFF560082F985FBE0F9A1" box="[916,1037,1543,1568]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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, S to Lake Turkana and E to
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EDFF56004EF9A5FC44F9C9" box="[856,937,1575,1608]" country="Ethiopia" name="Hareri Hizb" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Harar</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF5601C1F9CFFE3CF8DB" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF5601C1F9CFFE3CF8DB" blockId="166.[727,1314,1382,1803]" lastBlockId="166.[110,1317,1810,3337]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF5601C1F9CFFC34F9EF" bold="true" box="[727,985,1613,1646]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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No specific measurements available. Both sexes are fairly small; skull length is 13.5-14.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EDFF560798F91EFB37F93C" box="[1166,1242,1692,1725]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
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and horn length is 7.2-10 cm. General color of the Ethiopian Klipspringer is golden, more deeply colored on neck; it is well speckled, but speckling less extensive on rump. Teeth are relatively small.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF560366F8E3FD97F828" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF560366F8E3FD97F828" blockId="166.[110,1317,1810,3337]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF560366F8E3FF32F803" bold="true" box="[112,223,1889,1922]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The Ethiopian Klipspringer may live up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EDFF56007FF8E3FC3FF803" box="[873,978,1889,1922]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" unit="m" value="3300.0">3300 m</quantity>
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above sea level, where temperatures fall to freezing at night.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF560366F82DFB21F879" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF560366F82DFB21F879" blockId="166.[110,1317,1810,3337]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF560366F82DFE98F851" bold="true" box="[112,373,1967,2000]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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They are concentrate selectors,like all klipspringers, and basically browsers, because shrubs are much more common than grasses in their habitat.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF560366F87CFD4AF7C6" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF560366F87CFD4AF7C6" blockId="166.[110,1317,1810,3337]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF560366F87CFF1BF79E" bold="true" box="[112,246,2046,2079]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Breeding.</emphasis>
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The Ethiopian Klipspringeris a seasonal breeder, and the degree of seasonality varies according to local conditions.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF560378F7CFFBF6F53D" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF560378F7CFFBF6F53D" blockId="166.[110,1317,1810,3337]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF560378F7CFFEB6F7EF" bold="true" box="[110,347,2125,2158]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Males spend 16-18% of the day feeding during the wet season and only 6-10% during the dry season, whereas females feed for 26-31% of the day during the wet season, 12-24% in the dry season. Males are much more vigilant, standing like statues for up to half an hour. On one occasion, a male stood for nearly four hours without moving, except for occasionally turning his head. A pair are usually only
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EDFF5607FBF768FACCF68A" box="[1261,1313,2282,2315]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
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apart. The female is usually the first to begin moving; the male stays close to her, but actual contact between them is rare, usually just an approach and a sniff of the face and rump, or rubbing the muzzles together. They make alarm calls in duet. A comparison in the Simien Mountains,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EDFF56014AF605FD38F629" box="[604,725,2439,2472]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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, between those living on the escarpment and those living on the sides of the gorge found differences in activity patterns. Those in the gorge began moving and feeding an hour earlier in the morning, when the sun reached them. The escarpment wasstill in deep shadow at this time, and here they remained in shelter, out of the wind, until the sun reached them. Toward midday, those in the gorge began to go behind the rocks and bushes out of the sun, whereas those on the escarpment remained active until late afternoon. In all, those in the gorge spent more time resting, less time feeding than those on the escarpment.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF560367F544FE72F288" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF560367F544FE72F288" blockId="166.[110,1317,1810,3337]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF560367F544FCC5F562" bold="true" box="[113,808,2758,2787]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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A population of the Ethiopian Klipspringer at Sankaber in the Ethiopian
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EDFF56018EF568FCC5F48A" box="[664,808,2794,2827]" country="Czech Republic" name="Vysocina" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Highlands</collectingRegion>
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had a mean territory size of 8-1 ha (7-5-9-4 ha). In the Simien Mountains, the population density is 4:67 ind/km?®. They occasionally live singly, but are seen in mated pairs most of the time. Up to 80% of groups are mated pairs, but 10-20% of the groups are of one male and two females. The second female is probably the young of the previous year, but occasionally these second females do breed. About 50% of the pairs are accompanied by young of the year. Male offspring disperse earlier than female. A territory contains dung piles up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EDFF560364F47FFF4EF39F" box="[114,163,3069,3102]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
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in diameter,
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EDFF560274F47FFE5DF39F" box="[354,432,3069,3102]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
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high, usually on flat ground 10-100 m apart, with smaller piles between. Urination and defecation are not ritualized, although defecation is done in a distinctive crouch. Twigs are often marked with the preorbital secretion, including after defecation; the secretion is thick and tarry. Most marking is done by the male, who often overmarks the female’s marks. Intruding males are chased by the territorial male, and there may be a fight, with slow approaches followed by head butting and occasional wounding.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF56067FFE9AF8CEFE02" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF56067FFE9AF8CEFE02" blockId="166.[1384,2587,280,429]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF56067FFE9AF92AFEB4" bold="true" box="[1385,1735,280,309]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EDFF560AE8FE9AFA1CFEDC" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oreotragus">O. oreotragus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EDFF56051BFEC2F979FEDC" box="[1549,1684,320,349]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oreotragus</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa, except the Nigerian Klipspringer (O. o. porteoust), are not considered separately by IUCN.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EDFF56067FFE13F669FE2B" box="[1385,2436,401,426]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EDFF56067FFE13F669FE2B" blockId="166.[1384,2587,280,429]" box="[1385,2436,401,426]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EDFF56067FFE13F9E9FE2B" bold="true" box="[1385,1540,401,426]" pageId="166" pageNumber="737">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Estes (1991), Groves & Grubb (2011), Kingdon (1982), Roosevelt & Heller (1914).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |