plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/F5/07/03F507139938FF8403C4F287F87BFDA5.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

267 lines
30 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="F79CE3085D654CC8F56F3446AA291480" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139938FF8403C4F287F87BFDA5" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ovis cycloceros Hutton 1842" docType="treatment" docVersion="20" lastPageNumber="687" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="686" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="F283943DF15C5D0B6225104F66E7D57A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="754C60FF93D5FA1A05AF2D5FBC23DBD1">
<mods:title id="38AE47B38403ED91E38071DD568A2B7A">Bovidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="E40F86D53780C911C589D8149E107E92" type="personal">
<mods:role id="9B36FB76B6B5246E99DA5D18BC129E55">
<mods:roleTerm id="9DD76A55C0A6E82D1D1FAC4753111E8B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="857C52E46B9284516482825860712FDF">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="FC8ABCD78FDE469ECBF0683E9CED84FF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="9F602A16AB327EACC7CD7354D4B93579">
<mods:roleTerm id="16E1782D11CBC18C1B852D871C7D20B4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="61D20592345E69D40098A57F7CA29287">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="B0EBE06179176448DC03EBFEA89DD22B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="2F841D5AA68C748C3A2CF0EC9C27D3AD" type="host">
<mods:originInfo id="9132B74E27AF6078EBA6C7D684A47B0E">
<mods:dateIssued id="42C88046801ADC0F4788D8C63116BFB2">2011</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="AB88BF05203FA332CA1967C55F5D85D4" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="01840CBB6952E97F810E2A67A1B0331E">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="D26FE80C18FD2C0CF8B3583B4383DA98">
<mods:placeTerm id="885A3BB285337BD7A795BFF789475B8C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="E030C86F08AE8B2828A2F0B3E2C3F620">
<mods:title id="7DE4FB0FC0F72345EDD973A42BE2A7AB">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="889138A446F42B2577E8680FE442181D">
<mods:extent id="7F2314525B661304895C907059E200F8" unit="page">
<mods:start id="442C334398DB4C123E4D05131FA8BDA1">444</mods:start>
<mods:end id="B607DC9B1CE66E9B6B9C4D90CCB4242A">779</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="06705494C2B4D44E2B2C97EDEDABDCBF">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="6B232B00F951B7A004B9215E45782D55" type="CLB-Dataset">58516</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AF4196EF78285C5BB527A9D3F7229668" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A37BD234149360E13077F8E3F6BDACBA" type="GBIF-Dataset">67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="694028F4C3961AAB1CBA0FB42B9B537B" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1B811A8F6304CC0EAEA8A0F30232D950" type="Zenodo-Dep">6512484</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03F507139938FF8403C4F287F87BFDA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773067" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659259" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773067" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139938FF8403C4F287F87BFDA5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139938FF8403C4F287F87BFDA5" lastPageId="116" lastPageNumber="687" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF8303C4F287FECCF2B2" box="[210,289,3333,3379]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8303C4F287FECCF2B2" blockId="115.[205,1147,3333,3458]" box="[210,289,3333,3379]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<heading id="D0AB01699938FF8303C4F287FECCF2B2" box="[210,289,3333,3379]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<figureCitation id="1367AA809938FF8303C4F287FECCF2B2" box="[210,289,3333,3379]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="112.[105,135,3386,3411]" captionTargetBox="[13,2761,12,3635]" captionTargetPageId="111" captionText="On following pages: 189. Isfahan Sheep (Ovis isphahanica); 190. Laristan Sheep (Ovis laristanica); 191. Ladakh Urial (Ovis vignei); 192. Punjab Urial (Ovis punjabiensis); 193. Bukhara Urial (Ovis bochariensis); 194. Arabian Wild Sheep (Ovis arabica); 195. Afghan Urial (Ovis cycloceros)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512957/files/figure.png" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">195.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF830226F287FDADF2B2" box="[304,576,3333,3379]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF830226F287FDADF2B2" blockId="115.[205,1147,3333,3458]" box="[304,576,3333,3379]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<heading id="D0AB01699938FF830226F287FDADF2B2" box="[304,576,3333,3379]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9938FF830226F287FDADF2B2" box="[304,576,3333,3379]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Afghan Urial</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF830161F287FC92F2B2" box="[631,895,3333,3379]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF830161F287FC92F2B2" blockId="115.[205,1147,3333,3458]" box="[631,895,3333,3379]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<heading id="D0AB01699938FF830161F287FC92F2B2" box="[631,895,3333,3379]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF830161F287FC92F2B2" authority="Hutton, 1842" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1842" box="[631,895,3333,3379]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cycloceros">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF830161F287FC92F2B2" box="[631,895,3333,3379]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Ovis cycloceros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF8303D9F2C7FC09F203" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8303D9F2C7FB96F2DB" blockId="115.[205,1147,3333,3458]" box="[207,1147,3397,3418]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<heading id="D0AB01699938FF8303D9F2C7FB96F2DB" box="[207,1147,3397,3418]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF8303D9F2C7FEF1F2DB" bold="true" box="[207,284,3397,3418]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9938FF830230F2C7FE2CF2DB" box="[294,449,3397,3418]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Mouflon afghan</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF8302C0F2C7FDDCF2DB" bold="true" box="[470,561,3397,3418]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9938FF83012CF2C7FCC7F2DB" box="[570,810,3397,3418]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Turkmenistan-Wildschaf</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF830028F2C7FC74F2DB" bold="true" box="[830,921,3397,3418]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9938FF8300B5F2C7FC20F2DB" box="[931,973,3397,3418]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Urial</vernacularName>
de
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF8300E3F2C7FB96F2DB" box="[1013,1147,3397,3418]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8303D8F2EFFC09F203" blockId="115.[205,1147,3333,3458]" box="[206,996,3437,3458]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<heading id="D0AB01699938FF8303D8F2EFFC09F203" box="[206,996,3437,3458]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF8303D8F2EFFE29F203" bold="true" box="[206,452,3437,3458]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9938FF8302D9F2EFFD8BF203" box="[463,614,3437,3458]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Blanford's Urial</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9938FF830164F2EFFCDCF203" box="[626,817,3437,3458]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Trans-Caspian Urial</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9938FF83002BF2EFFC09F203" box="[829,996,3437,3458]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Turkmenian Urial</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF830B30FE98F580FEB6" box="[2086,2669,282,311]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF830B30FE98F580FEB6" blockId="115.[2085,2674,282,703]" box="[2086,2669,282,311]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF830B30FE98F750FEB6" bold="true" box="[2086,2237,282,311]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Taxonomy</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF830BCEFE98F584FEB6" authority="Hutton, 1842" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1842" box="[2264,2665,282,311]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ouvis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cycloceros">Ouvis cycloceros Hutton, 1842</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF830B33FEC2F738FEDC" box="[2085,2261,320,349]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF830B33FEC2F738FEDC" blockId="115.[2085,2674,282,703]" box="[2085,2261,320,349]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589938FF830B33FEC2F73CFEDC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3874272302" box="[2085,2257,320,349]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830B33FEC2F73CFEDC" box="[2085,2257,320,349]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF830B31FEE5F9D8FC52" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF830B31FEE5F9D8FC52" blockId="115.[2085,2674,282,703]" lastBlockId="115.[1472,2677,713,3455]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
Urial taxonomy is controversial; formerly urial species: Ladakh (
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF830A66FE09F61DFE2D" box="[2416,2544,395,428]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vignei">O. vignei</taxonomicName>
), Punjab (
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF830B22FE35F6E7FE55" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1913" box="[2100,2314,439,468]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punjabiensis">O. punjabiensis</taxonomicName>
), Bukhara (
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF830AA9FE35F7A7FE7A" authorityName="Nasonov" authorityYear="1914" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bochariensis">O. bochariensis</taxonomicName>
), and Afghan recognized here, were usually classified as subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF830912FD87F7B0FDC8" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">O. orientalis</taxonomicName>
, or all as subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF830AB0FDAAF5F4FDC8" box="[2470,2585,552,585]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vignei">O. vignei</taxonomicName>
. (The name
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF830B97FDCDF71EFDF1" box="[2177,2291,591,624]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">orientalis</taxonomicName>
is based on a hybrid population in north-central
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830A7BFDF9F64BFD19" box="[2413,2470,635,664]" name="Iran" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Iran</collectingCountry>
and is not usable.) There is a hybrid zone, which has been confirmed by karyological and molecular genetic studies, where the distributions of this species and the Anatolian Sheep (
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF8304E4FD6FF795FC8F" authorityName="Blyth" box="[2034,2168,749,782]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gmelini">O. gmelini</taxonomicName>
) overlap in the
<collectingRegion id="499878E79938FF830A47FD6FF5A1FC8F" box="[2385,2636,749,782]" country="Iran" name="Alborz" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Alborz Mountains</collectingRegion>
of north-central
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830592FC96F92DFCB4" box="[1668,1728,788,821]" name="Iran" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Iran</collectingCountry>
. Urials differ from all other wild sheep in having a diploid number of 58 chromosomes while all other sheep have 52, 54, or 56 chromosomes; also males in the winter coat usually have a distinct white bib (long hairs growing from the throat) and a white or black neck ruff restricted to the front of the neck. Two subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF8306D6FC5FF5D5FBC9" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF23E68D9938FF8306D6FC5FF5D5FBC9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512745/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" targetBox="[1469,2063,283,699]" targetPageId="115">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8306D6FC5FF8A2FC7B" blockId="115.[1472,2677,713,3455]" box="[1472,1871,989,1018]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF8306D6FC5FF8A2FC7B" bold="true" box="[1472,1871,989,1018]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8306D2FB8AF674FBA0" blockId="115.[1472,2677,713,3455]" box="[1476,2457,1032,1057]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF8306D2FB8AF674FBA0" authority="Hutton, 1842" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1842" box="[1476,2457,1032,1057]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Owis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cycloceros" subSpecies="cycloceros">O.c.cyclocerosHutton,1842—C&amp;NEAfghanistanandW&amp;SPakistan.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8306D2FBADF5D5FBC9" blockId="115.[1472,2677,713,3455]" box="[1476,2616,1071,1096]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869938FF8306D2FBADF8D2FBC9" authority="Eversmann, 1850" authorityName="Eversmann" authorityYear="1850" box="[1476,1855,1071,1096]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Owis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cycloceros" subSpecies="arkal">O. c. arkal Eversmann, 1850</taxonomicName>
— NE
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830481FBADF83FFBC9" box="[1943,2002,1071,1096]" name="Iran" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Iran</collectingCountry>
, S &amp; NW
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830B4CFBADF6CDFBC9" box="[2138,2336,1071,1096]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
, and W
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830A82FBADF5D8FBC9" box="[2452,2613,1071,1096]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF8306D6FBD5F9AAF8B5" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8306D6FBD5F9AAF8B5" blockId="115.[1472,2677,713,3455]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF8306D6FBD5F953FBF1" bold="true" box="[1472,1726,1111,1136]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Measurements from north-eastern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830BDCFBD5F6E8FBF1" box="[2250,2309,1111,1136]" name="Iran" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Iran</collectingCountry>
, head-body 135-160 cm (males) and 120-134 cm (females), tail 12-13 cm (males) and 11-13 cm (females), shoulder height 94-97 cm (males) and 82-88 cm (females), hindfoot 37-40 cm (males) and 34-37 cm (females); weight 62-66 kg (males) and 36-42 kg (females). Mean body measurements from southern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830B36FB76F77BFA8C" box="[2080,2198,1268,1293]" name="Pakistan" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, head-body
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF830A44FB76F65AFA8C" box="[2386,2487,1268,1293]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="cm" value="127.0">127 cm</quantity>
(males) and
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF8306D7FA95F9FAFAB5" box="[1473,1559,1303,1332]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="cm" value="94.0">94 cm</quantity>
(females), tail
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF8305EFFA95F8A1FAB5" box="[1785,1868,1303,1332]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="cm" value="11.0">11 cm</quantity>
(males) and 10-5 cm (females), shoulder height
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF83090DFA95F59DFAB5" box="[2587,2672,1303,1332]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="cm" value="75.0">75 cm</quantity>
(males) and
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF83056DFABDF922FADD" box="[1659,1743,1343,1372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="cm" value="72.0">72 cm</quantity>
(females), hindfoot
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF8304E8FABDF7BEFADD" box="[2046,2131,1343,1372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="cm" value="34.0">34 cm</quantity>
(males) and
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF830A0FFABDF683FADD" box="[2329,2414,1343,1372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="cm" value="32.0">32 cm</quantity>
(females); weight
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF8306D4FAE0F9E1FA02" box="[1474,1548,1378,1411]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.6" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="kg" value="36.0">36 kg</quantity>
(males) and
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF8305D1FAE0F8FCFA02" box="[1735,1809,1378,1411]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.6" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="kg" value="26.0">26 kg</quantity>
(females). There is great variation in body size of Afghan Urials. Also, population quality can vary depending on forage availability in areas shared by urials and domestic livestock. Males from north-eastern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830BFBFA36F6CBFA50" box="[2285,2342,1460,1489]" name="Iran" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Iran</collectingCountry>
in protected areas without livestock and in lush rangelands can attain weights of
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF830A1BFA5AF6B1FA78" box="[2317,2396,1496,1529]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.5" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="kg" value="85.0">85 kg</quantity>
; males from desert populations in southern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF83043BFA7DF872F9A1" box="[1837,1951,1535,1568]" name="Pakistan" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
rarely exceed
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF830B6AFA7DF723F9A1" box="[2172,2254,1535,1568]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="kg" value="40.0">40 kg</quantity>
. Both sexes possess a clearly delineated white rump patch that is restricted to below the base of the tail. The back of the hindquarters and lower legs from the knee to the hooves are usually white. Males in the winter coat from north-eastern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF8304F6F9F7F7F4F917" box="[2016,2073,1653,1686]" name="Iran" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Iran</collectingCountry>
and southern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830BF8F9F7F65CF917" box="[2286,2481,1653,1686]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
lack a saddle patch, but those from eastern populations usually possess a saddle patch of variable size. The throat ruff and neck ruff are variable in color; in general, western races have a white throat and neck ruff and eastern forms have a white throat ruff and a black neck ruff.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF8306D4F8B8F9C7F628" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8306D4F8B8F9C7F628" blockId="115.[1472,2677,713,3455]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF8306D4F8B8F9DCF8DA" bold="true" box="[1474,1585,1850,1883]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Habitat.</emphasis>
The Afghan Urial has a greater distribution and occurs in a greater variation of habitats than any other species of urial. Populations occur from near sea level to above
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF830508F80AF96AF828" box="[1566,1671,1928,1961]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
, but rarely exceed
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF83048FF80AF7EEF828" box="[1945,2051,1928,1961]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
. Annual precipitation in Afghan Urial habitats varies from less than
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF83043CF836F874F850" box="[1834,1945,1972,2001]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
in desert areas to over twice that in some montane habitats. In southern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF8305EBF855F89FF879" box="[1789,1906,2007,2040]" name="Pakistan" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, these urials occur in low-elevation mountain ranges below
<quantity id="4CA41BE09938FF830535F87CF961F79E" box="[1571,1676,2046,2079]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
. Many occur in degraded habitats grazed by domestic livestock. They usually use rounded, broken montane terrain at lower elevations, but readily access precipitous terrain as escape cover. Predators include Leopards (Panthera pardus), Gray Wolves (Canis lupus), Golden Jackals (C. aureus), Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and feral and domestic dogs. Wolves, although extirpated in some areas, probably account for the greatest percentage of mortalities by wild carnivores. Afghan Urials rarely live more than ten years. A study of population age structure based on captured live specimens and horns collected in the field in southern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF830B6BF690F6ADF6B2" box="[2173,2368,2322,2355]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
revealed that none of the rams was older than eight years old. Urial densities can vary from less than 1 ind/ km? in poor-quality habitat overgrazed by domestic livestock to 4-5 ind/km? in good habitat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF8306D5F62DF9C8F679" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8306D5F62DF9C8F679" blockId="115.[1472,2677,713,3455]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF8306D5F62DF924F651" bold="true" box="[1475,1737,2479,2512]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
This species is an opportunistic herbivore, feeding on grasses and shrubs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF8306D5F583F858F477" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8306D5F583F858F477" blockId="115.[1472,2677,713,3455]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF8306D5F583F9A4F59F" bold="true" box="[1475,1609,2561,2590]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Breeding.</emphasis>
Most males reach sexual maturity by age two but do not participate in the rut until 4-5 years old. Females first give birth at age two. The mating season occurs in November—December in colder climates but can vary in desert populations. Most births in desert areas in southern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF8304A7F5F1F7CEF515" box="[1969,2083,2675,2708]" name="Pakistan" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
occur in February and the rut occurs in August. Reproduction is dependent on summer precipitation in desert populations. Twinning can be common, but in years of low precipitation, single offspring prevail. Under extreme drought conditions, females can fail to reproduce and there is high lamb mortality. In contrast, in areas with high forage production, productivity is high. In north-eastern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959938FF8305A1F4B5F91FF4D9" box="[1719,1778,2871,2904]" name="Iran" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Iran</collectingCountry>
, based on ewes collected during late gestation, 100% of threeyear-olds and those greater than four years old were pregnant. Fifty per cent of the two-year-olds and 56% of the yearlings were pregnant. Eleven percent of the threeyear-olds and 42% of those four years old and older had twin fetuses; none of the yearlings or two-year-olds had twins.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF8306D4F382F6EAF3C4" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8306D4F382F6EAF3C4" blockId="115.[1472,2677,713,3455]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF8306D4F382F942F39C" bold="true" box="[1474,1711,3072,3101]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Mostly active during morning and afternoons. During the warmest period of the day, they seek thermal cover in tall vegetation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9938FF8306D2F3CDF87DF2FE" pageId="115" pageNumber="686" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059938FF8306D2F3CDF87DF2FE" blockId="115.[1472,2677,713,3455]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B9286A179938FF8306D2F3CDF76AF3ED" bold="true" box="[1476,2183,3151,3180]" pageId="115" pageNumber="686">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Movements and home range data are not available. Except for the mating season, adult males and females segregate into separate groups. Ram groups are composed of two-year-olds and older males. Female groups consist of ewes, lambs, yearlings, and occasionally younger rams. Ram groups usually number less than 30, but female groups can exceed 100. In areas with high populations, ewe groups consist of 10-49 animals. Adult rams form dominance hierarchies, with older, larger rams dominant over younger rams. Dominance hierarchies probably also occur among ewes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993FFF840374FE98FA02FEDF" pageId="116" pageNumber="687" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993FFF840374FE98FA02FEDF" blockId="116.[96,1299,282,554]" lastBlockId="116.[1368,2570,284,550]" pageId="116" pageNumber="687">
<emphasis id="B9286A17993FFF840374FE98FE2FFEB6" bold="true" box="[98,450,282,311]" pageId="116" pageNumber="687">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
CITES Appendix II (under
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993FFF840074FE98FC30FEB6" box="[866,989,282,311]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Owis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="116" pageNumber="730" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vignei">O. vignei</taxonomicName>
). Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List (as
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993FFF840118FEC3FD45FEDF" box="[526,680,321,350]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="116" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">O. orientalis</taxonomicName>
cycloceros and O. o. arkal). The Afghan Urial occurs in fragmented populations and rarely occurs outside protected areas. Statuses of populations in
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993FFF840249FE12FE7AFE2C" box="[351,407,400,429]" name="Iran" pageId="116" pageNumber="687">Iran</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993FFF8402F6FE12FD6AFE2C" box="[480,647,400,429]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="116" pageNumber="687">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
are unknown. Their greatest threats are competition with livestock and illegal hunting. In north-eastern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993FFF8400B3FE35FC0DFE55" box="[933,992,439,468]" name="Iran" pageId="116" pageNumber="687">Iran</collectingCountry>
, until the early 1980s, one protected area alone supported a population of 15,000 animals; its present status is unknown. Populations in all countries have greatly declined. Protected areas rarely have populations exceeding 500. Most populations in
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993FFF840B51FE9EF703FEB8" box="[2119,2286,284,313]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="116" pageNumber="687">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
have probably been extirpated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993FFF84064CFEECF87BFDA5" pageId="116" pageNumber="687" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993FFF84064CFEECF87BFDA5" blockId="116.[1368,2570,284,550]" pageId="116" pageNumber="687">
<emphasis id="B9286A17993FFF84064CFEECFA1EFE06" bold="true" box="[1370,1523,366,391]" pageId="116" pageNumber="687">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Baskin &amp; Danell (2003), Edge &amp; Olson-Edge (1987), Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott (1966), Frisina (2002), Frisina et al. (2006), Groves &amp; Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Habibi (1997a, 2003), Heptner et al. (1988), Hess et al. (1997), Hoogstraal &amp; Valdez (1980), Kowalski (1972), Rezaei et al. (2010), Roberts (1997), Schaller (1977), Valdez (1976, 2008), Valdez &amp; DeForge (1985), Valdez, Alamia, Bunch &amp; Mowlavi (1977), Valdez, Nadler &amp; Bunch (1978), Weinberg et al. (1997), Ziaie (1997).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink