203 lines
21 KiB
XML
203 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="689AA9E1D56080E312721D5697CEE975" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139929FF930676F889FEA2FB15" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Budorcas tibetana" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="670" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="669" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="69AF27BB3021FA81A97822AF373C695E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="95307CBDCAFB39BB08F575F774C8FBA5">
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<mods:title id="E5A9E676E925030E89835506F7ECEF86">Bovidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="D05BE29F5AB3E3E7F22BBB8C1FD1AA80" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B401B020413BC73F1A926A62D270B854">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="150321DA965343EC653509179079B994" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F5129E4E0F36699199CA8C341792C841">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="934450CFCAD5B476407512162C58931B">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="762B473F3E8D3FF1854BD0929F48DA97">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="9B1E6361C2EEF16A707D7AB84D54B59E">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="72480E93F860520EF0F82656175319CF" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="583885ACC58C635B5D136AA53F6F5E39">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="3DA2B8CCCA7D8DB6B5AABEDB6F80428D">
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<mods:placeTerm id="782289DFFE219A9FE1EB3CE0F4627CAC">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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<mods:titleInfo id="152E49139ED5D95D40359D7A03B34A67">
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<mods:title id="E528FE925C233F1913A60CE437A002D0">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="983905261E588072C22EBB081C501DDC">
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<mods:classification id="8C0DD924360BEBB87D588C858FB39E91">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="69EAF9629E487DD6CA180AD0BA0E7F0B" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F507139929FF930676F889FEA2FB15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636918" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636918" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139929FF930676F889FEA2FB15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139929FF930676F889FEA2FB15" lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="670" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920676F889FA42F8B4" box="[1376,1455,1803,1845]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920676F889FA42F8B4" blockId="98.[1371,2168,1803,1889]" box="[1376,1455,1803,1845]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF920676F889FA42F8B4" box="[1376,1455,1803,1845]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809929FF920676F889FA42F8B4" box="[1376,1455,1803,1845]" captionStart="Plate 44: Bovidae" captionStartId="96.[94,124,3392,3417]" captionTargetBox="[13,2757,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="167. Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii), 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus), 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitei), 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana), 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas bedfordi), 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), 174. Arabian Tahr (Avabitragus jayakari), 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemutragus jemlahicus), 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayawr), 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512953/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">171.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF9206D6F889F904F8B4" box="[1472,1769,1803,1845]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF9206D6F889F904F8B4" blockId="98.[1371,2168,1803,1889]" box="[1472,1769,1803,1845]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF9206D6F889F904F8B4" box="[1472,1769,1803,1845]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9206D6F889F904F8B4" box="[1472,1769,1803,1845]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF9206D6F889F98BF8B4" box="[1472,1638,1803,1845]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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Takin
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920439F889F780F8B4" box="[1839,2157,1803,1845]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920439F889F780F8B4" blockId="98.[1371,2168,1803,1889]" box="[1839,2157,1803,1845]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF920439F889F780F8B4" box="[1839,2157,1803,1845]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF920439F889F780F8B4" baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1839,2157,1803,1845]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibetana">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920439F889F780F8B4" box="[1839,2157,1803,1845]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Budorcas tibetana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064AF8C5F79AF8DD" box="[1372,2167,1863,1884]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064AF8C5F79AF8DD" blockId="98.[1371,2168,1803,1889]" box="[1372,2167,1863,1884]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF92064AF8C5F79AF8DD" box="[1372,2167,1863,1884]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064AF8C5FA44F8DD" bold="true" box="[1372,1449,1863,1884]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9206A7F8C5F9B5F8DD" box="[1457,1624,1863,1884]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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Takin du
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF92051DF8C5F9B5F8DD" box="[1547,1624,1863,1884]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92057BF8C5F925F8DD" bold="true" box="[1645,1736,1863,1884]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9205C7F8C5F8BAF8DD" box="[1745,1879,1863,1884]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan-Takin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92047BF8C5F825F8DD" bold="true" box="[1901,1992,1863,1884]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9204C6F8C5F7ECF8DD" box="[2000,2049,1863,1884]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Takin</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF920B3CF8C5F79AF8DD" box="[2090,2167,1863,1884]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF9204D5F80CF71BF853" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF9204D5F80CF71BF853" blockId="98.[1987,2574,1934,2355]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF9204D5F80CF7B3F82A" bold="true" box="[1987,2142,1934,1963]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF920B78F80CF71CF853" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1874" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="taxicola" subSpecies="tibetana">Budorcas taxicola [sic] tibetana Milne-Edwards, 1874</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920A1FF837F7F3F878" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920A1FF837F7F3F878" blockId="98.[1987,2574,1934,2355]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589929FF920A1FF837F7F3F878" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198336" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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Moupin,
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF920A85F837F5E8F853" box="[2451,2565,1973,2002]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF9204D2F85EF7F7F878" box="[1988,2074,2012,2041]" name="China" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">China</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF9204D2F782F67FF68D" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF9204D2F782F67FF68D" blockId="98.[1987,2574,1934,2355]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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Usually classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF920AE4F782F7DDF7C9" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1850" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taxicolor">B. taxicolor</taxonomicName>
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. The four takin species are differentiated on the basis of body color and mtDNA analysis of Chinese populations. Based on a phylogentic study, takins are related to caprines and in particular to
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF9204D5F76DF788F68D" box="[1987,2149,2287,2316]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ammotragus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF920BB8F76DF70BF68D" box="[2222,2278,2287,2316]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ovis</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF9204D5F694F5E4F6B2" box="[1987,2569,2326,2355]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9929FF9204D5F694F5E4F6B2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512694" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512694" box="[1987,2569,2326,2355]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512694/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" targetBox="[1370,1964,1940,2356]" targetPageId="98">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF9204D5F694F5E4F6B2" blockId="98.[1987,2574,1934,2355]" box="[1987,2569,2326,2355]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF9204D5F694F78AF6B2" bold="true" box="[1987,2151,2326,2355]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Distribution.</emphasis>
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C
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF920B9AF694F731F6B2" box="[2188,2268,2326,2355]" name="China" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">China</collectingCountry>
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(W
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF920A05F694F693F6B2" box="[2323,2430,2326,2355]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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, S
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF920AB5F694F611F6B2" box="[2467,2556,2326,2355]" country="China" name="Gansu" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Gansu</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064AF6B8F9ABF53C" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064AF6B8F9ABF53C" blockId="98.[1370,2573,2362,3456]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064AF6B8F9B8F6DA" bold="true" box="[1372,1621,2362,2395]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body ¢.170-220 cm,tail ¢.10-22 cm, shoulder height c.107-140 cm; weight ¢.150-350 kg. Horn basal girth 20-32 cm (males), horn tip-to-tip spread 58-91 cm (males). Males are significantly larger than females. Takins have large, bovine-like bodies, a shaggy coat including long hair on the jaws and chin, stout legs, prominent dew claws, and a greater height at the shoulder than hip. Horns grow slightly upward, then turn upward and backward with the horn tips upward. Older
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF92064AF5A8FA21F5C6" box="[1372,1484,2602,2631]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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Takin males are dark golden brown to dark brown on the lower flanks, hindquarters, and lower legs, and have paler hair on the neck and shoulders that forms a distinct saddle. Adults have a black tail and distinct muzzle that contrasts with the paler color of the face.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064AF541F9C0F429" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064AF541F9C0F429" blockId="98.[1370,2573,2362,3456]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064AF541FA26F565" bold="true" box="[1372,1483,2755,2788]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Habitat.</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF9206CFF541F9A4F565" box="[1497,1609,2755,2788]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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Takins usually inhabit elevations at 1500-3000 m. In the Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve in
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF9205FFF56CF8B6F48A" box="[1769,1883,2798,2827]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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, there are four principal vegetation zones, ranging from timberline above 3200-3300 m to mixed coniferous and broadleafed deciduous forest at 1700-2100 m; rhodendron and bamboos form an understory component at lower elevations. Vegetation communities below
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09929FF920B53F4E2F742F400" box="[2117,2223,2912,2945]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
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have been modified by human activity.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064AF42DF63AF315" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064AF42DF63AF315" blockId="98.[1370,2573,2362,3456]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064AF42DF9B6F451" bold="true" box="[1372,1627,2991,3024]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF920573F42DF93EF451" box="[1637,1747,2991,3024]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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Takins are known to feed on 130 plant species, including 70 shrub and tree species. They are primarily browsers, but forbs are an important forage component in spring. They frequent salt licks. Their tall bodies allow them to reach browse unavailable to smaller ungulates and their broad, flexible lips enable efficient and selective foraging. Takins may push over or break smaller trees to obtain browse. They also rear up on their hindlegs to reach browse up to 2:
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09929FF920B8AF3F1F73CF315" box="[2204,2257,3187,3220]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
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above the ground.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064AF318F997F2B0" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064AF318F997F2B0" blockId="98.[1370,2573,2362,3456]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064AF318FA0FF33A" bold="true" box="[1372,1506,3226,3259]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Takins attain reproductive maturity at c.3-5 years of age. Older males probably do most of the mating. Mating probably occurs in August-September and parturition is in March and April after a gestation period of ¢.210 days. Only singleton births have been recorded.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064CF2BEF7D8F201" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="activity">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064CF2BEF7D8F201" blockId="98.[1370,2573,2362,3456]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064CF2BEF9A8F2D8" bold="true" box="[1370,1605,3388,3417]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Usually most active in early morning and late afternoon, but in winter they may feed intermittently throughout the day.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9303DCFE90FDD6FCB2" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9303DCFE90FDD6FCB2" blockId="99.[201,1403,274,1175]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9303DCFE90FC79FEB2" bold="true" box="[202,916,274,307]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Takins undertake seasonal movements from alpine meadows in summer to lower-elevation forested areas in winter. One male was observed to cover about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF9301E8FEE3FCA9FE03" box="[766,836,353,386]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
when foraging along a valley in the autumn and winter. Based on 51 herds observed in the Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, mean herd size was 39-6 animals with most herds composed of 10-45 animals. Estimated density of takins was 1:2-1-3 ind/km?®. In another study of group sizes in the same area, 85-7% of the males were solitary, 8:3% were groups of two males, and 4.2% consisted of three males. Most mixed herds, made up of females, young, subadults, and adult males, consisted of 10-35 individuals; one herd of 93-112 takins was recorded. Larger herds form in May after parturition and split into smaller groups by autumn. Young and yearlings each comprised 20% of the population in May and November, indicating low mortality in these age groups. The sex ratio was 50 males:100 females. Leopards (Panthera pardus) and Dholes (Cuon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9300F9FD68FBA0FC8A" box="[1007,1101,746,779]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alpinus">alpinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) feed on takins, but these predators are scarce.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9303DDFCBEFA95FC76" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9303DDFCBEFA95FC76" blockId="99.[201,1403,274,1175]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9303DDFCBEFDCBFCD8" bold="true" box="[203,550,828,857]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9300A1FCBEFBA0FCD8" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1850" box="[951,1101,828,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taxicolor">B. taxicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9301BFFCE2FCD2FC00" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1850" box="[681,831,864,897]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taxicolor">B. taxicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The total population is estimated to be several thousand, with uncertainty about actual numbers. Negative impacts include poaching, human disturbance from tourism, and habitat encroachment. Habitat loss is a continuing concern. Ecological studies and monitoring of populations are lacking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9303DDFB84FEA2FB15" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9303DDFB84FEA2FB15" blockId="99.[201,1403,274,1175]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9303DDFB84FE89FB9E" bold="true" box="[203,356,1030,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Ge Taoan et al. (1989), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Li Ming, Meng Shijie et al. (2003), Li Ming, Wei Fuwen et al. (2003), MacKinnon (2008), Neas & Hoffmann (1987), Schaller (1977), Schaller et al. (1986),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF9301AEFBD6FD00FBEC" box="[696,749,1108,1133]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Song</collectingRegion>
|
||
Yanling et al. (2008), Wang Sung et al. (1997), Wu Chunhua et al. (2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |