196 lines
22 KiB
XML
196 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:mods id="E36F2676C03D7623F247E08ECDDBC44E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="443AB6D2D93273334F44C1CDE57BB70A">
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<mods:title id="81DE21E82F413192BFD4173A1F9A8F0A">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CEA7C40ECDAF193EAE52BBA2D9E8C625" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0A4BFFE472053379F4E8E43AA804EFEC">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="9AC823E803790E03EB55F9A09DE90BE6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9F02F2CBEB0D7D9F68935BF2DBF93EE3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C899B0B793115DFF5898529ACBA2E1BD">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="073D25B5E1286255723F53F7AA260607">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="86D82E7CED61C94AB8DAB189D12B9104">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="B301F834C267FAF48A4CE64504BF0065" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="9F75CC5C7259C676A9AEB12583059CFA">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="DB950FD1408258DC4D4899CC2D78C7D2">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="CBB874E19F0DD09ED0883966A6D704B5">
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<mods:title id="29B84D15C1662E55F9862802A76A2962">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="95BB4E5F4418187223BC3795B4FE6BB7">
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<treatment id="03F50713991DFFA60641FF7DF6C1F359" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636873" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636873" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F50713991DFFA60641FF7DF6C1F359" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F50713991DFFA60641FF7DF6C1F359" lastPageNumber="657" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60641FF7DFA4BFEAC" box="[1367,1446,255,301]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60641FF7DFA4BFEAC" blockId="86.[1362,2059,255,345]" box="[1367,1446,255,301]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<heading id="D0AB0169991DFFA60641FF7DFA4BFEAC" box="[1367,1446,255,301]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA80991DFFA60641FF7DFA4BFEAC" box="[1367,1446,255,301]" captionStart="Plate 42: Bovidae" captionStartId="86.[89,119,3381,3406]" captionTargetBox="[12,2757,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="152. Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus), 153. Blesbok (Damaliscus phillipsi), 154. Western Tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus), 155. Bangweulu Tsessebe (Damaliscus superstes), 156. Korrigum (Damaliscus korrigum), 157. Tiang (Damaliscus tiang), 158. Uganda Top 1 (Damaliscus ugandae), 159. Ruaha Topt (Damaliscus eurus), 160. Serengeti Topi (Damaliscus jimela), 161. Coastal Topt (Damaliscus topr)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512949/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">153.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA606A1FF7DF9B6FEAC" box="[1463,1627,255,301]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA606A1FF7DF9B6FEAC" blockId="86.[1362,2059,255,345]" box="[1463,1627,255,301]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<heading id="D0AB0169991DFFA606A1FF7DF9B6FEAC" box="[1463,1627,255,301]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B991DFFA606A1FF7DF9B6FEAC" box="[1463,1627,255,301]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Blesbok</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA605B6FF7DF7E7FEAC" box="[1696,2058,255,301]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA605B6FF7DF7E7FEAC" blockId="86.[1362,2059,255,345]" box="[1696,2058,255,301]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<heading id="D0AB0169991DFFA605B6FF7DF7E7FEAC" box="[1696,2058,255,301]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991DFFA605B6FF7DF7E7FEAC" authority="Harper, 1939" authorityName="Harper" authorityYear="1939" box="[1696,2058,255,301]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Damaliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phillipsi">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA605B6FF7DF7E7FEAC" box="[1696,2058,255,301]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Damaliscus phillipsi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60642FEBDF872FED5" box="[1364,1951,319,340]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60642FEBDF872FED5" blockId="86.[1362,2059,255,345]" box="[1364,1951,319,340]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<heading id="D0AB0169991DFFA60642FEBDF872FED5" box="[1364,1951,319,340]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA60642FEBDFA4CFED5" bold="true" box="[1364,1441,319,340]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B991DFFA606BCFEBDFA15FED5" box="[1450,1528,319,340]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Blesbok</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA6051BFEBDF984FED5" bold="true" box="[1549,1641,319,340]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B991DFFA60564FEBDF93AFED5" box="[1650,1751,319,340]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Blessbock</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA605FAFEBDF8AAFED5" bold="true" box="[1772,1863,319,340]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B991DFFA60447FEBDF872FED5" box="[1873,1951,319,340]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Blesbok</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA604ADFE0AF7E9FE4A" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA604ADFE0AF7E9FE4A" blockId="86.[1978,2564,392,814]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA604ADFE0AF7BBFE24" bold="true" box="[1979,2134,392,421]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991DFFA60B66FE0AF7EDFE4A" authority="Harper, 1939" authorityName="Harper" authorityYear="1939" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Damaliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phillipsi">Damaliscus phillipsi Harper, 1939</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60B05FE28F6DCFE4A" box="[2067,2353,426,459]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60B05FE28F6DCFE4A" blockId="86.[1978,2564,392,814]" box="[2067,2353,426,459]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC58991DFFA60B05FE28F6DCFE4A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198476" box="[2067,2353,426,459]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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(Orange)
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7991DFFA60BB6FE28F6C0FE4A" box="[2208,2349,426,459]" country="South Africa" name="Free State" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Free State</collectingRegion>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA604ADFE50F678FD5E" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA604ADFE50F678FD5E" blockId="86.[1978,2564,392,814]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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This species is similar in many respects to the Bontebok (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991DFFA60B8BFE7BF6AFFD9B" authority="Harper, 1939" authorityName="Harper" authorityYear="1939" box="[2205,2370,505,538]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygargus">D. pygargus</taxonomicName>
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), and during the second half of the 20" century they were usually classified as two subspecies of the same species. Although they are clearly sister species, they are strongly, and consistently, different. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA604ACFD67F8FFFC23" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D991DFFA604ACFD67F8FFFC23" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512658" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512658/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" targetBox="[1361,1955,395,811]" targetPageId="86">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA604ACFD67F8FFFC23" blockId="86.[1978,2564,392,814]" lastBlockId="86.[1359,2567,819,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA604ACFD67F787FC87" bold="true" box="[1978,2154,741,774]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695991DFFA60B6FFD67F6C6FC87" box="[2169,2347,741,774]" name="South Africa" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7991DFFA60A52FD67F5EEFC87" box="[2372,2563,741,774]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
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N of the Karroo, E into
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7991DFFA60A20FC93F5EEFCAF" box="[2358,2563,785,814]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
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and N to the
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7991DFFA6051AFCB1F97AFCD5" box="[1548,1687,819,852]" country="South Africa" name="Free State" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Free State</collectingRegion>
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and the
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695991DFFA60403FCB1F875FCD5" box="[1813,1944,819,852]" name="Botswana" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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border). Today, Blesboks occur sporadically through this range, mainly on private land, and have been introduced into
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695991DFFA60A7DFCD8F610FCFA" box="[2411,2557,858,891]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695991DFFA60645FC0BFA21FC23" box="[1363,1484,905,930]" name="Namibia" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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, and eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695991DFFA6059EFC0BF8E3FC23" box="[1672,1806,905,930]" name="Botswana" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60644FC2FF953FA20" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60644FC2FF953FA20" blockId="86.[1359,2567,819,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA60644FC2FF9A0FC4B" bold="true" box="[1362,1613,941,970]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 140-160 cm, tail 30-45 cm, weight
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0991DFFA60BE9FC2FF6A1FC4B" box="[2303,2380,941,970]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" unit="kg" value="70.0">70 kg</quantity>
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(males) and
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0991DFFA60645FC52FA4EFC70" box="[1363,1443,976,1009]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" unit="kg" value="60.0">60 kg</quantity>
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(females). The Blesbok’s general color is reddish-brown, without the purple gloss of the Bontebok. The face blaze is white, but is usually divided by a brown band between the eyes; the buttock patch is not white, merely paler than the body color; and the white (or pale color) at the base of the tail does not extend onto the back of the rump. There is no pale “saddle”; the white on the underparts is less extensive than in the Bontebok; and the lower segments of the limbs are dark brown. The horns are usually straw-colored on the upper surface of the rings. Skull length is 30.4-32.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0991DFFA60AA0FB39F611FB5D" box="[2486,2556,1211,1244]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
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; horn length is 33.5-38.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0991DFFA6058EFB65F933FA85" box="[1688,1758,1255,1284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
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(both sexes); and horn span is 29-268 mm (both sexes). Diploid chromosome number is 38; there is a fusion between chromosomes 18 and 24, and one of the chromosome chains has only twelve members instead of 13, which differentiates the karyotype from that of the Western Tsessebe (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991DFFA60BFAFADBF697FAFB" box="[2284,2426,1369,1402]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Damaliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunatus">D. lunatus</taxonomicName>
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) and the Serengeti Topi (D. jimela).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60644FA25F87CF9E4" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60644FA25F87CF9E4" blockId="86.[1359,2567,819,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA60644FA25FA2CFA49" bold="true" box="[1362,1473,1447,1480]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Apparently the grasslands of the Highveld wherever surface water was available. Blesboks were generally associated with the sweetveld, especially in areas with medium length high-quality grasses such as Themeda triandra. During the dry season, they would travel into the sourveld, with its tall grasses, and their fat reserves would decrease until the following rainy season.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60647F9EEF97FF95D" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60647F9EEF97FF95D" blockId="86.[1359,2567,819,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA60647F9EEF9B8F90C" bold="true" box="[1361,1621,1644,1677]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Blesboks feed almost entirely on grass, especially favoring burnt areas with their rapidly sprouting new grass. The very large rumen retains low-digestible grass for a long period.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60647F960FA3DF70D" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="breeding">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60647F960FA3DF70D" blockId="86.[1359,2567,819,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA60647F960FA35F882" bold="true" box="[1361,1496,1762,1795]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Breeding.</emphasis>
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When males are attempting to herd females, there is a great deal of displaying after a territorial male has chased off an invader. Fights between males can be very serious and result in death. During courtship and herding, the male exhibits the low-stretch display; at the period of highest intensity, his tail is curled over his back. He frequently sniffs a female’s vulva, which she facilitates by raising her tail and waving it rapidly. If she is not receptive, she turns and they circle each other. Gestation is eight months; the calving season lasts one or two months. Calves are followers, not hiders, even though they are less precocious at birth than wildebeest, whose calves are hiders. Females give birth within the herd, and the young associate with their mothers right away. They are weaned at about four months. A female becomes sexually mature at 2-5 years.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60659F715F890F6D1" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60659F715F890F6D1" blockId="86.[1359,2567,819,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA60659F715F9D1F735" bold="true" box="[1359,1596,2199,2228]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Active in early morning and late evening, and they can remain active and feeding in the middle of the day. When moving to feeding areas or watering points, they go in single file, forming paths. Like Bonteboks, they often stand with their heads toward the sun, their faces close to the ground;it is not known whether they are awake or asleep in this posture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60647F6D5F900F41F" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60647F6D5F900F41F" blockId="86.[1359,2567,819,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA60647F6D5F7FBF6F9" bold="true" box="[1361,2070,2391,2424]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Like Bonteboks, there are territorial males, female herds, and bachelor groups. Territories are clustered more tightly than those of Bonteboks, in one population averaging only 2-3 ha in size. Territorial behavior may be year-round or seasonal, butterritories are poorly or notat all defended between the end of one rut and the beginning of the next. Territories are marked with displays, including leaping high in the air, preorbital glandular marking, pawing the ground (thereby depositing foot gland secretions), and dung piles. An apparently unique behavior in this species consists of transferring the preorbital secretion copiously to the base of the horns; the Blesbok wipes its horns across grass stems which it had previously marked.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E7991DFFA605DCF53BF912F55B" box="[1738,1791,2745,2778]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
only males, but females and even calves do this. The female herds are not associated with specific territorial males, but during the rut they are herded into territories and not allowed to leave if the male can prevent it. After the end of the rut, during the cold dry season, the herds aggregate into larger groups of up to 650. These large aggregations occupy defined home ranges, within which each herd has its own home range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60646F42BF647F330" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60646F42BF647F330" blockId="86.[1359,2567,819,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA60646F42BF947F447" bold="true" box="[1360,1706,2985,3014]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991DFFA60A98F42BFA91F46C" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygargus">D. pygargus</taxonomicName>
|
||
phillipsr). In historic times there has always been a
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0991DFFA60B53F44EF744F46C" box="[2117,2217,3020,3053]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" unit="km" value="300.0">300km</quantity>
|
||
gap between the ranges of this species and the Bontebok. The Blesbok was exterminated from much ofits range in the 19" century, and the population was reduced to about 2000, but they have recovered rapidly under protection and have been widely introduced outside their former range. Actual estimated population is greater than 200,000 individuals (numbers stable or increasing), of which the main part occurs on private farms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991DFFA60647F33DF6C1F359" box="[1361,2348,3263,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991DFFA60647F33DF6C1F359" blockId="86.[1359,2567,819,3288]" box="[1361,2348,3263,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17991DFFA60647F33DFA07F359" bold="true" box="[1361,1514,3263,3288]" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Estes (1991a, 1991b),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E7991DFFA605FAF33DF88FF359" box="[1772,1890,3263,3288]" country="Japan" name="Kumamoto" pageId="86" pageNumber="657">Kumamoto</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (1996), Skinner & Chimimba (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |