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<document id="21A1EA4BEB1FA143617979FBA079C999" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240120" ID-ZooBank="5D6C7EBF-E568-4100-9364-2DD357003878" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1716361325736" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio &amp; Ferraris Jr, Carl J." docDate="2024" docId="03F32B77FFFDFFBD0EAFFB89FD7F4C92" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad078.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.5:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Arius Valenciennes 1840" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="454" masterDocId="FFCA530FFFE7FFA10D44FFD6FFAB4A1E" masterDocTitle="A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data" masterLastPageNumber="476" masterPageNumber="426" pageNumber="452" updateTime="1716560620312" updateUser="guilherme">
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<mods:title id="4F0BBE43CA14526DE4FC5E075136540C">A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9537BFD8E182223E7AA0B1375AE0E31D">Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FD2912FF3818133BE7E16633DE89EA8A">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, conjunto Presidente Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB 58050 - 000, Brazil &amp; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB 58429 - 500, Brazil &amp; Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618 - 970, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A743621511F9A292EFFDFD203A4BE6BC">Oliveira, Claudio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8D80B7852F62EFD2FE7FD4293C91B233">Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618 - 970, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9E6EC239CC7373DB540F849C22CF929C">Ferraris Jr, Carl J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7C8B355A2360F797F077D1C9397DE734">545 NE Floral Pl., Portland, OR 97232, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="F059302E273DF46DC7B5D4BA844203C5">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C340C9EAFFFDFFBB0EAFFB89FB594E67" box="[1003,1266,1119,1145]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0EAFFB89FB594E67" blockId="26.[1003,1266,1119,1145]" box="[1003,1266,1119,1145]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<heading id="D0AD2D0DFFFDFFBB0EAFFB89FB594E67" bold="true" box="[1003,1266,1119,1145]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFDFFBB0EAFFB89FB594E67" ID-CoL="32Y8" ID-ENA="75285" authority="Valenciennes, 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[1003,1266,1119,1145]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0EAFFB89FB594E67" bold="true" box="[1003,1266,1119,1145]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0EAFFB89FB8A4E67" bold="true" box="[1003,1057,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Arius</emphasis>
Valenciennes, 1840
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C340C9EAFFFDFFBB0943FB5AFB494DA8" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0943FB5AFB7C4EB8" blockId="26.[1031,1239,1164,1190]" box="[1031,1239,1164,1190]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0943FB5AFB7C4EB8" bold="true" box="[1031,1239,1164,1190]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
(
<figureCitation id="136186E4FFFDFFBB0955FB5AFBC74EB8" box="[1041,1132,1164,1190]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStartId-0="3.[129,194,1805,1829]" captionStartId-1="3.[825,890,1803,1827]" captionTargetBox-0="[152,776,143,1771]" captionTargetBox-1="[843,1439,143,1771]" captionTargetId-0="figure-8@3.[152,744,149,1755]" captionTargetId-1="figure-61@3.[851,1439,143,1771]" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="Figure 1. MP analysis.Subfamilies (SF) Galeichthyinae (pink), Bagreinae (bright blue), and Ariinae (dark blue). Tribe (T) Ariini (blue), Cathopsini (orange), Genidentini tribe nov. (brown), and Sciadeini tribe nov. (light green).Subtribe (ST) Ariina (light blue) and Doiichthyina (green). Incertae sedis taxa (IS) (red). Numbers over branches correspond to the bootstrap support." captionText-1="Figure 2. ML analysis. Subfamilies (SF) Galeichthyinae (pink), Bagreinae (bright blue), and Ariinae (dark blue). Tribe (T) Ariini (blue), Cathopsini (orange), Genidentini tribe nov. (brown), and Sciadeini tribe nov. (light green). Subtribe (ST) Ariina (light blue) and Doiichthyina (green). Incertae sedis taxa (IS) (red). Numbers over branches correspond to the bootstrap support." figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240122" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11240122/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136186E4FFFDFFBB0931FB5AFB084EB8" box="[1141,1187,1164,1190]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="27.[129,194,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[259,1343,151,1822]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[257,1345,145,1823]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 24. Representative skulls, in dorsal view, and distribution of the subtribe Ariina.A, Arius maculatus, AUM 44875. B, Cephalocassis melanochir, CAS 49426. C, Cryptarius truncatus, AUM 50243. D, Hexanematichthys sagor, AUM 50242. E, Kyataphisa nenga, AUM 46280. F, Osteogeneiosus militaris, AUM 44880. G, Pseudosciades sona, AUM 44861. * marine, ** brackish water, *** freshwater." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240169/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">24A</figureCitation>
–
<figureCitation id="136186E4FFFDFFBB09F5FB5AFB674EB8" box="[1201,1228,1164,1190]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="28.[113,178,728,752]" captionTargetBox="[114,1457,144,700]" captionTargetId="figure-504@28.[114,1457,144,700]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 25. Arius arius, Indo-West Pacific, photograph by Ricardo Betancur-R., type species of the genus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240171" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240171/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">25</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0E6EFB1BFB584EFB" blockId="26.[810,1267,1229,1253]" box="[810,1267,1229,1253]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0E6EFB1BFC0D4EFA" box="[810,934,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<typeStatus id="54E124C3FFFDFFBB0E6EFB1BFCF14EFA" box="[810,858,1229,1252]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFDFFBB0EEFFB1BFB454EFB" authority="Hamilton, 1822" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[939,1262,1229,1253]" family="Pimelodidae" genus="Pimelodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arius">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0EEFFB1BFBEF4EFA" box="[939,1092,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Pimelodus arius</emphasis>
Hamilton, 1822
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0904FAD3FB364F00" blockId="26.[1088,1181,1285,1310]" box="[1088,1181,1285,1310]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0904FAD3FB364F00" box="[1088,1181,1285,1310]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0E6EFAFDFBC04C43" blockId="26.[810,1459,1323,1629]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
Bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal cylindrical and thin (16, 0&gt; 1); frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1&gt; 0); accessory tooth plates ventral to orbitosphenoid and metapterygoid (62, 0&gt; 1); orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid lateral expansions slight projections with sinuous lateral face (
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0E71FA11FC094FC1" bold="true" box="[821,930,1479,1503]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">65, 0&gt; 2)</emphasis>
; autopalatine very compressed at articulation with lateral ethmoid (108, 0&gt; 1); dorsal crest of premaxilla beginning between lateral one-third or one-half of anterior margin (124, 0&gt; 1); lateral margin of third pharyngobranchial well developed and acute (193, 0&gt; 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0E6EF9A8FBC24CAB" blockId="26.[810,1458,1662,1717]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0E6EF9A8FB8D4C88" box="[810,1062,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Ambiguous optimization:</emphasis>
Müllerian ramus bone blade evident only in basal third (206, 2&gt; 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0962F90DFB1C4CEB" blockId="26.[810,1375,1755,2005]" box="[1062,1207,1755,1781]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0962F90DFB1C4CEB" box="[1062,1207,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Included species</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0E6EF8D4FB704D07" blockId="26.[810,1375,1755,2005]" box="[810,1243,1793,1818]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFDFFBB0E6EF8D4FB914D07" authority="Day, 1877" authorityName="Day" authorityYear="1877" box="[810,1082,1793,1818]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0E6EF8D4FC644D07" box="[810,975,1794,1817]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Arius acutirostris</emphasis>
Day, 1877
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB090BF8D7FB704D07" box="[1103,1243,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0E6EF8F7FB534D27" blockId="26.[810,1375,1755,2005]" box="[810,1272,1825,1849]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFDFFBB0E6EF8F7FBFC4D27" authority="Gunther, 1867" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1867" box="[810,1111,1825,1849]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0E6EF8F7FC164D27" box="[810,957,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Arius africanus</emphasis>
Günther, 1867
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0928F8F7FB534D27" box="[1132,1272,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0E6EF896FB974D69" blockId="26.[810,1375,1755,2005]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFDFFBB0E6EF896FB144D46" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel, 1849" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1849" box="[810,1215,1856,1880]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarius">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0E6EF896FC144D46" box="[810,959,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Arius arenarius</emphasis>
Müller &amp; Troschel, 1849
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0997F896FAF44D46" box="[1235,1375,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFDFFBB0E6EF8B6FB974D69" authority="Hamilton, 1822" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[810,1084,1887,1911]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arius">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0E6EF8B6FC3F4D69" box="[810,916,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Arius arius</emphasis>
Hamilton, 1822
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0E6EF8A9FB4A4D89" blockId="26.[810,1375,1755,2005]" box="[810,1249,1919,1943]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFDFFBB0E6EF8A9FBEA4D89" authority="Zollezi, 1939" authorityName="Zollezi" authorityYear="1939" box="[810,1089,1919,1943]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunellii">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0E6EF8A9FC1E4D89" box="[810,949,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Arius brunellii</emphasis>
Zollezi, 1939
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0911F8A9FB4A4D89" box="[1109,1249,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0E6EF848FB494DA8" blockId="26.[810,1375,1755,2005]" box="[810,1250,1950,1974]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFDFFBB0E6EF848FBE94DA8" authority="Day, 1870" authorityName="Day" authorityYear="1870" box="[810,1090,1950,1974]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burmanicus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0E6EF848FC7D4DA8" box="[810,982,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Arius burmanicus</emphasis>
Day, 1870
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0912F848FB494DA8" box="[1110,1250,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340C9EAFFFDFFBD0E6EF868FEF54A41" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="454" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFDFFBB0E6EF868FB8B4DCB" blockId="26.[810,1375,1755,2005]" box="[810,1056,1981,2005]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFDFFBB0E6EF868FB8B4DCB" ID-CoL="67SPC" authority="Herre, 1926" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1926" box="[810,1056,1981,2005]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dispar">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFDFFBB0E6EF868FC0A4DCB" box="[810,929,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="452">Arius dispar</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFFDFFBB0EE2F868FB8B4DCB" author="Herre AWCT" box="[934,1056,1981,2005]" pageId="26" pageNumber="452" pagination="385 - 413" refId="ref30404" refString="Herre AWCT. A summary of the Philippine catfishes, Order Nematognathi. Philippine Journal of Science 1926; 31: 385 - 413." type="journal article" year="1926">Herre, 1926</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF25CAE9FFFCFFBA0DC5F8EDFB154D92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240169" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240169/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="453" startId="27.[129,194,1851,1875]" targetBox="[259,1343,151,1822]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFCFFBA0DC5F8EDFB154D92" blockId="27.[129,1439,1851,1932]" pageId="27" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFCFFBA0DC5F8EDFF4E4D4A" bold="true" box="[129,229,1851,1876]" pageId="27" pageNumber="453">Figure 24.</emphasis>
Representative skulls, in dorsal view, and distribution of the subtribe
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFCFFBA0E36F8EAFC1B4D4A" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[882,944,1852,1876]" family="Ariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="453" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Ariina">Ariina</taxonomicName>
. A,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFCFFBA0E96F8EAFB0F4D4A" authority=", AUM" authorityName="AUM" box="[978,1188,1852,1876]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="453" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFCFFBA0E96F8EAFBCF4D4A" box="[978,1124,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="453">Arius maculatus</emphasis>
, AUM
</taxonomicName>
44875. B,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFCFFBA0843F8EAFEB04D6E" authority=", CAS" authorityName="CAS" family="Ariidae" genus="Cephalocassis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="453" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanochir">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFCFFBA0843F8EAFF4E4D6E" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="453">Cephalocassis melanochir</emphasis>
, CAS
</taxonomicName>
49426. C,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFCFFBA0CC5F88EFDD64D6E" authority=", AUM" authorityName="AUM" box="[385,637,1880,1904]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cryptarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="453" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="truncatus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFCFFBA0CC5F88EFD964D71" box="[385,573,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="453">Cryptarius truncatus</emphasis>
, AUM
</taxonomicName>
50243. D,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFCFFBA0FA7F88EFC554D6E" authority=", AUM" authorityName="AUM" box="[739,1022,1880,1904]" family="Ariidae" genus="Hexanematichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="453" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sagor">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFCFFBA0FA7F88EFC144D71" box="[739,959,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="453">Hexanematichthys sagor</emphasis>
, AUM
</taxonomicName>
50242. E,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFCFFBA0926F88EFAE94D6E" authority=", AUM" authorityName="AUM" box="[1122,1346,1880,1904]" family="Ariidae" genus="Kyataphisa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="453" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nenga">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFCFFBA0926F88EFAA94D71" box="[1122,1282,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="453">Kyataphisa nenga</emphasis>
, AUM
</taxonomicName>
46280. F,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFCFFBA0DC5F8A2FE3D4D92" authority=", AUM" authorityName="AUM" box="[129,406,1908,1932]" family="Ariidae" genus="Osteogeneiosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="453" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="militaris">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFCFFBA0DC5F8A2FEFE4D92" box="[129,341,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="453">Osteogeneiosus militaris</emphasis>
, AUM
</taxonomicName>
44880. G,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFCFFBA0CB8F8A2FD4C4D92" authority=", AUM" authorityName="AUM" box="[508,743,1908,1932]" family="Ariidae" genus="Pseudosciades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="453" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sona">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFCFFBA0CB8F8A2FD0C4D95" box="[508,679,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="453">Pseudosciades sona</emphasis>
, AUM
</taxonomicName>
44861. * marine, ** brackish water, *** freshwater.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FF9CFEF54A41" blockId="28.[113,350,74,96]" box="[113,350,74,96]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FF9CFF1C4A7E" bold="true" box="[113,183,74,96]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">454 •</emphasis>
Marceniuk
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0C70FF9DFEF54A41" box="[308,350,74,96]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">et al.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF25CAE9FFFBFFBD0D35FD0EFBE848EF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240171" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240171" box="[113,1091,728,753]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240171/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" startId="28.[113,178,728,752]" targetBox="[114,1457,144,700]" targetPageId="28" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FD0EFBE848EF" blockId="28.[113,1091,728,753]" box="[113,1091,728,753]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FD0EFF7D48EE" bold="true" box="[113,214,728,752]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Figure 25.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D9EFD0FFE0148EE" authority=", Indo-West" authorityName="Indo-West" box="[218,426,728,752]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arius">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D9EFD0FFE9648EE" box="[218,317,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius arius</emphasis>
, Indo-West
</taxonomicName>
Pacific, photograph by Ricardo Betancur-R., type species of the genus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C340C9EAFFFBFFBD0D35FCF6FD7F4C92" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FCF6FE3F4926" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,404,800,824]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FCF6FE3F4926" authority="Hamilton, 1822" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[113,404,800,824]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gagora">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FCF6FF474926" box="[113,236,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius gagora</emphasis>
Hamilton, 1822
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FC96FD834949" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,552,831,856]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FC96FE234946" authority="Hamilton, 1822" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[113,392,831,856]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jatius">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FC96FF4B4949" box="[113,224,832,855]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius jatius</emphasis>
Hamilton, 1822
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0CD8FCE9FD834949" box="[412,552,831,855]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FC89FE4B4969" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,480,863,887]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FC89FE944969" authority="Day, 1877" authorityName="Day" authorityYear="1877" box="[113,319,863,887]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jella">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FC89FF784969" box="[113,211,863,887]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius jella</emphasis>
Day, 1877
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0C10FC89FE4B4969" box="[340,480,863,887]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FCA8FDDA4988" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,625,894,918]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FCA8FE4B4988" authority="Bleeker, 1849" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1849" box="[113,480,894,918]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptonotacanthus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FCA8FEFB4988" box="[113,336,894,918]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius leptonotacanthus</emphasis>
Bleeker, 1849
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0CA1FCA8FDDA4988" box="[485,625,894,918]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FC48FD2549AB" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,654,925,950]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FC48FE4649AB" authority="Bleeker, 1846" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1846" box="[113,493,925,949]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macronotacanthus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FC48FEF649AB" box="[113,349,925,949]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius macronotacanthus</emphasis>
Bleeker, 1846
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0F46FC4BFD2549AB" box="[514,654,925,949]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FC6BFE1349CB" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,440,957,981]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FC6BFE1349CB" authority="Thunberg, 1792" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1792" box="[113,440,957,981]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FC6BFEA549CB" box="[113,270,957,981]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius maculatus</emphasis>
Thunberg, 1792
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FC0AFD8549EA" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,558,988,1013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FC0AFE2549EA" authority="Day, 1877" authorityName="Day" authorityYear="1877" box="[113,398,988,1013]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FC0AFE8949EA" box="[113,290,988,1012]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius malabaricus</emphasis>
Day, 1877
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0CE6FC0AFD8549EA" box="[418,558,988,1012]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FC2AFE4A4E0D" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,481,1019,1043]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FC2AFE4A4E0D" authority="Valenciennes, 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[113,481,1019,1043]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manillensis">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FC2AFEBD4E0D" box="[113,278,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius manillensis</emphasis>
Valenciennes, 1840
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FBCDFDCE4E2D" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,613,1051,1075]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FBCDFE6F4E2D" authority="Bleeker, 1855" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" box="[113,452,1051,1075]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microcephalus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FBCDFE9F4E2D" box="[113,308,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius microcephalus</emphasis>
Bleeker, 1855
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0C9DFBCDFDCE4E2D" box="[473,613,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FBECFDB64E4C" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,541,1082,1106]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FBECFE274E4C" authority="Hamilton, 1822" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[113,396,1082,1106]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nenga">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FBECFF4F4E4C" box="[113,228,1082,1106]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius nenga</emphasis>
Hamilton, 1822
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0CD5FBECFDB64E4C" box="[401,541,1082,1106]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FB8CFE324E6F" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,409,1113,1137]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FB8CFEA34E6F" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[113,264,1113,1137]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nenga">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FB8CFF0D4E6F" box="[113,166,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D8BFB8CFEA34E6F" box="[207,264,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">nenga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0C49FB8FFE324E6F" box="[269,409,1113,1137]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FBAFFEC24E8F" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,361,1145,1169]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FBAFFEC24E8F" authority="Bleeker, 1846" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1846" box="[113,361,1145,1169]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oetik">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FBAFFF724E8F" box="[113,217,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius oetik</emphasis>
Bleeker, 1846
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FB4EFD204EAE" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,651,1176,1200]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FB4EFE404EAE" authority="Valenciennes, 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[113,491,1176,1200]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subrostratus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FB4EFE8B4EAE" box="[113,288,1176,1200]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius subrostratus</emphasis>
Valenciennes, 1840
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0CBBFB4EFD204EAE" box="[511,651,1176,1200]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FB6EFDCE4ED1" blockId="28.[113,654,800,1231]" box="[113,613,1207,1231]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D35FB6EFE144ED1" authority="Valenciennes, 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[113,447,1207,1231]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venosus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FB6EFF5F4ED1" box="[113,244,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius venosus</emphasis>
Valenciennes, 1840
</taxonomicName>
*
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0C97FB61FDF44ED1" box="[467,607,1207,1231]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">sedis mutabilis</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FB27FD924F36" blockId="28.[113,762,1265,1320]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D35FB27FEDE4F17" box="[113,373,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Habitat and distribution:</emphasis>
Fresh and brackish waters, eastern Africa and South to Southeast Asia (
<figureCitation id="136186E4FFFBFFBD0CA7FAC6FD834F36" box="[483,552,1296,1320]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="27.[129,194,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[259,1343,151,1822]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[257,1345,145,1823]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 24. Representative skulls, in dorsal view, and distribution of the subtribe Ariina.A, Arius maculatus, AUM 44875. B, Cephalocassis melanochir, CAS 49426. C, Cryptarius truncatus, AUM 50243. D, Hexanematichthys sagor, AUM 50242. E, Kyataphisa nenga, AUM 46280. F, Osteogeneiosus militaris, AUM 44880. G, Pseudosciades sona, AUM 44861. * marine, ** brackish water, *** freshwater." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240169/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0CC8FA85FE4B4F73" blockId="28.[113,763,1363,1676]" box="[396,480,1363,1389]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0CC8FA85FE4B4F73" box="[396,480,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFFBFFBD0D35FAAFFD7F4C92" blockId="28.[113,763,1363,1676]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0D99FAACFEBA4F8F" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[221,273,1402,1425]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0D99FAACFEBA4F8F" box="[221,273,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
undoubtedly has the most complex taxonomy of the
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0DDCFA4FFF484FAF" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[152,227,1433,1457]" family="Ariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ariidae</taxonomicName>
, serving to accommodate taxa without clear affinities elsewhere (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFFBFFBD0DA6FA6EFDA24FCE" author="Marceniuk AP &amp; Menezes NA" box="[226,521,1464,1488]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref30826" refString="Marceniuk AP, Menezes NA. Systematics of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a redefinition of the genera. Zootaxa 2007; 1416: 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="2007">Marceniuk and Menezes2007</bibRefCitation>
). Recent morphological studies have recognized the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0F6CFA0EFDF74FF1" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[552,604,1496,1519]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0F6CFA0EFDF74FF1" box="[552,604,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the inclusion of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0DFDFA21FE5C4C11" authorityName=", MNHN" authorityYear="1894" box="[185,503,1527,1551]" family="Ariidae" genus="Betancurichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0DFDFA21FE5C4C11" box="[185,503,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Betancurichthys madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFFBFFBD0F43FA21FF0F4C30" author="Marceniuk AP &amp; Menezes NA" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref30826" refString="Marceniuk AP, Menezes NA. Systematics of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a redefinition of the genera. Zootaxa 2007; 1416: 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="2007">Marceniuk and Menezes 2007</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFFBFFBD0DF5F9C0FE264C30" author="Marceniuk AP &amp; Menezes NA &amp; Britto MR" box="[177,397,1558,1582]" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" pagination="534 - 669" refId="ref30859" refString="Marceniuk AP, Menezes NA, Britto MR. Phylogenetic analysis of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes), with a hypothesis on the monophyly and relationships of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2012; 165: 534 - 669. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00822. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Marceniuk
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0C60F9C1FEFF4C30" box="[292,340,1558,1582]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
), an arrangement not supported by Betancur-R. (2009), a molecular study that does not recognize the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0C74F983FEC84C72" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[304,355,1621,1644]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0C74F983FEC84C72" box="[304,355,1621,1644]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The MP and ML analysis supports the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0C47F9A2FE9C4C95" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[259,311,1652,1675]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0C47F9A2FE9C4C95" box="[259,311,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Arius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFFBFFBD0CCBF9A2FD654C92" authorityName=", MNHN" authorityYear="1894" box="[399,718,1652,1676]" family="Ariidae" genus="Betancurichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFFBFFBD0CCBF9A2FD654C92" box="[399,718,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="454">Betancurichthys madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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