614 lines
79 KiB
XML
614 lines
79 KiB
XML
<document id="C82D7174F62520A531DB88BB8102AD3C" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4256.1.1SLASH10888" ID-CLB-Dataset="33174" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.556851" ID-GBIF-Dataset="10284664-323e-49f2-a19f-3ef15f718cc0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="556851" ID-ZooBank="985C0239-D00C-457D-B593-76A3081BCEEA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1493019240325" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Calder, Dale R." docDate="2017" docId="03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4256.1.1SLASH10888.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4256 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Obelia bidentata S.F. Clark 1875" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="FF9EFFBF492CFF81FFCFFFE9FFF0FFF1" masterDocTitle="Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region" masterLastPageNumber="86" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="41" updateTime="1698439043565" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="96F3EB2D5932DA08C0CBCF3BF24F8D21">Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1F319195F8B982B6C2B25467CD8746F9">Calder, Dale R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E3A21D1B39CA859BC70B65E4E875B62B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3C39C069E7880C8CDBC1E2134065C0A8">
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<mods:date id="13651C8153FEF780E73A0E69CB72F40C">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="86CFAD835F59BB4EE69565A8BE6ED2BB">4256</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="7DF5942C16F09CC0118FD6416EC5B261" type="CLB-Dataset">33174</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D171105E2A21A434E9996C5E5680C67E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.556851</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6015998" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128697052" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6015998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<subSubSection id="C314655A4904FFA9FF58FECCFEEAFE91" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF58FECCFDDDFECE" blockId="40.[151,557,293,352]" box="[151,557,293,319]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<heading id="D0F981BD4904FFA9FF58FECCFDDDFECE" bold="true" box="[151,557,293,319]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524904FFA9FF58FECCFDDDFECE" ID-CoL="488XG" authority="S.F. Clark, 1875" authorityName="S.F. Clark" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,557,293,319]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FF58FECCFDDDFECE" bold="true" box="[151,557,293,319]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FF58FECCFEAEFECE" bold="true" box="[151,350,293,319]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Obelia bidentata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FEAAFECCFDDDFECE" author="Clark" box="[357,557,293,319]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Clark, S. F. (1875) Descriptions of new and rare species of hydroids from the New England coast. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="1875">S.F. Clark, 1875</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF58FEAEFEEAFE91" blockId="40.[151,557,293,352]" box="[151,282,327,352]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<figureCitation id="13352A544904FFA9FF58FEAEFF02FE91" box="[151,242,327,352]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1487,1509]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,202,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[151,1436,193,1466]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 17. Thecate hydroids. a, Tiaropsis multicirrata, stolon and pedicellate hydrotheca, ROMIZ B 3089. Scale equals 0.1 mm. b, Tiaropsis multicirrata, stolon and pedicellate hydrotheca, ROMIZ B 3089. Scale equals 0.1 mm. c, Obelia bidentata, part of colony, with three hydrothecae, ROMIZ B 3121. Scale equals 0.25 mm. d, Obelia bidentata, hydrotheca and hydranth, ROMIZ B 3121. Scale equals 0.1 mm. e, Halecium marsupiale, part of hydrocaulus with hydrophores and three hydrothecae, ROMIZ B 4132. Scale equals 0.2 mm. f, Halecium marsupiale, hydrophore and hydrotheca with one renovation, ROMIZ B 4132. Scale equals 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556869/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Figs. 17</figureCitation>
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c, d
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C314655A4904FFA9FF58FE79FD65FE57" box="[151,661,400,422]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF58FE79FD65FE57" blockId="40.[151,661,400,422]" box="[151,661,400,422]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11FF4904FFA9FF58FE79FD65FE57" box="[151,661,400,422]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524904FFA9FF58FE79FDE5FE57" ID-CoL="488XG" authority="S.F. Clark, 1875: 58" authorityName="S.F. Clark" authorityPageNumber="58" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,533,400,422]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FF58FE79FEB2FE57" box="[151,322,400,422]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Obelia bidentata</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AAF10C04904FFA9FE87FE79FDE5FE57" author="Clark" box="[328,533,400,422]" page="58" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1875">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FE87FE79FE00FE57" author="Clark" box="[328,496,400,422]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Clark, S. F. (1875) Descriptions of new and rare species of hydroids from the New England coast. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="1875">S.F. Clark, 1875</bibRefCitation>
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: 58
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 9, fig. 2.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C314655A4904FFA9FF58FE3BFD48FD32" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF58FE3BFAB4FE1A" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" box="[151,1348,466,491]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4904FFA9FF58FE3BFAB4FE1A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688557" box="[151,1348,466,491]" collectorName="S. F. Clark" country="United States of America" location="Greenport" municipality="Long Island" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New York" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FF58FE3BFEC5FE1A" bold="true" box="[151,309,466,491]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<typeStatus id="54B588734904FFA9FF58FE3BFF22FE1A" box="[151,210,466,491]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F31976414904FFA9FEF3FE3AFE89FE1A" box="[316,377,467,491]" name="United States of America" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">USA</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334904FFA9FE4CFE3AFE09FE1A" box="[387,505,466,491]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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New
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<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334904FFA9FE70FE3BFE09FE1A" box="[447,505,466,491]" country="United Kingdom" name="York" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">York</collectingRegion>
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</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB4904FFA9FDCCFE3AFD7DFE1A" box="[515,653,466,491]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Long Island</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<location id="8ED1600A4904FFA9FD57FE3AFCFDFE1A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4904FFA9FD57FE3AFCFDFE1A" box="[664,781,467,491]" country="United States of America" municipality="Long Island" name="Greenport" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" stateProvince="New York">Greenport</location>
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, on wharf piles at low water (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FB96FE3AFAC7FE1A" author="Clark" box="[1113,1335,466,491]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Clark, S. F. (1875) Descriptions of new and rare species of hydroids from the New England coast. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="1875">
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<collectorName id="26FB53074904FFA9FB96FE3AFB39FE1A" box="[1113,1225,466,491]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">S.F. Clark</collectorName>
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1875: 59
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF08FE1FFD48FD32" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FF08FE1FFE42FDFE" bold="true" box="[199,434,502,527]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Material examined.</emphasis>
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NS: Minas Basin, Kingsport, low intertidal, on bryozoan and hydroid stems on a stone,
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<date id="FFB010114904FFA9FF58FDF3FED1FDC2" box="[151,289,538,563]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="1970-08-20">20.viii.1970</date>
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, one young colony, up to
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<quantity id="4CF69B344904FFA9FD8AFDF2FD8CFDC3" box="[581,636,539,563]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
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high, without gonophores, coll. K.W. Petersen, SNM HYD-001061.— NS: Minas Basin, Medford Beach near Kingsport, on sandy silt near low water,
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<date id="FFB010114904FFA9FBE5FDD7FB44FDA6" box="[1066,1204,574,599]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="1984-08-28">28.viii.1984</date>
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, five colonies, up to
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<quantity id="4CF69B344904FFA9FF58FD8BFF15FD8B" box="[151,229,610,635]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="cm" value="7.5">7.5 cm</quantity>
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high, without gonophores, coll. J.S. Bleakney, ROMIZ B507.—NS: Minas Basin, Kingsport, low tide, --.
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<date id="FFB010114904FFA9FF55FD6FFF05FD6E" box="[154,245,646,671]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="1999-09">ix.1999</date>
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, underside of sandstone overhang, two colonies or colony fragments, up to
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<quantity id="4CF69B344904FFA9FB52FD6FFB01FD6F" box="[1181,1265,646,671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="cm" value="5.4">5.4 cm</quantity>
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high, without gonophores, coll. J.S. Bleakney, ROMIZ B3121.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C314655A4904FFA9FF08FD27FC8AF8F0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF08FD27FDBFFA2A" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FF08FD27FEA9FD16" bold="true" box="[199,345,718,743]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Description.</emphasis>
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Colonies erect, bottle-brush-shaped, up to
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<quantity id="4CF69B344904FFA9FCF6FD27FC75FD17" box="[825,901,718,743]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="cm" value="7.5">7.5 cm</quantity>
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high, arising from a creeping hydrorhiza (SNM HYD-001061; ROMIZ B3121) or from a root-like mass of tangled stolons with adhering fine sediments (ROMIZ B507). Hydrocaulus single and not forked, straight to slightly geniculate, bearing regular branches, strongly polysiphonic basally, gradually becoming thinner, with monosiphonic distal end.
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<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334904FFA9FB98FCD3FB59FCA2" box="[1111,1193,826,851]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Central" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Central</collectingRegion>
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axis of hydrocaulus divided into long internodes, each internode annulated basally, smooth elsewhere, distal end with large apophysis supporting bases of two branches as well as a single pedicel terminating in a hydranth. Perisarc of moderate thickness. Branches of hydrocaulus at proximal end of colony sometimes fascicled basally but usually monosiphonic, given off on alternate sides of central axis of hydrocaulus, usually with a pair of branches originating very close together, these diverging from each other at an angle of about 90 degrees; two closest branch pairs arising on opposite sides of hydrocaulus, the two pairs thereby sending out branches into four quadrants around hydrocaulus; branch internodes annulated basally, smooth elsewhere. Primary branches quite short, up to
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<quantity id="4CF69B344904FFA9FF58FBB2FF1AFB83" box="[151,234,1115,1139]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="cm" value="0.8">0.8 cm</quantity>
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long, each either unbranched and giving off alternate pedicels or more often alternately branched; secondary branches very short, directed upwards and outwards, bearing 2-4 alternate pedicels with terminal hydrothecae; in addition, a single pedicel with terminal hydrotheca usually given off near base of each secondary branch and directed laterally. Pedicels of varied length within a single colony, either annulated throughout or smooth in middle and annulated proximally and distally, supporting a hydrotheca at terminal end. Hydrothecae deeply campanulate, about
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<quantity id="4CF69B344904FFA9FE06FAE7FD9CFAD7" box="[457,620,1294,1319]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.5" valueMax="0.55" valueMin="0.45">0.45–0.55 mm</quantity>
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long,
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<quantity id="4CF69B344904FFA9FD7CFAE6FCA6FAD7" box="[691,854,1295,1319]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.7999999999999998" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.2" valueMax="0.22" valueMin="0.18">0.18–0.22 mm</quantity>
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at margin,
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<quantity id="4CF69B344904FFA9FC1BFAE6FBABFAD7" box="[980,1115,1295,1319]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.7">0.7–0.8 mm</quantity>
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wide at diaphragm, tapering basally, slightly flaring at distal end, adcauline wall at basal end somewhat more convex than abcauline wall. Vertical pleats extending part-way down hydrothecal wall from incision between adjoining marginal cusps. Hydrothecal margin with about 10–12 cusps separated by U-shaped incisions, each cusp with two sharp-pointed lateral keels extending into hydrothecal cavity. Hydrothecal diaphragm thin, appearing straight to slightly oblique, basal chamber fairly large, cup-shaped.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF08FA0FFD81FA0F" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" box="[199,625,1510,1535]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Gonophores and gonothecae not seen.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF08F9E3FEDEF9D2" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" box="[199,302,1546,1571]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cnidome</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF08F9C7FECEF99F" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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England (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FE8EF9C7FE14F9B6" author="Ostman" box="[321,484,1582,1607]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Ostman, C. (1999) Nematocysts and their value as taxonomic parameters within the Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa). A review based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoosystematica Rossica, 1 (Supplement), 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="1999">Östman 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
)—pseudo-microbasic b-mastigophores, sB b -type: 8.0–9.0 µm x 2.5–3.0 µm (undischarged)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF08F990FD8FF963" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" box="[199,639,1657,1682]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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Brazil (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FED5F990FE48F963" author="Migotto" box="[282,440,1657,1682]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FE0BF990FDA9F963" author="Ostman" box="[452,601,1657,1682]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Ostman, C. (1999) Nematocysts and their value as taxonomic parameters within the Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa). A review based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoosystematica Rossica, 1 (Supplement), 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="1999">Östman 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
)—
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF08F974FB60F947" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" box="[199,1168,1693,1718]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">pseudo-microbasic b-mastigophores, A-type: 6.0–6.5 µm x 2.0–2.5 µm (undischarged)</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF08F928FCC0F92B" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" box="[199,816,1729,1758]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
isorhizas (I D -type?): 5.0–5.5 µm
|
||
<date id="FFB010114904FFA9FDFBF92BFDA7F92B" box="[564,599,1730,1754]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">x 2</date>
|
||
µm (undischarged)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA9FF08F901FC8AF8F0" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" box="[199,890,1768,1796]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
isorhizas (I d -
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734904FFA9FE94F901FE62F8F1" box="[347,402,1768,1792]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
|
||
?): 5.0–6.5 µm x 1.0–1.5 µm (undischarged)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C314655A4904FFABFF08F8E6FBBCFC39" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14904FFA8FF08F8E6FD40FE95" blockId="40.[151,1437,466,2014]" lastBlockId="41.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4904FFA8FF08F8E6FD40FE95" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688556" collectionCode="ICZN" collectorName="His & Cornelius & Since & Both & Long Island Sound & Atlantic & S. F. Clark & The" country="United States of America" county="Long Island" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" location="Thimble Islands" municipality="Greenport" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New York" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FF08F8E6FECBF8D9" bold="true" box="[199,315,1807,1832]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524904FFA9FE8CF8E6FD31F8D9" authority="S.F. Clark, 1875" authorityName="S.F. Clark" authorityYear="1875" box="[323,705,1807,1832]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FE8CF8E6FDF1F8D9" box="[323,513,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Obelia bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FDC6F8E6FD31F8D9" author="Clark" box="[521,705,1807,1832]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Clark, S. F. (1875) Descriptions of new and rare species of hydroids from the New England coast. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="1875">S.F. Clark, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524904FFA9FD36F8F9FBAFF8D9" authority="S.F. Clark, 1875" authorityName="S.F. Clark" authorityYear="1875" box="[761,1119,1807,1832]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicuspidata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FD36F8F9FC6FF8D9" box="[761,927,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">O. bicuspidata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FC68F8E6FBAFF8D9" author="Clark" box="[935,1119,1807,1832]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Clark, S. F. (1875) Descriptions of new and rare species of hydroids from the New England coast. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="1875">S.F. Clark, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have long been regarded as conspecific (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FEAEF8DAFDEAF8BA" author="Jaderholm" box="[353,538,1843,1868]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Jaderholm E. (1903) Aussereuropaische Hydroiden im schwedischen Reichsmuseum. Arkiv for Zoologi, 1, 259 - 312. [a note in Swedish at the bottom of page 312 states " Tryckt den 31 december 1903 " (printed 31 December 1903). That has been taken here to be the date of publication]" type="journal article" year="1903">Jäderholm 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FDE8F8DDFD41F8BA" author="Fraser" box="[551,689,1843,1867]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1912) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 339 - 387." type="journal article" year="1912">Fraser 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FD71F8DAFD0AF8BA" author="Fraser" box="[702,762,1843,1867]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FCC9F8DAFC50F8BD" author="Nutting" box="[774,928,1843,1868]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1915) American hydroids. Part III. The Campanularidae and the Bonneviellidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (3), 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1915">Nutting 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FC61F8DAFBAEF8BD" author="Cornelius" box="[942,1118,1843,1868]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1975) The hydroid species of Obelia (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae), with notes on the medusa stage. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 28, 249 - 293." type="journal article" year="1975">Cornelius 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FBA4F8DAFB56F8BA" author="Cornelius" box="[1131,1190,1843,1867]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1982) Hydroids and medusae of the family Campanulariidae recorded from the eastern North Atlantic, with a world synopsis of genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 42, 37 - 148." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FB7CF8DAFB1DF8BA" author="Cornelius" box="[1203,1261,1843,1867]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1990) European Obelia (Cnidaria, Hydroida): systematics and identification. Journal of Natural History, 24, 535 - 578." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FB34F8DAFAB4F8BD" author="Cornelius" box="[1275,1348,1843,1868]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995 b) North-west European thecate hydroids and their medusae. Part 2. Sertulariidae to Campanulariidae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 50, 386 pp." type="book" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">1995b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FA9DF8DAFF22F89E" author="Calder" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 154, 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1991">Calder 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FF2DF8BEFE0FF89E" author="Medel" box="[226,511,1879,1904]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 330, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2000">Medel & Vervoort 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of the two simultaneously established names, precedence was assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524904FFA9FA4EF8B1FEF1F865" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FA4EF8B1FEF1F865" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FEFFF892FE0CF862" author="Jaderholm" box="[304,508,1915,1940]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Jaderholm E. (1903) Aussereuropaische Hydroiden im schwedischen Reichsmuseum. Arkiv for Zoologi, 1, 259 - 312. [a note in Swedish at the bottom of page 312 states " Tryckt den 31 december 1903 " (printed 31 December 1903). That has been taken here to be the date of publication]" type="journal article" year="1903">Jäderholm (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, acting as First Reviser (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144904FFA9FCD0F892FC92F862" box="[799,866,1915,1939]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">ICZN</collectionCode>
|
||
Art. 24.2).
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074904FFA9FC22F892FBE4F865" box="[1005,1044,1915,1940]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">His</collectorName>
|
||
selection was widely overlooked, with usage of the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524904FFA9FE64F84BFDA3F84B" box="[427,595,1953,1978]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicuspidata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FE64F84BFDA3F84B" box="[427,595,1953,1978]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">O. bicuspidata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prevailing for much of the 20th century, until correct nomenclature of the species was restored by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204904FFA9FE77F82CFD8FF82F" author="Cornelius" box="[440,639,1989,2014]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1975) The hydroid species of Obelia (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae), with notes on the medusa stage. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 28, 249 - 293." type="journal article" year="1975">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074904FFA9FE77F82CFDD5F82F" box="[440,549,1989,2014]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cornelius</collectorName>
|
||
(1975)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074904FFA9FD41F82CFD3CF82F" box="[654,716,1989,2014]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Since</collectorName>
|
||
then, the valid name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524904FFA9FC1AF82FFB95F82F" box="[981,1125,1989,2014]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34904FFA9FC1AF82FFB95F82F" box="[981,1125,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has gained near universal adoption.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074905FFA8FEC6FF7EFEB0FF41" box="[265,320,151,176]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Both</collectorName>
|
||
nominal species were originally described from
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074905FFA8FCBAFF71FBA2FF41" box="[885,1106,151,176]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62D04E5D4905FFA8FCBAFF71FC0EFF41" box="[885,1022,151,176]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Long Island</collectingCounty>
|
||
Sound
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
, on the
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074905FFA8FB7DFF7EFAFCFF41" box="[1202,1292,151,176]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Atlantic</collectorName>
|
||
coast of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414905FFA8FF58FF55FEC2FF25" box="[151,306,188,213]" name="United States of America" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FEAAFF55FDDFFF24" author="Clark" box="[357,559,188,213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Clark, S. F. (1875) Descriptions of new and rare species of hydroids from the New England coast. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="1875">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074905FFA8FEAAFF55FE27FF24" box="[357,471,188,213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">S.F. Clark</collectorName>
|
||
(1875)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074905FFA8FDF3FF55FD98FF24" box="[572,616,188,213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">The</collectorName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734905FFA8FDBEFF54FD51FF24" box="[625,673,189,213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FCE6FF54FC48FF24" box="[809,952,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FCE6FF54FC48FF24" box="[809,952,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB4905FFA8FC12FF55FBA2FF25" box="[989,1106,188,212]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Greenport</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334905FFA8FB90FF54FB27FF24" box="[1119,1239,188,213]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
New
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334905FFA8FB52FF55FB27FF24" box="[1181,1239,188,213]" country="United Kingdom" name="York" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">York</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
, while that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FA4EFF54FEEAFF09" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicuspidata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FA4EFF54FEEAFF09" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">O. bicuspidata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nearby at the
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4905FFA8FE1DFF36FD7AFF09" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4905FFA8FE1DFF36FD7AFF09" box="[466,650,223,248]" country="United States of America" county="Long Island" municipality="Greenport" name="Thimble Islands" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="New York">Thimble Islands</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334905FFA8FD5AFF36FCD0FF09" box="[661,800,223,248]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074905FFA8FCE5FF09FC6AFF09" box="[810,922,223,248]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">S.F. Clark</collectorName>
|
||
differentiated the two based on differences in colony habit, in the relative diameter and depth of their hydrothecae, and in the length of their hydrothecal pedicels, but such differences have been widely viewed as taxonomically insignificant.
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4905FFA8FBDCFEC1FBC5FEB1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4905FFA8FBDCFEC1FBC5FEB1" box="[1043,1077,296,320]" country="United States of America" county="Long Island" municipality="Greenport" name="An" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="New York">An</location>
|
||
extensive synonymy list of the species was given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FE46FEA5FD5CFE95" author="Medel" box="[393,684,332,357]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 330, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4905FFA8FE46FEA5FE21FE94" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4905FFA8FE46FEA5FE21FE94" box="[393,465,332,357]" country="United States of America" county="Long Island" municipality="Greenport" name="Medel" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="New York">Medel</location>
|
||
&
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4905FFA8FE3AFEA4FDA7FE95" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4905FFA8FE3AFEA4FDA7FE95" box="[501,599,333,356]" country="United States of America" county="Long Island" municipality="Greenport" name="Vervoort" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="New York">Vervoort</location>
|
||
(2000)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14905FFA8FF08FE86FE56FAFC" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
While there is little reason to suspect that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FD76FE86FC89FE79" box="[697,889,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FD76FE86FC89FE79" box="[697,889,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Obelia bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FC78FE99FBAFFE79" box="[951,1119,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicuspidata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FC78FE99FBAFFE79" box="[951,1119,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">O. bicuspidata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinct, the possibility exists that multiple species may have been combined under the currently accepted name since S.F. Clark’s (1875) original account.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FEAFFE5EFDEFFE21" box="[352,543,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FEAFFE5EFDEFFE21" box="[352,543,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Obelia bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, now reported to be essentially cosmopolitan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FBF2FE5EFAA7FE21" author="Medel" box="[1085,1367,439,464]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 330, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2000">Medel & Vervoort 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FAA9FE51FE63FE04" author="Pena" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. & Gili, J. M. (2006) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from off Bouvet Island (Antarctic Ocean). Polar Biology, 29, 764 - 771." type="journal article" year="2006">Peña Cantero & Gili 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), seems more likely to be a largely temperate to warm-temperate species with a more restricted distribution than presently assumed.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334905FFA8FD77FDE9FD3CFDE9" box="[696,716,512,536]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
population of hydroids meeting the currently accepted broad concept of this species from warm waters off the east cost of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334905FFA8FCAEFDCDFC45FDCC" box="[865,949,548,573]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414905FFA8FC0DFDCDFC0DFDCD" box="[962,1021,548,572]" name="United States of America" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, has already been treated as distinct (Calder 2013: 59). Although hydrothecae of specimens from locations including the Caribbean Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FAF7FDA1FF22FD74" author="Vervoort" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414905FFA8FF27FD85FEBEFD74" box="[232,334,620,645]" name="Bermuda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FE90FD85FE1FFD75" author="Calder" box="[351,495,620,645]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 154, 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1991">Calder 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414905FFA8FDF9FD85FD8AFD74" box="[566,634,620,645]" name="Brazil" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FD44FD85FCD9FD74" author="Migotto" box="[651,809,620,645]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) appear essentially identical in morphology with those examined here, certain hydroids from those tropical and subtropical areas tend to be small, unbranched or irregularly branched, and with monosiphonic or weakly polysiphonic hydrocauli rather than being large (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B344905FFA8FAF6FD5DFA6CFD3D" box="[1337,1436,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="cm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 cm</quantity>
|
||
or more), extensively and regularly branched, and with strongly polysiphonic hydrocauli as in populations from temperate waters. Such differences are usually dismissed as merely phenotypic variations within the species. Of possible taxonomic significance, however, is the discovery by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FC92FCF6FBF7FCC9" author="Ostman" box="[861,1031,799,824]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Ostman, C. (1999) Nematocysts and their value as taxonomic parameters within the Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa). A review based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoosystematica Rossica, 1 (Supplement), 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="1999">Östman (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of cnidome differences in hydroids identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FEE4FCACFE49FCAC" box="[299,441,836,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FEE4FCACFE49FCAC" box="[299,441,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414905FFA8FDCEFCADFDB5FCAC" box="[513,581,836,861]" name="Brazil" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(with small monosiphonic colonies) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414905FFA8FBEEFCADFB8EFCAC" box="[1057,1150,836,861]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
(with large polysiphonic colonies). As for possible molecular evidence of genetic distance in populations assigned to the species, see remarks given two paragraphs below. Meanwhile, on the basis of biogeography and apparent temperature tolerances of the species, records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FDE5FC59FD46FC39" box="[554,694,943,968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FDE5FC59FD46FC39" box="[554,694,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Antarctic Ocean (reviewed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FBBFFC59FA65FC39" author="Pena" box="[1136,1429,943,968]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. & Gili, J. M. (2006) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from off Bouvet Island (Antarctic Ocean). Polar Biology, 29, 764 - 771." type="journal article" year="2006">Peña Cantero & Gili 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) seem open to reconsideration. In the northern hemisphere, this hydroid is primarily a temperate zone species that does not penetrate far into boreal waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FD5BFC11FCD5FBE1" author="Fraser" box="[660,805,1016,1040]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FCF8FC1EFC1CFBE1" author="Cornelius" box="[823,1004,1015,1040]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1988) Hydroid collecting from intertidal pools at Holme next the Sea, Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Field Society, 28, 72 - 78." type="journal article" year="1988">Cornelius 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FC31FC11FBC9FBE1" author="Cornelius" box="[1022,1081,1016,1040]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1990) European Obelia (Cnidaria, Hydroida): systematics and identification. Journal of Natural History, 24, 535 - 578." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FB85FC1EFB64FBE1" author="Cornelius" box="[1098,1172,1015,1040]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995 b) North-west European thecate hydroids and their medusae. Part 2. Sertulariidae to Campanulariidae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 50, 386 pp." type="book" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">1995b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study), and it is completely absent in subarctic and Arctic regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FD24FBF5FC63FBC4" author="Naumov" box="[747,915,1052,1077]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Naumov, D. V. (1960) Gidroidy i gidromeduzy morskikh, solonovatovodnykh i presnovodnykh basseinov SSSR. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, 70, 1 - 626." type="journal article" year="1960">Naumov 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FC6CFBF5FBC3FBC5" author="Calder" box="[931,1075,1052,1077]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Calder, D. R. (1970) Thecate hydroids from the shelf waters of northern Canada. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 1501 - 1547." type="journal article" year="1970">Calder 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FB8CFBF5FAF6FBC5" author="Schuchert" box="[1091,1286,1052,1077]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om GrOnland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Antsulevich 1915). Also worthy of further investigation is the identity of a population of hydroids resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FB11FBA9FA99FBA9" box="[1246,1385,1087,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FB11FBA9FA99FBA9" box="[1246,1385,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but having very small colonies (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B344905FFA8FE24FB8DFDD2FB8D" box="[491,546,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
) and small hydrothecae, that inhabits oligohaline areas at the head of estuaries on the Atlantic coast of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414905FFA8FE12FB6EFD89FB51" box="[477,633,1159,1184]" name="United States of America" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Similar colonies have been observed in the upper reaches of a small tropical estuary in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414905FFA8FEA5FB45FE5EFB34" box="[362,430,1196,1221]" name="Brazil" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FE71FB45FD4BFB35" author="Calder" box="[446,699,1196,1221]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Calder, D. R. & Mayal, E. M. (1998) Dry season distribution of hydroids in a small tropical estuary, Pernambuco, Brazil. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 323, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="1998">Calder & Maÿal 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species was reported across a salinity range from 0.5–34‰ in estuaries of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334905FFA8FE8EFB26FE1CFB19" box="[321,492,1231,1256]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334905FFA8FE8EFB26FE72FB19" box="[321,386,1231,1256]" country="Maldives" name="Dhekunu" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
Carolina
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FE33FB26FD7EFB19" author="Calder" box="[508,654,1231,1256]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Calder, D. R. (1976) The zonation of hydroids along salinity gradients in South Carolina estuaries. In: Mackie, G. O. (Ed.), Coelenterate ecology and behavior. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 165 - 174." type="book chapter" year="1976">Calder 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the identity of hydroids occurring in areas of very low salinity needs to be reexamined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14905FFA8FF08FAFEFBB8F969" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Specimens examined here from Minas Basin (SNM HYD-001061, ROMIZ B507, ROMIZ B3121) correspond closely with the original account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FDE4FAD5FD18FAA4" box="[555,744,1340,1365]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FDE4FAD5FD18FAA4" box="[555,744,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Obelia bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FCDCFAD5FC29FAA4" author="Clark" box="[787,985,1340,1365]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Clark, S. F. (1875) Descriptions of new and rare species of hydroids from the New England coast. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="1875">S.F. Clark (1875)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In addition to the identical morphology of their hydrothecae, two of the colonies were large (reaching more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B344905FFA8FC06FA89FBF0FA86" box="[969,1024,1376,1399]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
|
||
high) and had strongly polysiphonic stems. In having branches extending outwards from four sides of the stem, the colonies are somewhat similar in overall appearance to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FE30FA4EFC4AFA31" authority="Pallas, 1766" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" box="[511,954,1447,1472]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Hartlaubella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gelatinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FE30FA4EFCFFFA31" box="[511,783,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Hartlaubella gelatinosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FCEEFA4EFC42FA31" author="Pallas" box="[801,946,1447,1472]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1766) Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis. Franciscum Varrentrapp, Hagae, 451 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6595" type="book" year="1766">Pallas, 1766</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species also recorded from the Bay of Fundy. That resemblance has already been noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FD20FA25FC59FA15" author="Cornelius" box="[751,937,1484,1509]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1982) Hydroids and medusae of the family Campanulariidae recorded from the eastern North Atlantic, with a world synopsis of genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 42, 37 - 148." type="journal article" year="1982">Cornelius (1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FC79FA25FBF0FA14" author="Cornelius" box="[950,1024,1484,1509]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995 b) North-west European thecate hydroids and their medusae. Part 2. Sertulariidae to Campanulariidae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 50, 386 pp." type="book" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">1995b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Trophosomes of those two species can be readily distinguished by the shape of the lateral spines on cusps of their hydrothecae. Those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FADFFA19FA6BF9F9" box="[1296,1435,1519,1544]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FADFFA19FA6BF9F9" box="[1296,1435,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are slender, elongate, keel-shaped, and separated by U-shaped incisions, whereas those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FB5DF9FCFADAF9DC" box="[1170,1322,1556,1581]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Hartlaubella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gelatinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FB5DF9FCFADAF9DC" box="[1170,1322,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">H. gelatinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are blunt, triangular, and separated by V-shaped incisions. In addition, gonophores of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FC34F9D1FB79F9A1" box="[1019,1161,1591,1616]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FC34F9D1FB79F9A1" box="[1019,1161,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are free medusae while those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FF35F9B4FE62F984" box="[250,402,1628,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Hartlaubella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gelatinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FF35F9B4FE62F984" box="[250,402,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">H. gelatinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are fixed sporosacs. Gonophores and gonothecae were absent in colonies examined during this study, but distinctive trophosomal characters leave no doubt about their identity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14905FFABFF08F94DFCBCFF24" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1437,151,968]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Molecular studies based on specimens from northwestern Europe and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334905FFA8FC18F94DFB8FF94C" box="[983,1151,1700,1725]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334905FFA8FC18F94DFBE8F94C" box="[983,1048,1700,1725]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
Carolina
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FB0AF94DFF23F911" author="Govindarajan" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Govindarajan, A. F., Boero, F. & Halanych, K. M. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis with multiple markers indicates repeated loss of the adult medusa stage in Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38, 820 - 834. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.11.012" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Govindarajan
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FAABF94CFA65F94C" box="[1380,1429,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FF10F92EFE48F911" author="Leclere" box="[223,440,1735,1760]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. & Manuel, M. (2009) Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology, 58, 509 - 526." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FEF4F920FE9DF911" box="[315,365,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Peña Cantero
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FDACF920FD65F911" box="[611,661,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FD23F921FC25F911" author="Maronna" box="[748,981,1735,1760]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Maronna, M. M., Miranda, T. P., Pena Cantero, A. L., Barbeitos, M. S. & Marques, A. C. (2016) Towards a phylogenetic classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Scientific Reports, 6, 18075. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 18075" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Maronna
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FC96F920FC7CF911" box="[857,908,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have yielded conflicting and confusing results about the affinities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FE2CF904FD80F8F4" box="[483,624,1772,1797]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FE2CF904FD80F8F4" box="[483,624,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Analyses have suggested that the species occupies a clade that is quite distant from others assigned to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FDB6F8E6FC2EF8D9" authority="Peron & Lesueur, 1810" authorityName="Peron & Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[633,990,1807,1832]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FDB6F8E6FD35F8D9" box="[633,709,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Obelia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FD01F8F9FC2EF8D9" author="Peron" box="[718,990,1808,1832]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Peron, F. & Lesueur, C. A. (1810) Tableau des caracteres generiques et specifiques de toutes les especes de meduses connues jusqu'a ce jour. Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 14, 325 - 366." type="journal article" year="1810">Péron & Lesueur, 1810</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Its inclusion in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FB6FF8E6FB1CF8D9" box="[1184,1260,1807,1832]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FB6FF8E6FB1CF8D9" box="[1184,1260,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Obelia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nevertheless supported by the morphology of the medusa stage, which is typical of the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FB87F8DDFB14F8BC" author="Nutting" box="[1096,1252,1844,1869]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1915) American hydroids. Part III. The Campanularidae and the Bonneviellidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (3), 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1915">Nutting 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FB3CF8DDFA68F8BC" author="Hamond" box="[1267,1432,1844,1869]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Hamond, R. (1957) Notes on the Hydrozoa of the Norfolk coast. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 43, 294 - 324." type="journal article" year="1957">Hamond 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FF58F8BEFEB7F881" author="Cornelius" box="[151,327,1879,1904]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1982) Hydroids and medusae of the family Campanulariidae recorded from the eastern North Atlantic, with a world synopsis of genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 42, 37 - 148." type="journal article" year="1982">Cornelius 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most phylograms to date have included the species as part of a cluster also comprising
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FAE8F8BEFE74F864" authority="Alder 1857" authorityName="Alder" authorityYear="1857" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Laomedea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FAE8F8BEFF04F864" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Laomedea flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FF31F895FE74F864" author="Alder" box="[254,388,1916,1941]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Alder, J. (1857) A catalogue of the zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham. Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club, 3, 93 - 162." type="journal article" year="1857">Alder 1857</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FE5DF895FCBBF864" authority="Nutting, 1901b" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1901" box="[402,843,1916,1941]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Gonothyraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FE5DF895FD60F865" box="[402,656,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Gonothyraea inornata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FD54F895FCBBF864" author="Nutting" box="[667,843,1916,1941]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1901 b) Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. XXI. The hydroids. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 3, 157 - 216." type="journal article" year="1901" yearSuffix="b">Nutting, 1901b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FC43F895FAF8F864" authority="Pallas, 1766" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" box="[908,1288,1916,1941]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FC43F895FBACF864" box="[908,1116,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Obelia longissima</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204905FFA8FBA1F895FAF0F864" author="Pallas" box="[1134,1280,1916,1941]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1766) Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis. Franciscum Varrentrapp, Hagae, 451 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6595" type="book" year="1766">Pallas, 1766</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Meanwhile, hydroids attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524905FFA8FE42F848FDE8F848" box="[397,536,1952,1977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34905FFA8FE42F848FDE8F848" box="[397,536,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Europe and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334905FFA8FD2EF849FCD2F848" box="[737,802,1952,1977]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
America appear genetically quite distant in the analyses, possibly lending further support to the idea that a species complex exists under the name. More molecular work is needed on hydroids ascribed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524906FFABFDDDFF71FD52FF41" box="[530,674,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34906FFABFDDDFF71FD52FF41" box="[530,674,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ideally including specimens collected near its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734906FFABFB17FF71FAF8FF41" box="[1240,1288,152,176]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality and conforming with the original description of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204906FFABFD4DFF55FCB8FF24" author="Clark" box="[642,840,188,213]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Clark, S. F. (1875) Descriptions of new and rare species of hydroids from the New England coast. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="1875">S.F. Clark (1875)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14906FFABFF08FF09FAECFD59" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4906FFABFF08FF09FD69FDE6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688573" collectingDate="1874-08-05" collectingDateMax="1874-09-23" collectingDateMin="1874-08-05" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="S. F. Clark & In & Coinciding & As" country="Iceland" elevation="7" location="South Carolina" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South Carolina">
|
||
In Long Island Sound,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204906FFABFE00FF09FD63FF09" author="Clark" box="[463,659,223,248]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Clark, S. F. (1875) Descriptions of new and rare species of hydroids from the New England coast. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="1875">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074906FFABFE00FF09FDB0FF09" box="[463,576,223,248]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">S.F. Clark</collectorName>
|
||
(1875)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524906FFABFD29FF09FC83FF09" box="[742,883,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34906FFABFD29FF09FC83FF09" box="[742,883,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“…in considerable abundance…” on 0
|
||
<date id="FFB010114906FFABFAFAFF36FF22FEED" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1874-08-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9F94906FFABFAFAFF36FF22FEED" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1874-08-05">5 August 1874</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, while specimens referred by him to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524906FFABFD4DFEECFCD9FEEC" box="[642,809,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicuspidata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34906FFABFD4DFEECFCD9FEEC" box="[642,809,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">O. bicuspidata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected
|
||
<date id="FFB010114906FFABFC2DFEEDFB34FEED" box="[994,1220,260,285]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1874-09-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9F94906FFABFC2DFEEDFB34FEED" box="[994,1220,260,285]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1874-09-23">23 September 1874</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
. Specimens in this study from Minas Basin (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144906FFABFE7BFEC1FDE0FEB1" box="[436,528,296,320]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
B507;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144906FFABFDACFEC1FD4DFEB1" box="[611,701,296,320]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
B3121) were collected during the same months, at a time of year when water temperatures are still relatively warm in the area.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074906FFABFC97FEA4FC9FFE95" box="[856,879,333,356]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">In</collectorName>
|
||
estuaries of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334906FFABFBCEFEA5FB5EFE94" box="[1025,1198,332,357]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334906FFABFBCEFEA5FBB2FE94" box="[1025,1090,332,357]" country="Maldives" name="Dhekunu" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
Carolina
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the species is active for much of the year except for a few weeks during the coldest part of the winter, when water temperatures drop to 10° C or below (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204906FFABFEADFE7DFE0BFE5D" author="Calder" box="[354,507,404,429]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Calder, D. R. (1990) Seasonal cycles of activity and inactivity in some hydroids from Virginia and South Carolina, U. S. A. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 442 - 450." type="journal article" year="1990">Calder, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074906FFABFDDCFE7DFD60FE5C" box="[531,656,404,429]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Coinciding</collectorName>
|
||
with such hibernal conditions, colonies become dormant.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074906FFABFA8FFE7DFAAFFE5D" box="[1344,1375,404,428]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">As</collectorName>
|
||
with colonies examined here,
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074906FFABFE7CFE51FDD5FE21" box="[435,549,439,464]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">S.F. Clark</collectorName>
|
||
found his specimens at shallow depths [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524906FFABFC36FE51FB77FE21" box="[1017,1159,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34906FFABFC36FE51FB77FE21" box="[1017,1159,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on wharf pilings at low water;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524906FFABFF2AFE34FE7CFE04" box="[229,396,476,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicuspidata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34906FFABFF2AFE34FE7CFE04" box="[229,396,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">O. bicuspidata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on “reefs” at 3–5 fm (
|
||
<elevation id="0023D1E24906FFABFD40FE35FD2DFE05" box="[655,733,476,501]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="7.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="5.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B344906FFABFD40FE35FD2DFE05" box="[655,733,476,501]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="7.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="5.0">5–9 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
)]. Similar hydroids were described from the intertidal zone in pools at Holme-next-the-Sea near Hunstanton
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4906FFABFD6CFE16FAECFD59" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688576" collectionCode="ROMIZ" country="United Kingdom" county="One" location="Cornelius" municipality="Minas Basin" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Norfolk" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334906FFABFD6CFE16FD0FFDE9" box="[675,767,511,536]" country="United Kingdom" name="Norfolk" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Norfolk</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414906FFABFCC6FDE9FCC4FDE6" box="[777,820,512,535]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204906FFABFCAEFE16FBD3FDE9" author="Cornelius" box="[865,1059,511,536]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1988) Hydroid collecting from intertidal pools at Holme next the Sea, Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Field Society, 28, 72 - 78." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4906FFABFCAEFE16FC3EFDE9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4906FFABFCAEFE16FC3EFDE9" box="[865,974,511,536]" country="United Kingdom" county="One" municipality="Minas Basin" name="Cornelius" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" stateProvince="Norfolk">Cornelius</location>
|
||
(1988)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4906FFABFBE3FE16FB42FDE9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4906FFABFBE3FE16FB42FDE9" box="[1068,1202,511,536]" country="United Kingdom" county="One" municipality="Minas Basin" name="Illustrations" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" stateProvince="Norfolk">Illustrations</location>
|
||
of a complete young colony of the species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204906FFABFE63FDCDFD96FDCD" author="Cornelius" box="[428,614,548,573]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1990) European Obelia (Cnidaria, Hydroida): systematics and identification. Journal of Natural History, 24, 535 - 578." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4906FFABFE63FDCDFDE9FDCC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4906FFABFE63FDCDFDE9FDCC" box="[428,537,548,573]" country="United Kingdom" county="One" municipality="Minas Basin" name="Cornelius" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" stateProvince="Norfolk">Cornelius</location>
|
||
(1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 548, fig. 1a; 1995b: 293, fig. 68A) were based on a specimen from that area.
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4906FFABFF1BFDAEFECCFD91" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4906FFABFF1BFDAEFECCFD91" box="[212,316,583,608]" country="United Kingdom" county="One" municipality="Minas Basin" name="Hydroids" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" stateProvince="Norfolk">Hydroids</location>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB4906FFABFE4DFDAEFDFFFD91" box="[386,527,583,608]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Minas Basin</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
are similar in colony form.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62D04E5D4906FFABFC84FDA1FC8AFD91" box="[843,890,584,608]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">One</collectingCounty>
|
||
lot of those specimens (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144906FFABFB44FDA1FB17FD91" box="[1163,1255,584,608]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
B507), taken at low water on a flat of fine sediments, were anchored to the soft substrate by a root-like mass of tangled stolons. This
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734906FFABFF1FFD79FEF0FD59" box="[208,256,656,680]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of hydrorhiza was also observed on colonies from sandy substrates by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204906FFABFBD1FD66FAE9FD59" author="Cornelius" box="[1054,1305,655,680]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1975) The hydroid species of Obelia (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae), with notes on the medusa stage. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 28, 249 - 293." type="journal article" year="1975">Cornelius (1975: 261)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14906FFABFF08FD5DFBC1FCAC" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4906FFABFF08FD5DFCDBFCC9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688565" country="Canada" location="Bay of Fundy" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North">
|
||
As with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524906FFABFEE8FD5DFC83FD3D" authority="Buss & Yund, 1989" authorityName="Buss & Yund" authorityYear="1989" box="[295,883,692,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34906FFABFEE8FD5DFD7BFD3C" box="[295,651,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204906FFABFD5CFD5CFC83FD3D" author="Buss" box="[659,883,692,717]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Buss, L. W. & Yund, P. O. (1989) A sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874." type="journal article" year="1989">Buss & Yund, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, discussed above, the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524906FFABFAC0FD5CFEB6FD01" authority="in Minas Basin" authorityName="in Minas Basin" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34906FFABFAC0FD5CFA6BFD3C" box="[1295,1435,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
in Minas Basin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be disjunct in geographic distribution. It is not known from elsewhere in the
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4906FFABFA81FD31FF2FFCE4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4906FFABFA81FD31FF2FFCE4" country="Canada" name="Bay of Fundy" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" stateProvince="North">Bay of Fundy</location>
|
||
or from any other location in Atlantic
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414906FFABFD5AFD15FD1DFCE4" box="[661,749,764,789]" name="Canada" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The centre of distribution of the species along the east coast of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334906FFABFF78FCF6FF08FCC9" box="[183,248,799,824]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
America is in warmer waters south of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334906FFABFD78FCC9FD01FCC9" box="[695,753,800,824]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Cod
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4906FFABFCF8FCF6FBC1FCAC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688558" country="Canada" location="Casco Bay" municipality="The" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maine">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB4906FFABFCF8FCF6FC93FCC9" box="[823,867,799,824]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">The</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
nearest reported population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524906FFABFB06FCC9FAA6FCC9" box="[1225,1366,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34906FFABFB06FCC9FAA6FCC9" box="[1225,1366,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">O. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4906FFABFF58FCADFEE0FCAC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74904FFABFF58FECCFBBCFC39:8ED1600A4906FFABFF58FCADFEE0FCAC" box="[151,272,836,861]" country="Canada" municipality="The" name="Casco Bay" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" stateProvince="Maine">Casco Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334906FFABFED3FCADFE93FCAC" box="[284,355,836,861]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204906FFABFEBEFCADFD3AFCAC" author="Fraser" box="[369,714,836,861]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">
|
||
Fraser 1944, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524906FFABFDEBFCACFD3AFCAC" box="[548,714,836,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicuspidata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34906FFABFDEBFCACFD3AFCAC" box="[548,714,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">O. bicuspidata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), appears to be disjunct as well.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14906FFABFF08FC8EFC5CFC71" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,968]" box="[199,940,871,896]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34906FFABFF08FC8EFE26FC71" bold="true" box="[199,470,871,896]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Recorded distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Bay of Fundy: recorded for the first time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14906FFABFF08FC64FB0BFC54" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,968]" box="[199,1275,908,933]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Eastern North America: Minas Basin, NS (reported herein) to the Caribbean Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204906FFABFB95FC65FB1FFC54" author="Galea" box="[1114,1263,908,933]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Galea, H. R. (2010 b) Additional shallow-water thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 2570, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="b">Galea 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14906FFABFF08FC46FBBCFC39" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,968]" box="[199,1100,943,968]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Elsewhere: Worldwide, tropical and temperate waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204906FFABFCE2FC46FBB0FC39" author="Medel" box="[813,1088,943,968]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 330, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2000">Medel & Vervoort 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |