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<mods:title id="75431847BB2AF2B4B6B21E2290A338CB">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFF9FA141FF66DA8410D7FE2D" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FF9FA141FF66DA841204FE12" blockId="33.[151,571,437,496]" box="[151,571,437,463]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<heading id="D0C0D90AFF9FA141FF66DA841204FE12" bold="true" box="[151,571,437,463]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FF66DA841204FE12" bold="true" box="[151,571,437,463]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FF66DA841160FE12" box="[151,351,437,463]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Palaeocomatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FF66DA841160FE12" bold="true" box="[151,351,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Palaeocomatella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FE6BDA841204FE12" author="Clark" box="[410,571,437,463]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912 a) Seventeen new East Indian crinoids belonging to the families Comasteridae and Zygometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 25, 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="1912" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1912a</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<tableCitation id="C6B55BDDFF9FA141FF66DAE610D7FE2D" box="[151,232,471,496]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[125,197,537,558]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of genera of Comatulidae." pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FF9FA141FF66D92E12D7FDE5" blockId="33.[151,1437,543,1144]" box="[151,744,543,568]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FF66D92E110DFDE5" bold="true" box="[151,306,543,568]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Type species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FEC9D91112DCFDE5" authority="Carpenter, 1888" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1888" box="[312,739,544,568]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FEC9D9111219FDE5" box="[312,550,544,568]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Actinometra difficilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FDDCD91112DCFDE5" author="Carpenter" box="[557,739,544,568]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1888) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II-The Comatulae. In: Thomson, C. W. &amp; Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology-Vol. XXVI. Neill &amp; Company, Edinburgh, pp. 1 - 400." type="book chapter" year="1888">Carpenter, 1888</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FF9FA141FF36D975155BFD81" blockId="33.[151,1437,543,1144]" box="[199,1380,580,605]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FF36D97511DAFD80" bold="true" box="[199,485,580,605]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Other included taxa (2).</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FE1DD9751289FD81" box="[492,694,580,604]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="decora">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FE1DD9751289FD81" box="[492,694,580,604]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Comatella decora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FD1DD97513BDFD80" author="Clark" box="[748,898,580,605]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912 b) The crinoids of the Indian Ocean. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part VII. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 325 pp." type="book" year="1912" yearSuffix="b">Clark, 1912b</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FC7CD975155FFD81" authority="McKnight, 1977a" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="1977" box="[909,1376,580,605]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Palaeocomatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hiwia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FC7CD97514AFFD81" box="[909,1168,580,604]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Palaeocomatella hiwia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FB66D975155FFD81" author="McKnight" box="[1175,1376,580,605]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1977 a) Additions to the New Zealand crinoid fauna. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Records, 3, 93 - 112." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="a">McKnight, 1977a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFF9FA141FF36D9561423FCCD" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FF9FA141FF36D9561423FCCD" blockId="33.[151,1437,543,1144]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FF36D956117EFD5D" bold="true" box="[199,321,615,640]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Mouth central or subcentral in fully developed individuals; up to 20 arms; centrodorsal circular, thick, cirri always present; IBr2 series united by synarthry; IIBr and beyond 2; first syzygy at 3+4 on arms arising from IBr; exterior arms arising from IIBr and following brachitaxes with 1+2 or 3+4, or both; interior arms with 1+2 alone or 1+2, 3+4; distal intersyzygial interval 35; distalmost pinnule comb on P3P6; comb teeth triangular, curved, confluent with outside edge of pinnule; terminal comb tooth fan-shaped.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFF9FA141FF36D82D11B4FC7D" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FF9FA141FF36D82D11B4FC7D" blockId="33.[151,1437,543,1144]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FF36D82D115FFCE8" bold="true" box="[199,352,796,821]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Distribution.</emphasis>
Tropical and temperate Indo-western Pacific from southwestern
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FF9FA141FBACD82C14A2FCE9" box="[1117,1181,797,820]" name="Japan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Japan</collectingCountry>
and possibly Loyalty Ridge off
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FF9FA141FEE4D87111F5FC85" box="[277,458,831,856]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FE10D8701270FC85" box="[481,591,832,856]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="decora">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FE10D8701270FC85" box="[481,591,832,856]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">P. decora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FF9FA141FD81D871132FFC85" box="[624,784,831,856]" name="New Zealand" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
New
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FF9FA141FD42D80E132FFC85" box="[691,784,831,856]" country="Netherlands" name="Zeeland" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Zealand</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
, the Kermadec Islands,
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FF9FA141FBC6D80E1447FC85" box="[1079,1144,831,856]" name="Palau" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Palau</collectingCountry>
, and southern
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FF9FA141FADED80E15A3FC85" box="[1327,1436,831,856]" name="Indonesia" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(Kepulauan Kai). Depth range: (?205)
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(AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FCC7D8551384FCA1" author="Clark" box="[822,955,868,893]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark 1931</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FC3CD85514AAFCA1" author="McKnight" box="[973,1173,868,893]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1977 a) Additions to the New Zealand crinoid fauna. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Records, 3, 93 - 112." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="a">McKnight 1977a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FB57D85515A8FCA1" author="Messing" box="[1190,1431,868,893]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="Messing, C. G., Ameziane, N. &amp; Eleaume, M. (2000) Echinodermata Crinoidea: Comatulid Crinoids of the KARUBAR Expedition to Indonesia. The families Comasteridae, Asterometridae, Calometridae and Thalassometridae. In: Crosnier, A. (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 21. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 184, 627 - 702." type="journal article" year="2000">
Messing
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FAE3D854156FFCA1" box="[1298,1360,868,892]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
; Messing 2001, 2007).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFF9FA141FF36D89D140CFBA5" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FF9FA141FF36D89D140CFBA5" blockId="33.[151,1437,543,1144]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FF36D89D1104FC18" bold="true" box="[199,315,940,965]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Remarks.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FEB2D89D11CCFC19" box="[323,499,940,964]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Paleocomatella</emphasis>
is distinguished from all other confamilials by its fan-shaped terminal comb tooth. A transverse proximal comb tooth is unique within the genus in
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FC98D8E013ECFC35" box="[873,979,976,1000]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="decora">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FC98D8E013ECFC35" box="[873,979,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">P. decora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The distinction between
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FB07D8E0156FFC35" box="[1270,1360,976,1000]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Palaeocomatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hiwia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FB07D8E0156FFC35" box="[1270,1360,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">P. hiwia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FA76D8E010CCFBD1" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FA76D8E010CCFBD1" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">P. difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unclear, and the two likely represent a single species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FC9AD8C51465FBD1" box="[875,1114,1012,1037]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="Messing, C. G., Ameziane, N. &amp; Eleaume, M. (2000) Echinodermata Crinoidea: Comatulid Crinoids of the KARUBAR Expedition to Indonesia. The families Comasteridae, Asterometridae, Calometridae and Thalassometridae. In: Crosnier, A. (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 21. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 184, 627 - 702." type="journal article">
Messing
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FC20D8C41436FBD1" box="[977,1033,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
(2000)
</bibRefCitation>
distinguished the two on the basis of distribution of proximal arm syzygies, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FD19DF2613A4FBED" author="Messing" box="[744,923,1047,1072]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="Messing, C. G. (2007) The crinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) of Palau. Pacific Science, 61, 91 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1353 / psc. 2007.0010" type="journal article" year="2007">Messing (2007)</bibRefCitation>
subsequently found both patterns in what is clearly a single species from a single locality. Numbers of P1 comb teeth are similar in both (1418), and numbers of cirri and cirrals overlap (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FE3BDF6E12B2FBA5" author="McKnight" box="[458,653,1119,1144]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1977 a) Additions to the New Zealand crinoid fauna. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Records, 3, 93 - 112." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="a">McKnight 1977a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9FA141FD68DF6E1346FBA5" author="Messing" box="[665,889,1119,1144]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" refString="Messing, C. G., Ameziane, N. &amp; Eleaume, M. (2000) Echinodermata Crinoidea: Comatulid Crinoids of the KARUBAR Expedition to Indonesia. The families Comasteridae, Asterometridae, Calometridae and Thalassometridae. In: Crosnier, A. (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 21. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 184, 627 - 702." type="journal article" year="2000">
Messing
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FD0FDF501309FBA5" box="[766,822,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
; Messing 2001).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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