741 lines
108 KiB
XML
741 lines
108 KiB
XML
<document id="0C7F8C6B9EC8A184BAB04E385063707B" ID-CLB-Dataset="22502" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4669.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b5e0ec3-e1cf-4a16-9af1-a3773e4d77cd" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3773373" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6E2F8FE4-4524-44B1-B5F8-BCC58D4FDF8E" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588073674033" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pugh, P. R." docDate="2019" docId="0384A8378267FFE2FF37FD40FE2B7D41" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4669.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4669 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalia Lamarck 1801" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="FFBDD04F8252FFDBFFA0FF8EFFFE7B6E" masterDocTitle="A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)" masterLastPageNumber="91" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1698837942893" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5A74B9F0547335B19A715A720F157B43">A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F7C064FB5D0CA28EEE08C5A730846379" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="EE19E8B23B6920187BCED0401FFA452E">Pugh, P. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="93DE508DFC400D8E3CE324A6D8A50771">National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton, SO 14 3 ZH</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4CB859B9F7565B22AB59A5E0701F4F4A" type="email">prp@noc.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="FF2972F0F77A8842E1C7A7961682642E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8271A1A730320439F9449BDA748C3B12">
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<mods:date id="2C78FB9FF11B364BA1A5E293D15324DE">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4CCF2A3CD7C2CC05C811740887F37CB2">2019-09-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="54CD3EF63E8B7B4F71035DA8208DD9A4">4669</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A52E1CCDDF456C811E2F2A50239DD5E8" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4669.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0384A8378267FFE2FF37FD40FE2B7D41" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3796974" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163830836" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3796974" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0384A8378267FFE2FF37FD40FE2B7D41" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384A8378267FFE2FF37FD40FE2B7D41" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8267FFEEFF37FD40FC207EE9" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF37FD40FE547987" blockId="53.[151,426,718,745]" box="[151,426,718,745]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="D0DAAE4D8267FFEEFF37FD40FE547987" bold="true" box="[151,426,718,745]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF37FD40FE547987" bold="true" box="[151,426,718,745]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF37FD40FF017987" ID-CoL="7PRWC" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,255,718,745]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF37FD40FF017987" bold="true" box="[151,255,718,745]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
post-Haeckel
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF37FC9FFC207EE9" blockId="53.[151,1437,785,2045]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
At last, we can return to sanity! Or, to paraphrase
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFD75FC9FFC8F7845" author="Merrill, E. D." box="[725,881,785,811]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref67114" refString="Merrill, E. D. (1949) Index Rafinesquianum: the plant names published by C. S. Rafinesque with reductions, and a consideration of his methods, objectives and attainments. Arnold Arborteum of Harvard University, 296 pp." type="book" year="1949">Merrill (1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, referring to Rafinesque, as quoted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFA8DFC9FFF2C7821" author="Endersby, J." pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="168 - 178" refId="ref64503" refString="Endersby, J. (2009) ' The vagaries of a Rafinesque': imagining and classifying American nature. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 40, 168 - 178. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. shpsc. 2009.06.009" type="journal article" year="2009">Endersby, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 170): “in taxonomy and nomenclature we would have been infinitely better off today had Haeckel never written or published anything appertaining to the subject”. It did not take long for
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFB8DFCD7FB3A781D" author="Claus, C." box="[1069,1220,857,883]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="159 - 174" refId="ref63281" refString="Claus, C. (1889 a) Zur Beurtheilung des Organismsus der Siphonophoren und deren phylogenetischer Ableitung. Eine Kritik von E. Haeckel's sog. Medusom-Theorie. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Institute der Universitat Wein und der Zoologischen Station in Triest, 8, 159 - 174." type="journal article" year="1889">Claus (1889a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b), the latter being an English translation of the former, to give a critical review of Haeckel’s 1888 contributions. Claus particularly took issue with Haeckel’s nomenclature for the parts and appendages of siphonophores. However, in actuality that probably had more to do with the translator than Haeckel himself, since the original text was written in German. Claus wrote a great deal in regard to Haeckel’s Medusome Theory, which he debunked very successfully and regarded it as “fiction”! Indeed it attracted few followers. With regard to Haeckel’s classification of the cystonects, Claus (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF48FBA0FEEA7F26" box="[232,276,1070,1096]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
. p. 196-7) stated: “There are numerous novelties in connexion with the division of pre-existing genera into two or more, and, indeed, on the ground of trifling distinctions scarcely applicable as generic characters. As examples may be cited the division of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFDE8FBFBFD547FE1" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[584,682,1141,1167]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFDE8FBFBFD547FE1" box="[584,682,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFD44FBFBFCB87FE1" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[740,838,1141,1167]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFD44FBFBFCB87FE1" box="[740,838,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFCDCFBFBFC127FE1" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[892,1004,1141,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Caravella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFCDCFBFBFC127FE1" box="[892,1004,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Caravella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and of
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFBE2FBFBFB517FE1" box="[1090,1199,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Alopleota</emphasis>
|
||
[sic] into
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFA81FBFBFA627FE1" box="[1313,1436,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Aloploeota</emphasis>
|
||
[sic] and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFEA5FB17FE977FDD" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[261,361,1177,1203]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Arethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFEA5FB17FE977FDD" box="[261,361,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as also the establishment of two subfamilies associated therewith; further the breaking up of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF37FB32FEE67FB8" authorityName="Peron & Lesueur" authorityYear="1807" box="[151,280,1212,1238]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF37FB32FEE67FB8" box="[151,280,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its different species into the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFD68FB32FCBE7FB8" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[712,832,1212,1238]" genus="Aurophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFD68FB32FCBE7FB8" box="[712,832,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Aurophysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFCEEFB32FC247FB8" box="[846,986,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cannophysa</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFC47FB32FBA27FB8" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[999,1116,1212,1238]" genus="Linophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFC47FB32FBA27FB8" box="[999,1116,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Linophysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFBC8FB32FB157FB8" authorityName="Wyvillei. Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1128,1259,1212,1238]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFBC8FB32FB157FB8" box="[1128,1259,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Nectophysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFB58FB32FA6B7FB8" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1272,1429,1212,1238]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Pneumophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFB58FB32FA6B7FB8" box="[1272,1429,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Pneumophysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF67FB6EFEB67F94" authorityName="Peron & Lesueur" authorityYear="1807" box="[199,328,1248,1274]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF67FB6EFEB67F94" box="[199,328,1248,1274]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the distinction of two subfamilies as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFC80FB6EFC387F94" box="[800,966,1248,1274]" pageId="53" pageNumber="46" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cannophysidae">Cannophysidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFC5DFB6EFB717F94" box="[1021,1167,1248,1274]" pageId="53" pageNumber="46" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Linophysidae">Linophysidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
upon differences which perhaps justify generic separation”. Indeed, Claus (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFD7EFA8DFCF47E73" box="[734,778,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
., pp 195-6) had earlier remarked: “That Haeckel makes a very extensive, indeed almost unlimited, use of his skill in making new and suitable names, is certainly intelligible from the fact that he possesses this faculty in a very high degree and has developed it, by many years’ practice, into a speciality, in which at present no other naturalist can hope to equal him”!
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8267FFE2FF67FA1FFE2B7D41" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF67FA1FFC057C2B" blockId="53.[151,1437,785,2045]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFF67FA1FFEA87EC5" author="Chun, C." box="[199,342,1425,1451]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref63208" refString="Chun, C. (1897) Die Siphonophoren der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung, 2. K. b., 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1897">Chun (1897)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was one of the last 19
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698267FFEEFDF2FA1EFDA17EF0" attach="left" box="[594,607,1424,1438]" fontSize="6" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">th</superScript>
|
||
century reviewers of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFC6EFA1FFB7F7EC5" authority=", He" authorityName="He" box="[974,1153,1425,1451]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physaliidae, He</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like Huxley, drew attention to a couple of the main offenders, Tilesius, Olfers and Lesson, who had done so much to muddle the already confused taxonomy of the family; and, correctly, also added Louis
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFCDFFA56FBD77E9D" author="Agassiz, L." box="[895,1065,1496,1523]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref62200" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United State of America. Volume IV. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 392 pp, 35 Plates. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12644" type="book" year="1862">Agassiz (1862)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to this list but, being an adherent to Haeckel’s Medusome Theory, he was reticent to criticise that particular author. However, Chun clearly did not consider that Haeckel’s division of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFD06F991FCE77D57" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[678,793,1567,1593]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
into sub-families, dependent on the presence or absence of a crest, was valid. In fact he believed that there were only two valid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFC1AF9CCFBE27D32" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[954,1052,1602,1628]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFC1AF9CCFBE27D32" box="[954,1052,1602,1628]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species; one living in the Atlantic and the other in the Indo-Pacific. The main difference between the two species was the other Haeckelian character, in that the Atlantic form had numerous main tentacles, while the other had only one. So Chun, like
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFB51F907FA697DCD" author="Huxley, T. H." box="[1265,1431,1672,1699]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref65764" refString="Huxley, T. H. (1859) The Oceanic Hydrozoa: a description of the Calycophoridae and Physophoridae observed during the voyage of HMS Rattlesnake 1846 - 1850. Ray Society, London, 143 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10033" type="book" year="1859">Huxley (1859)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, adopted the specific name for the Indo-Pacific species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFCB4F923FB657DA6" authority="(La Martiniere)" baseAuthorityName="La Martiniere" box="[788,1179,1709,1736]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFCB4F923FC1D7DA9" box="[788,995,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
(La Martinière)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[but actually, Gmelin, see above]. For the Atlantic species Chun applied what he considered to be the principles of priority and gave it 52 The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFE99F881FE577C48" box="[313,425,1806,1830]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pelagica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFE99F881FE577C48" box="[313,425,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. pelagica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFDC2F880FCFE7C48" author="Lamarck, J. B. P." box="[610,768,1806,1831]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref66015" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. A de M de. (1801) Systeme des animaux sans vertebres … Verdiere, Paris, 432 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14255" type="book" year="1801">Lamarck (1801</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 356).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFCFFF881FC287C48" author="Bosc, L. A. G." box="[863,982,1806,1830]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref62772" refString="Bosc, L. A. G. (1802) Histoire naturelle des Vers, contenant leur description et leurs moeurs. 2, 300 pp + 25 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 64025" type="book" year="1802">Bosc (1802</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 166) used the misspelt form
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFABCF881FA687C48" authorityName="Bosc" authorityYear="1802" box="[1308,1430,1806,1830]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pelasgica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFABCF881FA687C48" box="[1308,1430,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. pelasgica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFF67F8A2FE917C2B" author="Haeckel, E." box="[199,367,1836,1861]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attributed this name to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFDFFF8A2FD067C2B" author="Osbeck, P." box="[607,760,1836,1861]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref67563" refString="Osbeck, P. (1757) Dagbok ofwer en ostindisk Resa aren 1750, 1751, 1752. Stockholm. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 112527" type="journal volume" year="1757">Osbeck (1757)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but that is pre-Linnaean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF37F8C5FA9B7C0A" blockId="53.[151,1437,785,2045]" box="[151,1381,1867,1892]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
53
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFF6EF8C5FE897C0A" author="Haeckel, E." box="[206,375,1867,1892]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used Tilesius (1813) as the authority although, as discussed above, it appears to be
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFB65F8C5FA9C7C0A" author="Tilesius, W. G." box="[1221,1378,1867,1892]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref68906" refString="Tilesius, W. G. (1810) Ueber die Seeblasen. In: Reise um die Weltin den Jahren 1803, 1804, 1805 und 1806. Auf Befehl seiner kaiserlichen Majestat Alexander der Ersten auf den Schiffen Nadeshda und Newa unter den Commando des Capitains von der Kaiserlichen Marine. A. J. von Krusenstern. 3, 1 - 108, Atlas zool. Pl. 23, figs. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1810">Tilesius (1810)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF37F8E4FCE97CCF" blockId="53.[151,1437,785,2045]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
54
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFF6CF8E4FE8A7CED" author="Haeckel, E." box="[204,372,1898,1923]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
quotes
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFE61F8E4FD7D7CEC" author="Eschscholtz, F." box="[449,643,1898,1923]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref64556" refString="Eschscholtz, F. (1829) System der Acalephen. 1 - 190, 16 pls. Berlin, 539 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10139" type="book" year="1829">Eschscholtz (1829)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as the authority for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFCEAF8E4FBFF7CEC" box="[842,1025,1898,1922]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFCEAF8E4FBFF7CEC" box="[842,1025,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFB93F8E4FB3F7CEC" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[1075,1217,1898,1923]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="3021 - 3910" refId="ref65329" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1788) Caroli a Linne, Systema naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. Vol. I, Part VI. pp. 3021 - 3910. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 125970" type="book chapter" year="1788">Gmelin (1788</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 3155) was the first to use the specific name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFE45F807FD6B7CCF" box="[485,661,1929,1953]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Medusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFE45F807FD6B7CCF" box="[485,661,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Medusa utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF37F829FDCA7CB1" blockId="53.[151,1437,785,2045]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
55 Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFE94F829FE217CAE" author="Haeckel, E." box="[308,479,1959,1984]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
quotes Lamarck as the authority, but in brackets he says “Péron ... pl. xxix, fig.1.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFA8FF826FEC17CB0" author="Lesueur, C. A. & Petit, N. de" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref66719" refString="Lesueur, C. A. & Petit, N. de (1807) Voyage de decouvertes aus terres australes. Atlas, 40 pls. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 44096" type="book" year="1807">Lesueur & Petit (1807)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
should be the authority.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF37F86AFB757C93" blockId="53.[151,1437,785,2045]" box="[151,1163,2020,2045]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
56 O.F.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFF5FF86AFE737C93" author="Muller, O. F." box="[255,397,2020,2045]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="290 - 297" refId="ref67240" refString="Muller, O. F. (1776) Beschreibung zweier Medusen. Beschaftigungen der Berlinischen Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, 2, 290 - 297, pl. 9." type="journal article" year="1776">Müller (1776)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is the original authority for this species, under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFC6FF86BFB7B7C93" box="[975,1157,2021,2045]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Medusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caravella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFC6FF86BFB7B7C93" box="[975,1157,2021,2045]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Medusa caravella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218264FFEDFF37FF17FB457AE5" blockId="54.[151,1437,152,2045]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFEA6FF14FE787BDD" authorityName="Olfers" authorityYear="1831" box="[262,390,153,179]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="54" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arethusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFEA6FF14FE787BDD" box="[262,390,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. Arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on the description and name given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08264FFEDFC2DFF17FBC27BDD" author="Browne, P." box="[909,1084,152,179]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref62914" refString="Browne, P. (1756) The civil and natural history of Jamaica. Osborne & Shipton, London, viii + 533 pp, 50 Pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10826" type="book" year="1756">Browne (1756)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, that was contrary to the then emerging International Rule of Nomenclature, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08264FFEDFC99FF33FC087BB9" author="Schneider, K. C." box="[825,1014,189,215]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="185 - 200" refId="ref68494" refString="Schneider, K. C. (1898) Mittheilungen uber Siphonophoren. III. Systematische und andere Bemerkungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 51 - 53, 73 - 93, 114 - 133, 153 - 173, 185 - 200." type="journal article" year="1898">Schneider (1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 190)
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698264FFEDFBF7FF32FB997BA4" attach="left" box="[1111,1127,188,202]" fontSize="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">57</superScript>
|
||
pointed out when he said: “Linnaeus established in the 10
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698264FFEDFE5AFF6EFDF97B80" attach="left" box="[506,519,224,238]" fontSize="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">th</superScript>
|
||
edition of Systema Naturae, the Atlantic Physaliid as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFBCCFF6FFAAD7B95" authority="physalis." authorityName="Physalis Osbeck" authorityYear="1771" box="[1132,1363,225,251]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="54" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFBCCFF6FFAB27B95" box="[1132,1356,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Holothuria physalis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
It follows, therefore, that as a species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFDE8FE8BFD5A7A71" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[584,676,261,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFDE8FE8BFD5A7A71" box="[584,676,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFCA6FE8BFC997A71" authorityName="Olfers" authorityYear="1831" box="[774,871,261,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arethusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFCA6FE8BFC997A71" box="[774,871,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFC2BFE8BFC057A71" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[907,1019,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Caravella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFC2BFE8BFC057A71" box="[907,1019,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Caravella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is preferable over both. Chun (97, p. 87) violates the principles of priority (which he believed to be following), when he designated our form:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFA9AFEA7FEA67A09" authority="Browne" authorityName="Browne" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arethusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFA9AFEA7FF067A09" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Physalia arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
Browne
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also the rules of nomenclature).” Thus, after 140 years since it was first named by Linnaeus, Schneider finally established the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFDEEFEFFFCED7AE5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[590,787,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFDEEFEFFFCED7AE5" box="[590,787,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Physalia physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by which the species is known today.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218264FFEDFF67FE1BFCF07E35" blockId="54.[151,1437,152,2045]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08264FFEDFE9AFE1BFE087AC1" author="Schneider, K. C." box="[314,502,405,431]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="185 - 200" refId="ref68494" refString="Schneider, K. C. (1898) Mittheilungen uber Siphonophoren. III. Systematische und andere Bemerkungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 51 - 53, 73 - 93, 114 - 133, 153 - 173, 185 - 200." type="journal article" year="1898">Schneider (1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 87)
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698264FFEDFDE7FE1AFDA97ACC" attach="left" box="[583,599,404,418]" fontSize="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">58</superScript>
|
||
also retained the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFCCAFE1BFBC67AC1" box="[874,1080,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFCCAFE1BFBC67AC1" box="[874,1080,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Physalia utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the “smaller and less luxuriously developed” Indo-Pacific form, he commented (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFCADFE37FCC77ABD" box="[781,825,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698264FFEDFCE9FE36FCA77AA8" attach="none" box="[841,857,440,454]" fontSize="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">59</superScript>
|
||
: “If there are no morphological differences in the construction of the individual appendages between the two forms, it seems to me that it should be understood that the Pacific form is only a variety of the Atlantic one.” As noted above, it was clear that Schneider was not a friend of Chun, judging by their comments about each others’ work, some of which are definitely worth reproducing. For instance,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08264FFEDFE92FDC7FE13790D" author="Schneider, K. C." box="[306,493,585,611]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="185 - 200" refId="ref68494" refString="Schneider, K. C. (1898) Mittheilungen uber Siphonophoren. III. Systematische und andere Bemerkungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 51 - 53, 73 - 93, 114 - 133, 153 - 173, 185 - 200." type="journal article" year="1898">Schneider (1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 51)
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698264FFEDFD9EFDC6FDB07938" attach="left" box="[574,590,584,598]" fontSize="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">60</superScript>
|
||
began his review of the systematics of siphonophores by stating: “For the present communication I am induced by the two Chun works of 1897 [a, b]. To my regret, I have found that Chun, when judging my second communication of 1896, ‘Grundriss der Organisation der Siphonophoren,’ had very little objective preoccupation, and spoke so disparagingly about many points - without thereby substantiating his opposite opinion or my opinion against earlier statements to acknowledge the grounds for refutation - that in the interest of my own work I consider a detailed criticism of Chun’s recent communications to be useless.” However, he was more forthright (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFEB3FCAFFEC17855" box="[275,319,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
., p. 162)
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698264FFEDFE05FCAEFE4B7840" attach="left" box="[421,437,800,814]" fontSize="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">61</superScript>
|
||
when he stated: “I cannot refrain from expressing my satisfaction that Chun now finally recognizes the extra-capsular attachment of the stinging tube in the young nematocyst. Chun still said ‘92 on p. 156 against my statement of ‘91: ‘I regret having to contradict almost all of Schneider’s information.’ Perhaps the time will come when Chun will no longer have to contradict the information I have provided. Incidentally, a statement of the incorrectness of my findings is just as welcome as a confirmation, because I work in the interest of science. Only then must the inaccuracy be ‘explained’ in detail; empty sarcastic phrases are not enough in scientific studies.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08264FFEDFF67FC77FE777F7D" author="Schneider, K. C." box="[199,393,1017,1043]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="185 - 200" refId="ref68494" refString="Schneider, K. C. (1898) Mittheilungen uber Siphonophoren. III. Systematische und andere Bemerkungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 51 - 53, 73 - 93, 114 - 133, 153 - 173, 185 - 200." type="journal article" year="1898">Schneider (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave a quite detailed account of the morphology of rhizophysids, particularly with regard to the structure of the pneumatophore and the gonodendra, and made many comments, not all positive, about
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08264FFEDFAEDFB93FF1C7F35" author="Chun, C." pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref63208" refString="Chun, C. (1897) Die Siphonophoren der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung, 2. K. b., 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1897">Chun’s (1897)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description, and, with regard to the giant cells of the pneumatophore, he stated (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFBF3FBCFFB817F35" box="[1107,1151,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
., p. 167)
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698264FFEDFB41FBCEFB0F7F20" attach="right" box="[1249,1265,1088,1102]" fontSize="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">62</superScript>
|
||
: “The interpretation that Chun presents for the giant cells appears completely untenable to me. He regards them as “buffers,” that “prevent vigorous contractions of the stem and the pneumatocodon above it from rupturing the pneumatophore.” If there is any element that would appear to be inappropriate to fulfil such a function it is precisely these giant cells, 57 Original text: “Linné führt in der 10. Auflage des Systema naturae die atlantische Physalie als
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFBDFFB68FAB67F90" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1151,1352,1254,1278]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFBDFFB68FAB67F90" box="[1151,1352,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Holothuria physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
auf.Als Speciesnamen ergiebt sich summit
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFD8FFA8BFD7C7E73" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[559,642,1285,1309]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFD8FFA8BFD7C7E73" box="[559,642,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nicht aber
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFD5BFA8BFCAD7E73" box="[763,851,1285,1309]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arethusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFD5BFA8BFCAD7E73" box="[763,851,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
oder
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFC2EFA8BFC0A7E73" box="[910,1012,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFC2EFA8BFC0E7E73" box="[910,1008,1285,1309]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Medusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caravella">caravella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
die beide bevorzugt werden. Chun (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2BD2A88264FFEDFAC8FA8BFA637E73" box="[1384,1437,1285,1309]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="generic">97 p.</specimenCount>
|
||
87) verstösst gegen die Grundsätze der Priorität (denen er doch zu folgen glaubt), wenn er unsre Form:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28264FFEDFB45FAAAFEE97E34" authority="Browne" authorityName="Browne" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arethusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338264FFEDFB45FAAAFA627E52" box="[1253,1436,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Physalia arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
Browne
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
benennt (siehe darüber die Nomenclaturregeln).”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218264FFEDFF37FAEEFD137E17" blockId="54.[151,1437,152,2045]" box="[151,749,1376,1401]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">58 Original text: “kleiner und weniger üppig entwickelt”</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218264FFEDFF37FAF1FAD87ED9" blockId="54.[151,1437,152,2045]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">59 Original text: “Falls nicht morphologische Differenzen im Bau der einzelnen Anhänge zischen beiden Formen bekannt werden sollten, scheint mir die pacifische Form nur als Varietät der atlantischen aufgefasst werden zu können.”</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218264FFEDFF37FA32FD097D01" blockId="54.[151,1437,152,2045]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">60 Original text “Zu der vorliegenden Mittheilung Averde ich durch die beiden Chun’schen Arbeiten von 1897 veranlasst. Ich habe zu meinem Bedauern constatieren müssen, dass Chun bei Beurtheilung meiner zweiten Mittheilung von 1896: »Grundriss der Organisation der Siphonophoren «sehr wenig objectiv vorgieng und sich über manche Puncte derart abfällig aussprach - ohne dabei seine entgegengesetzte Auffassung zu begründen oder meine gegen frühere Angaben vorgebrachten Gründe einer Widerlegung zu würdigen - dass ich im Interesse meiner eigenen Arbeit eine ausführliche Kritik der Chun’schen neueren Mittheilungen für nüthig erachte.”</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218264FFEDFF37F9FAFB847C2B" blockId="54.[151,1437,152,2045]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">61 Original text “Ich kann hier nicht unterlassen, meine Genugthuung darüber auszudrücken, dass auch Chun nun endlich die extracapsuläre Anlage des Nesselschlauches in den jungen Nesselzellen anerkennt. Sagte doch Chun noch 92 auf p. 156 gegenüber meinen Angaben von 91: »Ich bedaure, fast sämmtlichen Angaben von Schneider widersprechen zu müssen.« Vielleicht wird auch die Zeit kommen, wo Chun den von mir 96 gemachten Angaben nicht mehr widersprechen zu müssen bedauert. Übrigens ist mir eine Darlegung der Unrichtigkeit meiner Befunde ebenso willkommen, wie eine Bestätigung, denn ich arbeite ja im Interesse der Wissenschaft. Nur muss die Unrichtigkeit dann auch eingehend »dargelegt« werden; leere sarcastische Phrasen genügen nun einmal bei wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen nicht.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218264FFEDFF37F8C5FAD17CEC" blockId="54.[151,1437,152,2045]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">62 Original text: “Ganz unhaltbar erscheint mir die Deutung, welche Chun für die Riesenzellen aufstellt. Er betrachtet sie als »Puffer«, die »bei energischen Contractionen des Stammes und des ihm aufsitzenden Luftschirmes</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218264FFEDFF67F806FEE97C93" blockId="54.[151,1437,152,2045]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ein Sprengen des Luftsackes verhüten«. Wenn irgend welche Elemente dazu ungeeignet erscheinen müssten, so sind es gerade die Riesenzellen, die von äusserst zart spongiöser Beschaffenheit und ausserdem nur von einer sehr dünnen Stützlamelle umgeben sind. Mit demselben Recht könnte man Blätterteig als Puffer zwischen Eisenbahnwagen für geeignet halten.”</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218265FFECFF37FF17FEEE7B95" blockId="55.[151,1437,153,2045]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">which are extremely delicate and of a sponge-like texture and, in addition, are surrounded only by a very thin supporting lamella. With the same reasoning one could argue that puff pastry is suitable as a buffer between railway carriages”.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218265FFECFF67FE8BFAE0790D" blockId="55.[151,1437,153,2045]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFF67FE8BFE777A71" author="Schneider, K. C." box="[199,393,261,287]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="185 - 200" refId="ref68494" refString="Schneider, K. C. (1898) Mittheilungen uber Siphonophoren. III. Systematische und andere Bemerkungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 51 - 53, 73 - 93, 114 - 133, 153 - 173, 185 - 200." type="journal article" year="1898">Schneider (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was possibly the first person to make a detailed study of the development of the “cormidial” units in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFF51FEA7FEAD7A2D" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[241,339,297,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFF51FEA7FEAD7A2D" box="[241,339,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On his most developed specimens, he found 11 “cormidial” groups, five in the oral zone, and six in the main one. With regard to the gonodendra, he noted (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFCB9FEC3FCBB7A09" box="[793,837,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
., p. 187)
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698265FFECFC07FEC2FC497A34" attach="right" box="[935,951,332,346]" fontSize="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">63</superScript>
|
||
: “The findings generally show that the genital groups are being detached
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFE4BFEFCFDCA7AE5" box="[491,564,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">in toto</emphasis>
|
||
. In addition to the tentacle and its associated polyp you will find, if the genital group is no longer detectable, a short rounded stump, to which the genital group was originally attached. Since, as is well known, no medusa bud on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFE5DFE37FDA17ABD" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[509,607,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFE5DFE37FDA17ABD" box="[509,607,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
itself reaches maturity, and rather here germ cells are completely lacking, thus the detached genital group seems to be the site of maturation, and in the future, in order to find more advanced stages, one must look for free-swimming groups when a swarm of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFC08FD8FFBF47975" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[936,1034,513,539]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFC08FD8FFBF47975" box="[936,1034,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs.” As Schneider noted male gonophores on the gonodendra he examined, one presumes, therefore, that he considered both the male and female gonodendra to be detached before both the special swimming bells and the gonophores became mature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218265FFECFF67FDE3FB407F7F" blockId="55.[151,1437,153,2045]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFF67FDE3FE9F79E9" author="Steche, O." box="[199,353,621,647]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="357 - 372" refId="ref68683" refString="Steche, O. (1910) Das Knospungsgesetz und der Bau der Anhangsgruppen von Physalia. Festschrift. zum sechzigsten Geburtstag Richard Hertwigs, Jena. Vol. 2, 357 - 372, 10 Plates." type="book chapter" year="1910">Steche (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made a much more detailed study of the order of development of the various “cormidial” groups, based largely on the same material that Chun had looked at. He followed
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFC19FD1FFB8879C5" author="Schneider, K. C." box="[953,1142,657,683]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="185 - 200" refId="ref68494" refString="Schneider, K. C. (1898) Mittheilungen uber Siphonophoren. III. Systematische und andere Bemerkungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 51 - 53, 73 - 93, 114 - 133, 153 - 173, 185 - 200." type="journal article" year="1898">Schneider (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in designating the Atlantic species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFF54FD3BFE4A79A1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[244,436,693,719]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFF54FD3BFE4A79A1" box="[244,436,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalia physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but was adamant that it was distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFC2CFD38FBF679A1" box="[908,1032,693,719]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFC2CFD38FBF679A1" box="[908,1032,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mainly on the more complex nature of the arrangement of the various zooids in the former, and that there were marked differences in the development of the young zooids. He reviewed the other studies on developing larvae by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFC1EFD73FB9F7879" author="Huxley, T. H." box="[958,1121,764,791]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref65764" refString="Huxley, T. H. (1859) The Oceanic Hydrozoa: a description of the Calycophoridae and Physophoridae observed during the voyage of HMS Rattlesnake 1846 - 1850. Ray Society, London, 143 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10033" type="book" year="1859">Huxley (1859)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFBCDFD73FB077879" author="Chun, C." box="[1133,1273,765,791]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="574 - 577" refId="ref63174" refString="Chun, C. (1887) Zur Morphologie der Siphonophoren. 2. Ueber die postembryonale Entwickelung von Physalia. Zoologische Anzeiger, 10, 557 - 561, 574 - 577." type="journal article" year="1887">Chun (1887)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Schneider (1897). He criticised the description by the last of these authors on several counts. In one instance he considered that Schneider’s conclusion that the ampulla at the base of the tentacle was very similar to the basigaster of a physonect gastrozooids, since in contained innumerable numbers of developing nematocysts, and which Schneider considered to have separated itself from the gastrozooid in order to give greater freedom to the tentacle, as his findings gave no support to that idea although it is not quite clear what these findings were. He also noted that the “cormidial” groups did not arise in a linear order and, thus, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFDF7FC5DFD767883" box="[599,648,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ibid.</emphasis>
|
||
, p. 369)
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698265FFECFD44FC5CFD0A788E" attach="left" box="[740,756,978,992]" fontSize="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">64</superScript>
|
||
he concluded: “This proves that at an early stage germinative material must be distributed over the entire stem zone, which is then activated one after another”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218265FFECFF67FB94FA857F88" blockId="55.[151,1437,153,2045]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFF67FB94FE887F5A" author="Bigelow, H. B." box="[199,374,1050,1076]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="171 - 402" refId="ref62533" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1911) The Siphonophorae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 38, 171 - 402." type="journal article" year="1911">Bigelow (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
followed Steche in recognising the two species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFC32FB94FBA87F5A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[914,1110,1050,1076]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFC32FB94FBA87F5A" box="[914,1110,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalia physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Atlantic, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFA95FB95FF467F36" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFA95FB95FF467F36" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Indo-Pacific. He pointed out that although the Pacific species, with its single main tentacle, resembled the immature stage of the Atlantic species; nevertheless of all the specimens from the Pacific that he, and previous authors, had examined none possessed more than one main tentacle. However, a year earlier
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFB0BFB0BFA847FF1" author="Kawamura, T." box="[1195,1402,1157,1183]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="445 - 454" refId="ref65911" refString="Kawamura, T. (1910) " Bozunira " and " Katsuwo no Eboshi " Rhizophysa and Physalia. Dobutsugaku zasshi Tokyo, 22, 445 - 454, 1 pl. [In Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1910">Kawamura (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in a somewhat obscure paper in Japanese, had already shown that of his specimens from near Izu Oshima,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A59B18265FFECFA84FB27FA997FAD" box="[1316,1383,1193,1219]" name="Japan" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, two had two major tentacles while one had four. Kawamura, thus, considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFC6EFB42FBCC7F88" box="[974,1074,1228,1254]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFC6EFB42FBCC7F88" box="[974,1074,1228,1254]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFB5DFB42FA8B7F88" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1277,1397,1228,1254]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFB5DFB42FA8B7F88" box="[1277,1397,1228,1254]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218265FFECFF67FB7EFC897E18" blockId="55.[151,1437,153,2045]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFF67FB7EFE9D7E64" author="Moser, F." box="[199,355,1263,1290]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 541" refId="ref67189" refString="Moser, F. (1925) Die Siphonophoren der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 03. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 17 (zool 9), 1 - 541." type="journal article" year="1925">Moser (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, having studied a large collection of physaliid specimens from the
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFBF6FB7EFB627E64" box="[1110,1180,1264,1290]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Gauss</emphasis>
|
||
and other expeditions, came to the same conclusion in that the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific forms were merely varieties of one species, which would thus be called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFE2BFAB6FDAC7E3C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[395,594,1336,1362]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFE2BFAB6FDAC7E3C" box="[395,594,1336,1362]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalia physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nevertheless, she still recognised the possibility of two varieties that she referred to as the Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFE1BFAD2FDE27E18" box="[443,540,1372,1398]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arethusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFE1BFAD2FDE27E18" box="[443,540,1372,1398]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Indo-Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFCADFAD2FC8F7E18" box="[781,881,1372,1398]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFCADFAD2FC8F7E18" box="[781,881,1372,1398]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218265FFECFF67FAF1FAB27D1E" blockId="55.[151,1437,153,2045]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The final nail in the coffin for the idea that there were two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFC7BFAF1FBC57EF7" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[987,1083,1407,1433]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFC7BFAF1FBC57EF7" box="[987,1083,1407,1433]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should have come from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFAF4FAF1FF277ED3" author="Okada, K." pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref67367" refString="Okada, K. (1932) Developpement post embryonnaire de la Physalia pacifique. Memoirs of the College of Sciences, Kyoto Imperial University, B 8, 1 - 25, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1932">Okada (1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFF43FA2CFEE57ED3" author="Okada, K." box="[227,283,1442,1469]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="407 - 410" refId="ref67403" refString="Okada, K. (1935) Les jeunes physalis. Note supplementaire sur le development postembryonnaire de la physalie. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University Series B, 10 (5), 407 - 410." type="journal article" year="1935">1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) who examined a large number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFD31FA2CFD0F7ED2" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[657,753,1442,1468]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFD31FA2CFD0F7ED2" box="[657,753,1442,1468]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A59B18265FFECFC08FA2DFC187ED3" box="[936,998,1443,1469]" name="Japan" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
with a pneumatophore ranging in length from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48265FFECFF73FA48FE9C7E8F" box="[211,354,1478,1505]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="51.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="2.0">2 to 100 mm</quantity>
|
||
. He also made very detailed studies of the order of origin of the various zooids and, helpfully, used the same system of annotations as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08265FFECFD80FA64FD457D6A" author="Steche, O." box="[544,699,1514,1540]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="357 - 372" refId="ref68683" refString="Steche, O. (1910) Das Knospungsgesetz und der Bau der Anhangsgruppen von Physalia. Festschrift. zum sechzigsten Geburtstag Richard Hertwigs, Jena. Vol. 2, 357 - 372, 10 Plates." type="book chapter" year="1910">Steche (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had used. Unlike Steche, however, he finally concluded from his studies (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFF53F980FEE07D46" box="[243,286,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
p. 19)
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698265FFECFECAF983FE847D75" attach="right" box="[362,378,1549,1563]" fontSize="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">65</superScript>
|
||
: “It is wrong, as was believed until now, that the Indo-Pacific Ocean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFBCEF980FB307D46" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[1134,1230,1550,1576]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFBCEF980FB307D46" box="[1134,1230,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only one main tentacle, and that is because we had never observed a fully developed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFC32F9BCFC0C7D22" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[914,1010,1586,1612]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338265FFECFC32F9BCFC0C7D22" box="[914,1010,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The specimen, whose pneumatophore reached
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48265FFECFF53F9DBFE727D1F" box="[243,396,1621,1649]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="97.5" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="95.0">95 to 100 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, has as many long and major tentacles as the species living in the Atlantic Ocean.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218265FFECFF37F91DFC507C2B" blockId="55.[151,1437,153,2045]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
63 Original text “Die Befunde lehren ganz allgemein, dass die Genitalgruppen in toto abgestossen werden. Neben dem Fang- faden und seinem zugehörigen Polypen findet man - falls die Genitalgruppe nicht mehr nachweisbar ist - einen kurzen abgerundeten Stummel, an dem ursprünglich die Genitalgruppe festsass. Da nun, wie bekannt, keine Medusenknospe an der
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28265FFECFF67F961FEE37C66" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[199,285,1775,1800]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Physalia</taxonomicName>
|
||
selbst zur Reife gelangt, alle vielmehr hier der Keimzellen vollständig entbehren, so scheint die abgelöste Genital- gruppe die Reifungsstätte zu sein, und man wird künftig, um weiter vorgeschrittene Stadien zu finden, bei Auftreten eines Physalia-Schwarmes nach frei schwimmenden Gruppen suchen müssen.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218265FFECFF37F8C5FE5F7CED" blockId="55.[151,1437,153,2045]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">64 Original text “Dies beweist, dass schon frühzeitig Keimmaterial über die ganze Stammzone verteilt sein muss, das nachein- ander aktiviert wird.”</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218265FFECFF37F806FE6D7C93" blockId="55.[151,1437,153,2045]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
65 Original text: “C’est à tort que l’on a cru jusqu’à présent que la Physalie de l’Océan Indo-Pacifique n’avait qu’un tentacule principal, et cela parce que l’on n’avait jamais observé la Physalie en parfait développement. Le spécimen dont le pneu- matozoïde atteint
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48265FFECFEDCF848FDFA7CB0" box="[380,516,1990,2015]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="97.5" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="95.0">95 à 100 mm</quantity>
|
||
. de long, possède de longs et nombreux tentacules principaux, comme l’espèce vivant dans l’Océan atlantique.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B921921826AFFE3FF67FF17FD967ABD" blockId="56.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FF67FF17FEA57BDD" author="Totton, A. K." box="[199,347,153,179]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="301 - 368" refId="ref69209" refString="Totton, A. K. (1960) Studies on Physalia physalis (L.). Part 1. Natural History and morphology. Discovery Reports, 30, 301 - 368." type="journal article" year="1960">Totton (1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 304), who made very detailed studies of the budding patterns of the “cormidial” groups, was clearly not particularly impressed with the studies on this subject, made by earlier authors when he stated: “The methods employed had to be purely exploratory to begin with, because previous accounts of the arrangement of the groups of buds in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FEC0FE8BFE3C7A71" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[352,450,261,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FEC0FE8BFE3C7A71" box="[352,450,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were too superficial and illustrated either not at all (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FBA9FE8BFB3E7A4E" author="Schneider, K. C." box="[1033,1216,261,288]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="571 - 664" refId="ref68446" refString="Schneider, K. C. (1896) Mittheilungen uber Siphonophoren. II. Grundriss der organisation der Siphonophoren. (Jena) Zoologischen Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Abteilung fur Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 9, 571 - 664." type="journal article" year="1896">Schneider, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or so inadequately (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FF3FFEA7FECB7A2D" author="Steche, O." box="[159,309,297,323]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="357 - 372" refId="ref68683" refString="Steche, O. (1910) Das Knospungsgesetz und der Bau der Anhangsgruppen von Physalia. Festschrift. zum sechzigsten Geburtstag Richard Hertwigs, Jena. Vol. 2, 357 - 372, 10 Plates." type="book chapter" year="1910">Steche, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FEE2FEA7FE2B7A2D" author="Okada, K." box="[322,469,297,323]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref67367" refString="Okada, K. (1932) Developpement post embryonnaire de la Physalia pacifique. Memoirs of the College of Sciences, Kyoto Imperial University, B 8, 1 - 25, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1932">Okada, 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FE40FEA6FDE77A2D" author="Okada, K." box="[480,537,296,323]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="407 - 410" refId="ref67403" refString="Okada, K. (1935) Les jeunes physalis. Note supplementaire sur le development postembryonnaire de la physalie. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University Series B, 10 (5), 407 - 410." type="journal article" year="1935">1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that they could not be checked and built upon. In fact it was necessary to start
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FF37FEC3FF117A09" box="[151,239,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">de novo</emphasis>
|
||
”. However, he did commend
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FDE3FEC3FD1E7A09" author="Steche, O." box="[579,736,333,359]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="134 - 171" refId="ref68660" refString="Steche, O. (1907) Die Genitalanlagen der Rhizophysalien. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 86, 134 - 171." type="journal article" year="1907">Steche (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for possibly being the first person to recognize that the gonophores, usually assumed to be always male, while the special nectophores were assumed to be the female, could also be female; and that all gonophores on a single gonodendron were of the same sex. Was this the first recognition that cystonects were dioecious? It is not clear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B921921826AFFE3FF67FE53FA65799A" blockId="56.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FF67FE53FE9F7A96" author="Totton, A. K." box="[199,353,477,504]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="301 - 368" refId="ref69209" refString="Totton, A. K. (1960) Studies on Physalia physalis (L.). Part 1. Natural History and morphology. Discovery Reports, 30, 301 - 368." type="journal article" year="1960">Totton (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also was adamant that there was only one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FC9DFE53FC617A99" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[829,927,477,503]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FC9DFE53FC617A99" box="[829,927,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FBFEFE50FB2B7A99" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1118,1237,477,503]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FBFEFE50FB2B7A99" box="[1118,1237,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">P. physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In fact, all major reviewers since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FEEDFD8FFE027975" author="Bigelow, H. B." box="[333,508,513,539]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="171 - 402" refId="ref62533" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1911) The Siphonophorae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 38, 171 - 402." type="journal article" year="1911">Bigelow (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have recognised only the one species. However, there are still a few exceptions to be found in the literature.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FE14FDABFDAB7951" author="Collins, A. G." box="[436,597,549,575]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="418 - 432" refId="ref63382" refString="Collins, A. G. (2002) Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15, 418 - 432. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1420 - 9101.2002.00403. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Collins (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used material from an Atlantic (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FC76FDA8FBB27951" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[982,1100,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FC76FDA8FBB27951" box="[982,1100,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">P. physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and a Pacific (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FAB5FDA8FA6D7951" box="[1301,1427,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FAB5FDA8FA6D7951" box="[1301,1427,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">P. utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) specimen in his analyses of the molecular phylogeny of the Medusozoa. In one instance (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FB23FDC7FB48790D" box="[1155,1206,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ibid.</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="131605A4826AFFE3FB1DFDC7FB06790A" box="[1213,1272,585,612]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1457,1482]" captionTargetBox="[151,1412,366,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,366,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. A. Physalia physalis Linnaeus (1758). © Casey Dunn. Insert: A single tripartite “cormidial” group. (Adapted from Totton (1960) text-fig. 16C). B. Generalised rhizophysid, adapted from Kawamura (1910, Plate 14, fig. 1). a. ampulla; ap. apical pore; bl. blastocrene; cr. crest; gn. gonodendron; gz. gastrozooid; hv. hypocystic villi; p. pore; pn. pneumatophore; pns. pneumatosaccus; rg. region of growth; t. tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773375" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773375/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig.1</figureCitation>
|
||
) he found that that the “Bootstrap indices under maximum parsimony and minimum evolution criteria” for distinguishing the species were both 100; indicating that there was a high degree of likelihood that those two specimens were more closely related to each other than to anything else included in the analysis. However, although the likelihood is high, one cannot use these data to prove that one is dealing with a single species (Dr Casey Dunn, personal communication).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B921921826AFFE3FF67FD73FC3F7FA9" blockId="56.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
As Dr Dunn has also commented that the more recent papers that have suggested that there is more than one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FF37FCAFFF077855" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,249,801,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FF37FCAFFF077855" box="[151,249,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have largely been peripheral to the core siphonophore literature, as for more than 70 years siphonophore systematists have agreed that there is just one. For instance, at least two teams of medics have suggested ways to distinguish more than one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FD3BFCE7FD0378ED" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[667,765,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FD3BFCE7FD0378ED" box="[667,765,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FCACFCE7FC1378ED" author="Fenner, P. J. & Williamson, J. A. & Burnett, J. W. & Rifkin, J." box="[780,1005,873,899]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="498 - 501" refId="ref64628" refString="Fenner, P. J., Williamson, J. A., Burnett, J. W. & Rifkin, J. (1993) First aid treatment of jellyfish stings in Australia. Response to a newly differentiated species. Medical Journal of Australia, 158, 498 - 501." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Fenner
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FCC1FCE4FC6478ED" box="[865,922,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1993)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the response to the experimental exposure of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FE02FC03FDFA78C9" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[418,516,909,935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FE02FC03FDFA78C9" box="[418,516,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tentacles, from different regions of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A59B1826AFFE3FC39FC03FBFD78C9" box="[921,1027,909,935]" name="Australia" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, to vinegar indicated that there must be at least two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FEE8FC3FFE5478A5" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[328,426,945,971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FEE8FC3FFE5478A5" box="[328,426,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, although they do not appear to provide any statistical evidence for this conclusion. They (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FEBDFC5BFEB77881" box="[285,329,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
., p. 500) continued with the description of: "A newly differentiated specires of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FB63FC5BFA767881" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1219,1416,981,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FB63FC5BFA767881" box="[1219,1416,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
"! This “species” was differentiated from the Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FD7CFC74FCAB7F7D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[732,853,1017,1043]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FD7CFC74FCAB7F7D" box="[732,853,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">P. physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its smaller size, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C4826AFFE3FBD8FC76FB3F7F7D" box="[1144,1217,1016,1043]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
|
||
, and the number of "main" tentacles, up to five, with up to ten developing ones. They then stated (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FBABFB93FBC97F59" box="[1035,1079,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
.): "We suggest that the smaller, single-tentacled jellyfish commonly known as the "bluebottle" should be referred to by its original name
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FA9AFBCFFEFF7F11" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FA9AFBCFFF037F11" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">Physalia utriculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
despite the suggestion in 1960 by Totton that all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FC8AFBEBFC727F11" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[810,908,1125,1151]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FC8AFBEBFC727F11" box="[810,908,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are the same and should all be referred to as
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FF74FB07FE5C7FCD" box="[212,418,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FF74FB07FE637FCD" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[212,413,1161,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">Physalia physalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(This question has remained taxonomically unresolved, and Totton’s suggestion has since been ignored by some workers in this field.)”; this field being medicine!
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B921921826AFFE3FF67FB5FFA637D19" blockId="56.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Before continuing the discussion on Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FD53FB5FFCAB7F85" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[755,853,1233,1259]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FD53FB5FFCAB7F85" box="[755,853,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, let us consider the other team of medics mentioned above.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FEC5FB7BFD8B7E61" author="Yanagihara, A. A. & Kuroiwa, J. M. Y. & Oliver, L. M. & Kunkel, D. D." box="[357,629,1269,1295]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="139 - 150" refId="ref69700" refString="Yanagihara, A. A., Kuroiwa, J. M. Y., Oliver, L. M., & Kunkel, D. D. (2002) Ultrastructure of nematocysts from the fishing tentacle of the Hawaiian bluebottle, Physalia utriculus (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophora). Hydrobiologia, 489, 139 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1023272519668" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Yanagihara
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FE4AFB78FDDD7E61" box="[490,547,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the cnidome of specimens of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FB92FB7BFB6A7E61" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[1074,1172,1269,1295]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FB92FB7BFB6A7E61" box="[1074,1172,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
caught off
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E9D7C3826AFFE3FAB5FB7BFA977E61" box="[1301,1385,1269,1295]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and compared their data with that of previously published information on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FC02FA94FBE77E5D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[930,1049,1305,1331]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FC02FA94FBE77E5D" box="[930,1049,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">P. physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They noted (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FB15FA97FB167E5D" box="[1205,1256,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ibid.</emphasis>
|
||
p. 140) that, for the latter species: “Totton & Mackie (1960) … reported large and small holotrichous isorhizas along the tentacle, isorhizas along the stomach lip-region and stenoteles in its gastrozooids and dactylozooids palpons and float.” However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FF74FA0BFE9C7EF1" author="Weill, R." box="[212,354,1413,1439]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="349 - 701" refId="ref69624" refString="Weill, R. (1934) Contribution a l'etude des Cnidaires et de leurs nematocystes. II. Valeur taxonomique du cnidome. Traveaux de la Station Zoologique de Wimereux, 11, 349 - 701." type="journal article" year="1934">Weill (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had identified the isorhizas as atrichous, while others variously had identified them as anisorhizas; and the stenoteles as euryteles. Yanagihara
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FD05FA24FD237EAD" box="[677,733,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FD4BFA27FCE07EAD" box="[747,798,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ibid.</emphasis>
|
||
) considered that: “Accurate identification of the cnidome is essential in the analysis of venoms and understanding the potential plasticity of predator-prey relationships” but clearly they also thought that it had taxonomic importance, as they were convinced that their specimens belonged to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FF37F998FEE87D41" box="[151,278,1557,1583]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FF37F998FEE87D41" box="[151,278,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">P. utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They made detailed measurements of the discharged threads of the tentacular nematocysts and came to the conclusion that, for their
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826AFFE3FE78F9B7FDC47D3D" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[472,570,1593,1619]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FE78F9B7FDC47D3D" box="[472,570,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, they were two sizes of heterotrichous anisorhizas, rather than isorhizas. However, they did not resolve whether the other, non-tentacular, nematocysts where euryteles or stenoteles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B921921826AFFE3FF67F90FFC8A7C21" blockId="56.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
But do the findings of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FE1DF90FFD367DF5" author="Yanagihara, A. A. & Kuroiwa, J. M. Y. & Oliver, L. M. & Kunkel, D. D." box="[445,712,1665,1691]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="139 - 150" refId="ref69700" refString="Yanagihara, A. A., Kuroiwa, J. M. Y., Oliver, L. M., & Kunkel, D. D. (2002) Ultrastructure of nematocysts from the fishing tentacle of the Hawaiian bluebottle, Physalia utriculus (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophora). Hydrobiologia, 489, 139 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1023272519668" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Yanagihara
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FDE1F90CFD867DF5" box="[577,632,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have any taxonomic significance? It seems, to the present author, that the answer has more to do with semantics than with taxonomy. They found that for both their
|
||
<typeStatus id="5496A783826AFFE3FB40F92BFAE57DD1" box="[1248,1307,1701,1727]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of “heterotrichous anisorhizas” the tubule decreased in diameter from base to tip, but that the most rapid decrease in diameter occurred in the distal half of the tubule. From this they concluded that the nematocysts should be considered to be anisorhizas, although they do not state why they came to that conclusion, except to say (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826AFFE3FBD2F89FFB5B7C45" box="[1138,1189,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ibid.</emphasis>
|
||
p. 147) that they: “arbitrarily interpreted tapering of more than 30% to be significant”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B921921826AFFE2FF67F8D7FDD87A09" blockId="56.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastBlockId="57.[151,1437,153,1583]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FF67F8D7FE9D7C1D" author="Werner, B." box="[199,355,1880,1907]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref69662" refString="Werner, B. 1965. Die Nesselkapseln der Cnidaria, mit besonderer Beruchsichtigung der Hydroida. 1. Klassifikation und Bedeutung fur die Systematik und Evolution. Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 12, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1965">Werner (1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 8) described isorhizas as “Faden isodiametrisch”; and anisorhizas as “Faden an der Basis deutlich erweitert”. Similarly,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FE65F8F3FD8D7CF9" author="Mariscal, R. N." box="[453,627,1917,1943]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="129 - 178" refId="ref67033" refString="Mariscal, R. N. (1974) Nematocysts. In: Muscatine, L. & Lenhoff, H. M. (Eds), Coelenterate Biology. Reviews and new Perspectives. Academic Press, pp. 129 - 178." type="book chapter" year="1974">Mariscal (1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 136) defined isorhizas as “thread of the same diameter throughout”; and anisorhizas as “thread slightly dilated toward base”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826AFFE3FC83F82EFC397CD5" author="Ostman, C." box="[803,967,1952,1979]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="31 - 46" refId="ref67730" refString="Ostman, C. (2000) A guideline to nematocyst nomenclature and classification, and some notes on the systematic value of nematocysts. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supl. 1) 31 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 131" type="journal article" year="2000">Östman (2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 44) gave a very similar definition for anisorhizas, but enhanced the definition of isorhizas as: “tubule isodiametric or nearly isodiametric proximal to the mid-point and tapering thereafter”. Thus, using the data of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FC93FF17FBBB7BDD" author="Yanagihara, A. A. & Kuroiwa, J. M. Y. & Oliver, L. M. & Kunkel, D. D." box="[819,1093,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="139 - 150" refId="ref69700" refString="Yanagihara, A. A., Kuroiwa, J. M. Y., Oliver, L. M., & Kunkel, D. D. (2002) Ultrastructure of nematocysts from the fishing tentacle of the Hawaiian bluebottle, Physalia utriculus (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophora). Hydrobiologia, 489, 139 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1023272519668" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Yanagihara
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FC19FF14FC0D7BDD" box="[953,1011,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
one finds that, for the smaller
|
||
<typeStatus id="5496A783826BFFE2FF37FF33FF397BB9" box="[151,199,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of nematocyst, the diameter of the thread has reduced to just 89% of its proximal value by its mid-length, but to 50% at it distal tip. For the larger for the values are 88 and 65% respectively. Thus, according to Östman’s definition, they should be considered as isorhizas, and the complete absence of any basal swelling on the tubules attests to that conclusion. Thus, on this basis it appears that the conclusions reached by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FB96FEA7FAB57A2D" author="Yanagihara, A. A. & Kuroiwa, J. M. Y. & Oliver, L. M. & Kunkel, D. D." box="[1078,1355,297,323]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="139 - 150" refId="ref69700" refString="Yanagihara, A. A., Kuroiwa, J. M. Y., Oliver, L. M., & Kunkel, D. D. (2002) Ultrastructure of nematocysts from the fishing tentacle of the Hawaiian bluebottle, Physalia utriculus (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophora). Hydrobiologia, 489, 139 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1023272519668" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Yanagihara
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FB1DFEA4FB0E7A2D" box="[1213,1264,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
do not conform with Östman’s definitions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B921921826BFFE2FF67FEFFFAB7790D" blockId="57.[151,1437,153,1583]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FF67FEFFFE9D7AE5" author="Pontin, D. R." box="[199,355,369,395]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref68067" refString="Pontin, D. R. (2009) Factors affecting the occurrence of stinging jellyfish (Physalia spp.) at New Zealand beaches. Ph. D. Thesis, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. xiv + 129 pp." type="book" year="2009">Pontin (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in his Ph.D. thesis, used CO1 and ITS1 DNA molecular sequencing on tissues from specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FF37FE1BFF077AC1" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,249,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FF37FE1BFF077AC1" box="[151,249,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected from various locations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A59B1826BFFE2FD26FE1BFCE17AC1" box="[646,799,405,431]" name="New Zealand" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
. He concluded that there appeared to be at least three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FF47FE37FEB77ABD" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[231,329,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FF47FE37FEB77ABD" box="[231,329,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
present, of which only one was likely to be a named species, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FBEDFE34FB327ABD" box="[1101,1228,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FBEDFE34FB327ABD" box="[1101,1228,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and neither of the others was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FEB5FE50FE727A99" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[277,396,477,503]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FEB5FE50FE727A99" box="[277,396,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, in the published version of these results,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FC74FE53FAE17A99" author="Pontin, D. R. & Cruickshank, R. H." box="[980,1311,477,503]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="91 - 105" refId="ref68112" refString="Pontin, D. R. & Cruickshank, R. H. (2012) Molecular phylogenetics of the genus Physalia (Cnidaria: Siphonophora) in New Zealand coastal waters reveals cryptic diversity. Hydrobiologia, 686, 91 - 105. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10750 - 011 - 0994 - 8" type="journal article" year="2012">Pontin & Cruickshank (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were more cautious in their conclusions, and considered that there was substantial cryptic diversity amongst the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FF37FDABFF077951" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,249,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FF37FDABFF077951" box="[151,249,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A59B1826BFFE2FE9FFDABFE287951" box="[319,470,549,575]" name="New Zealand" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
coastal waters. Nevertheless, they still considered the possibility of there being more than one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FF5EFDC7FE9E790D" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[254,352,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FF5EFDC7FE9E790D" box="[254,352,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, unless there was an extraordinary level of intra-specific diversity for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FB6AFDC4FABC790D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1226,1346,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FB6AFDC4FABC790D" box="[1226,1346,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B921921826BFFE2FF67FDE3FC407F7D" blockId="57.[151,1437,153,1583]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Unfortunately,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FED3FDE3FD8779E9" author="Gershwin, L-A. & Zeidler, W. & Davie, P. J. F." box="[371,633,621,647]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="47 - 108" refId="ref65281" refString="Gershwin, L-A., Zeidler, W. & Davie, P. J. F. (2010) Medusae (Cnidaria) of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 54 (3), 47 - 108." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Gershwin
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FE4AFDE0FDE379E9" box="[490,541,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
again used morphological characters, such as size and the number of tentacles, to establish that there were four different forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FC96FD1FFC6679C5" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[822,920,657,683]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FC96FD1FFC6679C5" box="[822,920,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Australian waters. Three of these possessed a single main fishing tentacle, but differed as to whether the crest on the pneumatophore was absent, incomplete or complete. One of these, the commonest of all, the one with a prominent but incomplete crest, they suggested was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FA28FD54FF057879" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FA28FD54FF057879" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with which they synonymised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FDC1FD70FC017879" authority="(Lesueur & Petit, 1807)" baseAuthorityName="Lesueur & Petit" baseAuthorityYear="1807" box="[609,1023,765,791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="megalista">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FDC1FD70FD147879" box="[609,746,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. megalista</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FD59FD73FC097879" author="Lesueur, C. A. & Petit, N. de" box="[761,1015,765,791]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref66719" refString="Lesueur, C. A. & Petit, N. de (1807) Voyage de decouvertes aus terres australes. Atlas, 40 pls. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 44096" type="book" year="1807">Lesueur & Petit, 1807</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The other two were thought to have been previously unrecognised species, although it is difficult to believe that a similar one could not be found among the more than fifty
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FECCFCCBFE307831" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[364,462,837,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FECCFCCBFE307831" box="[364,462,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that have been described to date. The fourth
|
||
<typeStatus id="5496A783826BFFE2FBB6FCCBFBB87831" box="[1046,1094,837,863]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
|
||
had multiple tentacles, with or without a crest, but they did not definitively name this as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FCBCFCE4FC6A78ED" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[796,916,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FCBCFCE4FC6A78ED" box="[796,916,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These conclusions do not agree with the conclusion reached by Fenner
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FE67FC00FE0778C9" box="[455,505,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2003) who called the last, not the first,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FC6BFC00FBB578C9" box="[971,1099,909,935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FC6BFC00FBB578C9" box="[971,1099,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is difficult to believe these conclusions, in rather the same way as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FDF9FC3FFCD778A2" author="Haeckel, E." box="[601,809,945,972]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
numerous varieties have all been rejected. In addition, their photographs of the various “species” raises the same questions of interpretation with regard to the number of main tentacles as was discussed above with regard to Haeckel’s species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B921921826BFFE2FF67FB93FA877E61" blockId="57.[151,1437,153,1583]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FF67FB93FE1F7F59" author="Bardi, J. & Marques, A. C." box="[199,481,1053,1079]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="425 - 433" refId="ref62286" refString="Bardi, J. & Marques, A. C. (2007) Taxonomic redescription of the Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophorae, Cystonectae) from Brazil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 97, 425 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212007000400011" type="journal article" year="2007">Bardi & Marques (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made detailed morphological and histologival studies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FBCDFB93FACD7F59" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1133,1331,1053,1079]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FBCDFB93FACD7F59" box="[1133,1331,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Physalia physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Brazilian waters. The question as to whether the nematocyst batteries tentacles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FB90FBCCFB567F35" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1072,1192,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FB90FBCCFB567F35" box="[1072,1192,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be considered as tentilla was raised recently by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FDB9FBEBFCFE7F11" author="Munro, C. & Zapata, F. & Howison, M. & Damian-Serrano, A. & Church, S. H. & Goetz, F. E. & Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. & Dunn, C. W." box="[537,768,1125,1151]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref67270" refString="Munro, C., Siebert, S, Zapata, F., Howison, M., Damian-Serrano, A., Church, S. H., Goetz, F. E., Pugh, P. R., Haddock, S. H. D. & Dunn, C. W. (2018) Improved Phylogenetic Resolution within Siphonophora (Cnidaria) with implications for trait evolution. bioRΧ iv, 27 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.06.030" type="book" year="2018">
|
||
Munro
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FDCFFBE8FD5C7F11" box="[623,674,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. On the young tentacles these batteries form semi-annular horseshoe-shaped buttons appparently attached directly to the siphosome, but for the mature relaxed tentacles they are arranged along the axis of the siphosome; thereby suggesting that they where ectodermal swellings. However, they noted that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FEE1FB5FFDAD7F85" author="Bardi, J. & Marques, A. C." box="[321,595,1233,1259]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="425 - 433" refId="ref62286" refString="Bardi, J. & Marques, A. C. (2007) Taxonomic redescription of the Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophorae, Cystonectae) from Brazil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 97, 425 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212007000400011" type="journal article" year="2007">Bardi & Marques (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had found that the buttons actually contained a cavity, lined with endoderm, that connected with the gastrovascular cavity of the tentacle; thereby suggesting that they were reduced tentilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B921921826BFFE2FF67FA97FE2B7D41" blockId="57.[151,1437,153,1583]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FF67FA97FE247E5D" author="Bardi, J. & Marques, A. C." box="[199,474,1305,1331]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="425 - 433" refId="ref62286" refString="Bardi, J. & Marques, A. C. (2007) Taxonomic redescription of the Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophorae, Cystonectae) from Brazil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 97, 425 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212007000400011" type="journal article" year="2007">Bardi & Marques (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that there were regional differences in the morpholoy of their specimens, mainly regarding the number of mature tentacles, which harks back to the results from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A59B1826BFFE2FBBEFAB3FB7B7E39" box="[1054,1157,1341,1367]" name="Australia" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A59B1826BFFE2FB1DFAB3FAA67E39" box="[1213,1368,1341,1367]" name="New Zealand" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
. They then discussed the possibility that there were more then one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FCE4FAEFFC587E15" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[836,934,1377,1403]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FCE4FAEFFC587E15" box="[836,934,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, but noted that their specimens with more than one main tentacle were longer in length than those with one. Thus, they concluded that the addition of new tentacles was just a stage in the growth of the colony. They also considered the size and
|
||
<typeStatus id="5496A783826BFFE2FB1AFA27FB0B7EAD" box="[1210,1269,1449,1475]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of nematocyst present on the tentacles and noted the results of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0826BFFE2FD1FFA43FC2D7E89" author="Yanagihara, A. A. & Kuroiwa, J. M. Y. & Oliver, L. M. & Kunkel, D. D." box="[703,979,1485,1511]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="139 - 150" refId="ref69700" refString="Yanagihara, A. A., Kuroiwa, J. M. Y., Oliver, L. M., & Kunkel, D. D. (2002) Ultrastructure of nematocysts from the fishing tentacle of the Hawaiian bluebottle, Physalia utriculus (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophora). Hydrobiologia, 489, 139 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1023272519668" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Yanagihara
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FCE6FA40FC877E89" box="[838,889,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that suggested a difference between the Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FF58FA7CFE917D65" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[248,367,1521,1547]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FF58FA7CFE917D65" box="[248,367,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2826BFFE2FD82FA7CFD5C7D65" box="[546,674,1521,1547]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C533826BFFE2FD82FA7CFD5C7D65" box="[546,674,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, we have already discussed this above and concluded that is just a matter of definition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |