treatments-xml/data/03/C2/1B/03C21B03FF9FFFD9FF5BFDC172522EF1.xml

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<mods:title id="EEC0098B2F9DD99F61BBCB8A579F76D3">Descriptions of ten known species of the superfamily Mononchoidea (Mononchida: Nematoda) from North India with a detailed account on their variations</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C371F99EFF9FFFDCFF5BFDC174822DEF" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF5BFDC175722D6F" blockId="17.[151,854,536,596]" box="[151,854,536,563]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<heading id="D09C1D79FF9FFFDCFF5BFDC175722D6F" bold="true" box="[151,854,536,563]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9FFFDCFF5BFDC175722D6F" authority="(Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy, 1958" authorityName="(Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,854,536,563]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF5BFDC175722D6F" bold="true" box="[151,854,536,563]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF5BFDC177EF2D6E" bold="true" box="[151,459,537,563]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Mylonchulus hawaiiensis</emphasis>
(Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF5BFDE477362D09" blockId="17.[151,854,536,596]" box="[151,274,572,596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
(
<figureCitation id="1350B690FF9FFFDCFF53FDE476CA2D09" box="[159,238,572,596]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1755]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mylonchulus hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958, (Keetham population). A – F: Anterior end with buccal armature. G, H: Pharyngo-intestinal junction. I: Posterior genital branch. J: Anterior genital branch. K, L: Posterior body region. (Scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249414/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1350B690FF9FFFDCFF36FDE4772D2D09" box="[250,265,572,596]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1928,1951]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mylonchulus hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958, (Dehradun population). A – G: Anterior end with buccal armature. H: Anterior end showing amphids. I – L: Pharyngo-intestinal junction. M, N: Anterior genital branch. O, P: Vulval region. Q, R: Posterior genital branch. S – W: Posterior body region. (Scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249415/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">9</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF5BFDA774822DEF" blockId="17.[151,876,638,722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9FFFDCFF69FDA775482DC9" authority="Cassidy, 1931 (Goodey, 1951)" authorityName="Cassidy, 1931 (Goodey" authorityYear="1951" box="[165,876,638,661]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mononchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis" subGenus="Mylonchulus">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF69FDA7773F2DC8" box="[165,283,639,661]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Mononchus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFEE6FDA777892DC8" box="[298,429,639,661]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Mylonchulus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFE70FDA774172DC8" box="[444,563,639,661]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">hawaiiensis</emphasis>
Cassidy, 1931 (Goodey, 1951)
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9FFFDCFF69FD4574822DEF" authority="Sharma &amp; Saxena, 1980" authorityName="Sharma &amp; Saxena" authorityYear="1980" box="[165,678,669,691]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bareilliensis">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF69FD45778E2DEE" box="[165,426,669,691]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Mylonchulus bareilliensis</emphasis>
Sharma &amp; Saxena, 1980
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C371F99EFF9FFFDCFF5BFD6574532934" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF5BFD6574502D8C" blockId="17.[151,876,638,722]" box="[151,628,699,722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9FFFDCFF69FD6474502D8C" authority="Sharma &amp; Saxena, 1980" authorityName="Sharma &amp; Saxena" authorityYear="1980" box="[165,628,699,722]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF69FD6477532D8F" box="[165,375,700,722]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Mylonchulus indicus</emphasis>
Sharma &amp; Saxena, 1980
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF5BFD2077892C52" blockId="17.[151,1436,759,2031]" box="[151,429,759,784]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF5BFD2077692C4D" bold="true" box="[151,333,760,784]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Measurements.</emphasis>
<tableCitation id="C6E99FAEFF9FFFDCFE98FD2F77802C52" box="[340,420,759,783]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="11.[125,213,623,646]" captionTargetBox="[148,1828,825,1585]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 3. Morphometrics of females of Mylonchulus lacustris (Cobb in Cobb, 1915) Andrássy, 1958 and M. hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958. Measurements in Μm and in the form: mean ± SD (range)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF14FA9DFF85FFC6FFB1FDB774702DF5" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" tableUuid="DF14FA9DFF85FFC6FFB1FDB774702DF5">Table 3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF05FCC377F02A10" blockId="17.[151,1436,759,2031]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF05FCC3778A2C69" bold="true" box="[201,430,795,820]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
Description. 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFEA9FCC3778A2C69" bold="true" box="[357,430,795,820]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Adult:</emphasis>
</emphasis>
Body medium-sized, ventrally curved upon fixation, more in posterior region. Cuticle smooth 2–3 µm thick; body pores indistinct. Lip region slightly offset, about 2.3–2.8 times as wide as high with labial papillae projecting above labial contour. Amphids cup-shaped with oval aperture, 4–5 µm across, located 10–12 µm from anterior end. Buccal cavity goblet-shaped with narrow base about 1.5–1.8 times as long as wide with heavily sclerotised vertical and oblique walls. Dorsal wall having massive dorsal tooth directed anteriorly, 9– 10 × 6–6 µm in dimension, located at 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFD88FC16747B2CB8" box="[580,607,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ca</emphasis>
8–9 µm from anterior end of buccal capsule or at 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFB59FC1672942CB8" box="[1173,1200,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ca</emphasis>
69–79 % of its base. Two subventral denticulate walls, each bearing 6 transverse rows of denticles and a subventral tooth posterior to the last row of denticles. Pharynx cylindroid, muscular, 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFD3AFBCD75352B71" box="[758,785,1045,1068]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ca</emphasis>
27–30% of body length. Pharyngeal sleeve surrounding stoma at 1/3–1/4 of its length from base. Outlets of pharyngeal glands: DO situated at 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFB42FBE1728D2B0D" box="[1166,1193,1081,1104]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ca</emphasis>
52–58%, SV1O1 and SV1O2 at 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFECBFB8777062B2B" box="[263,290,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ca</emphasis>
66–69%; SV2O1 and SV2O2 at 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFD40FB8774832B2B" box="[652,679,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ca</emphasis>
87–94% of pharyngeal length from anterior end. Pharynx highly muscular, cylindrical in shape with clear, thick lumen. Nerve ring located at 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFC3CFB5D722E2BC1" box="[1008,1034,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ca</emphasis>
28–32% of pharyngeal length from the anterior end. Excretory pore faintly visible, approximately at 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFC49FB7175842B9D" box="[901,928,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ca</emphasis>
36–37% of pharyngeal length from anterior end. Pharyngo-intestinal junction non-tuberculate, with variable cardial flap length 
<figureCitation id="1350B690FF9FFFDCFBAAFB1372882BBE" box="[1126,1196,1227,1251]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1928,1951]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mylonchulus hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958, (Dehradun population). A – G: Anterior end with buccal armature. H: Anterior end showing amphids. I – L: Pharyngo-intestinal junction. M, N: Anterior genital branch. O, P: Vulval region. Q, R: Posterior genital branch. S – W: Posterior body region. (Scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249415/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
I-L. Intestinal lumen narrow. Rectum length 0.6–0.9 times anal body diameter. Tail abruptly curved ventrally, assuming an ‘L’ shape, often appearing digitate with slightly clavate tip. Caudal glands well developed, arranged in tandem, occasionally grouped; spinneret terminal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF05FA81730F2AEA" blockId="17.[151,1436,759,2031]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF05FA81770D2A2F" bold="true" box="[201,297,1369,1394]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Female:</emphasis>
Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries each having 7–8 developing oocytes arranged alternately in proximal region and multiple proliferating oocytes at distal end. Vagina about onefourth of corresponding body diameter long with well developed 
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFCBFFA7972012AE5" box="[883,1061,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">pars refringens.</emphasis>
Vulva a transverse slit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF05FA1B77AA2A86" blockId="17.[151,1436,759,2031]" box="[201,398,1475,1500]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF05FA1B77292A81" bold="true" box="[201,269,1475,1500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Male:</emphasis>
Not found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF05FA3E7220297F" blockId="17.[151,1436,759,2031]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF05FA3E77982AA2" bold="true" box="[201,444,1510,1535]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Locality and habitat</emphasis>
: Dehradun population: The soil sample containing 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9FFFDCFBCCFA30728E2AA2" box="[1024,1194,1511,1535]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mononchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFBCCFA30728E2AA2" box="[1024,1194,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">M. hawaiiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected from a ditch at Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9FFFDCFDCAF9D27467297F" box="[518,579,1546,1570]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">India</collectingCountry>
, at 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5FCCD2FF9FFFDCFDA4F9D274C8297F" box="[616,748,1546,1570]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" precision="15" value="30.345001">30°20'42&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE5FCCD2FF9FFFDCFD3FF9D27550297F" box="[755,884,1546,1570]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" precision="15" value="77.997215">77°59'50&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
coordinates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF05F9F674532934" blockId="17.[151,1436,759,2031]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
Keetham population: Soil sample containing 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9FFFDCFD25F9F67229291B" box="[745,1037,1582,1606]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFD25F9F67229291B" box="[745,1037,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Mylonchulus hawaiiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected from the bank of Keetham Lake, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9FFFDCFDFAF98974572934" box="[566,627,1617,1641]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C371F99EFF9FFFDCFF05F9AD774D28B2" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF05F9AD7235298E" blockId="17.[151,1436,759,2031]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF05F9AD779C29D0" bold="true" box="[201,440,1652,1677]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Voucher specimens.</emphasis>
Nine females on slide 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9FFFDCFD00F9AD734D29D1" authority="(Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy, 1958" authorityName="(Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" box="[716,1385,1652,1677]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFD00F9AD75C829D0" box="[716,1004,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Mylonchulus hawaiiensis</emphasis>
(Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958
</taxonomicName>
, no. DJ29/1-2 deposited in the Nematode Collection, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9FFFDCFEF2F963775F298E" box="[318,379,1723,1747]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">India</collectingCountry>
. One female deposited at USDANC, Beltsville, MD, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9FFFDCFC1DF9637229298E" box="[977,1037,1723,1747]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF05F93874C92863" blockId="17.[151,1436,759,2031]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
Two females on slide 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9FFFDCFE0EF907727429AA" authority="(Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy, 1958" authorityName="(Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" box="[450,1104,1759,1783]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFE0EF90774FA29AA" box="[450,734,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Mylonchulus hawaiiensis</emphasis>
(Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958
</taxonomicName>
, no. Kee/1-2 deposited in the Nematode Collection, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9FFFDCFAEDF8DA737A2847" box="[1313,1374,1794,1818]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">India</collectingCountry>
. One female deposited at USDANC, Beltsville, MD, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9FFFDCFD61F8FE74CD2863" box="[685,745,1830,1854]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9FFFDCFF05F891774D28B2" blockId="17.[151,1436,759,2031]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9FFFDCFF05F891778C283F" bold="true" box="[201,424,1865,1890]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Salient characters.</emphasis>
Small to medium-sized species with buccal cavity funnel-shaped, about 1.5–1.8 times as long as wide; dorsal tooth large, situated in anterior half of buccal cavity; each subventral wall bearing six transverse rows of denticles and a relatively posterior subventral tooth; female genital system amphidelphic; tail conoid, ventrally arcuate, bent at middle with clavate terminus; caudal glands usually arranged in tandem; spinneret terminal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF14FA9DFF9CFFDFFF5BF92977922818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249414/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1755]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9CFFDFFF5BF92977922818" blockId="18.[151,1436,1777,1861]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9CFFDFFF5BF9297728285A" bold="true" box="[151,268,1777,1800]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9CFFDFFED6F92A754E2855" authority="(Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy, 1958" authorityName="(Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" box="[282,874,1778,1801]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9CFFDFFED6F92A74382855" box="[282,540,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Mylonchulus hawaiiensis</emphasis>
(Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958
</taxonomicName>
, (Keetham population). A–F: Anterior end with buccal armature. G, H: Pharyngo-intestinal junction. I: Posterior genital branch. J: Anterior genital branch. K, L: Posterior body region. (Scale bar = 10 µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF14FA9DFF9DFFDEFF5BF850723D2886" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249415/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1905]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9DFFDEFF5BF850723D2886" blockId="19.[151,1436,1928,2011]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9DFFDEFF5BF850772828C3" bold="true" box="[151,268,1928,1951]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9DFFDEFED5F850754028C3" authority="(Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy, 1958" authorityName="(Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" box="[281,868,1928,1951]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9DFFDEFED5F850743E28C3" box="[281,538,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Mylonchulus hawaiiensis</emphasis>
(Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958
</taxonomicName>
, (Dehradun population). A–G: Anterior end with buccal armature. H: Anterior end showing amphids. I–L: Pharyngo-intestinal junction. M, N: Anterior genital branch. O, P: Vulval region. Q, R: Posterior genital branch. S–W: Posterior body region. (Scale bar = 10 µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C371F99EFF9AFFD9FF05FF4072522EF1" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD4AA15FF9AFFD9FF05FF4072522EF1" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9AFFD9FF05FF4077182FF2" bold="true" box="[201,316,152,176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Remarks.</emphasis>
The species 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9AFFD9FE00FF41745C2FED" box="[460,632,152,176]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9AFFD9FE00FF41745C2FED" box="[460,632,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">M. hawaiiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported from 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9AFFD9FC54FF4F75F12FF2" box="[920,981,151,175]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">India</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9AFFD9FC2FFF40720C2FED" box="[995,1064,152,176]" name="Egypt" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Egypt</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9AFFD9FBFAFF4F725C2FF2" box="[1078,1144,151,175]" name="Niger" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Niger</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9AFFD9FB49FF4072F52FED" box="[1157,1233,152,176]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9AFFD9FB13FF4F73522FF2" box="[1247,1398,151,175]" name="South Africa" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9AFFD9FA4FFF4F76D82F89" name="El Salvador" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9AFFD9FEC4FF64775E2F89" box="[264,378,188,212]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, Hawaii, Abuachapan and 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9AFFD9FD67FF64750E2F89" box="[683,810,188,212]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
. The species is widely distributed in 
<collectingCountry id="F37CEA85FF9AFFD9FB03FF6473282F89" box="[1231,1292,188,212]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">India</collectingCountry>
. The present populations showed variations in the size of ovaries (
<figureCitation id="1350B690FF9AFFD9FD27FF0775092FAA" box="[747,813,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1755]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mylonchulus hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958, (Keetham population). A – F: Anterior end with buccal armature. G, H: Pharyngo-intestinal junction. I: Posterior genital branch. J: Anterior genital branch. K, L: Posterior body region. (Scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249414/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
Fig. 
<date id="FFD58CD5FF9AFFD9FCECFF0775092FAA" box="[800,813,223,247]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">8</date>
</figureCitation>
I–J; 9M, N, Q, R), cardial flaps (
<figureCitation id="1350B690FF9AFFD9FB51FF0772C42FAA" box="[1181,1248,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1755]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mylonchulus hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958, (Keetham population). A – F: Anterior end with buccal armature. G, H: Pharyngo-intestinal junction. I: Posterior genital branch. J: Anterior genital branch. K, L: Posterior body region. (Scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249414/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
G; 
<date id="FFD58CD5FF9AFFD9FACFFF07733D2FAA" box="[1283,1305,223,247]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">9I</date>
–L) and the shape of tail (
<figureCitation id="1350B690FF9AFFD9FEFDFEDC77562E41" box="[305,370,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1755]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mylonchulus hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Andrássy, 1958, (Keetham population). A – F: Anterior end with buccal armature. G, H: Pharyngo-intestinal junction. I: Posterior genital branch. J: Anterior genital branch. K, L: Posterior body region. (Scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249414/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
K, L; 9S–W); moreover, the spinneret also appeared terminal with a slight shift toward ventral side in some individuals as also illustrated (
<figureCitation id="1350B690FF9AFFD9FDB1FEFF749B2E62" box="[637,703,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1928,1951]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Prionchulus muscorum (Dujardin, 1845) Wu &amp; Hoeppli, 1929 female. A – D: Anterior end. E – H: Subventral wall with denticulate ridge. I: Body region showing excretory pore. J – L: Pharyngo-intestinal junction. M: Vulval region. N, O: Posterior body region. P: tail tip. (Scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249408/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C) by Jairajpuri (1970b). The variations in the body length, shape of tail, and the position of amphids have also been reported by Mulvey (1967), and Jairajpuri &amp; Khan (1982). Earlier the species was synonymised by Mulvey (1961) with 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9AFFD9FC8EFEA9733C2EDA" authority="(Cobb, 1917) Andrassy, 1958" authorityName="(Cobb, 1917) Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" box="[834,1304,367,392]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="incurvus">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9AFFD9FC8EFEA975E22ED5" box="[834,966,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">M. incurvus</emphasis>
(Cobb, 1917) Andrássy, 1958
</taxonomicName>
but he later revalidated it. Bruin &amp; Heyns (1992) also considered it a possible synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6BD196FF9AFFD9FBC5FE4D724B2EF1" box="[1033,1135,405,428]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mononchidae" genus="Mylonchulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B91F7607FF9AFFD9FBC5FE4D724B2EF1" box="[1033,1135,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">M. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>