180 lines
17 KiB
XML
180 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3791229" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c0535584-eb1e-43b0-9d53-cb700789d423" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163752037" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3791229" ID-ZooBank="4AA0293D-DEC8-424C-9053-1CDD965CCC82" approvalRequired="26" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="26" checkinTime="1587994032238" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sharkey, Michael, van Noort, Simon & Whitfield, James" docDate="2009" docId="03E3014CFFACFFB5D0A804E9FBED46D3" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2053.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 20 (20)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@3697a307" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Khoikhoiinae Mason 1983" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="311" masterDocId="FFDA7934FFA7FFB9D024002FFFD1405B" masterDocTitle="Revision of Khoikhoiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)" masterLastPageNumber="348" masterPageNumber="299" pageId="11" pageNumber="310" updateTime="1643569399618" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of Khoikhoiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sharkey, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington ,, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>van Noort, Simon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Whitfield, James</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Illinois ,, Afghanistan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2009-09-14</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>20</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>20</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>299</mods:start>
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<mods:end>348</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.20.108</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">c0535584-eb1e-43b0-9d53-cb700789d423</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576519</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4AA0293D-DEC8-424C-9053-1CDD965CCC82</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3791229" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163752037" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3791229" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E3014CFFACFFB5D0A804E9FBED46D3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3014CFFACFFB5D0A804E9FBED46D3" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="311" pageId="11" pageNumber="310">
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<subSubSection box="[140,466,1222,1249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="310" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[140,466,1222,1249]" box="[140,466,1222,1249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="310">
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<heading box="[140,466,1222,1249]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="310" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName authority="Mason, 1983" authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[140,466,1222,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Khoikhoiinae">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,466,1222,1249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="310">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,302,1222,1249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="310">Khoikhoiinae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Mason WRM" box="[309,466,1222,1249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="310" pagination="49 - 62" refId="ref14427" refString="Mason WRM (1983) A new South African subfamily related to Cardiochilinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Contributions to the American Entomological Institute 20: 49 - 62." type="journal article" year="1983">Mason, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="311" pageId="11" pageNumber="310" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,1293,1671]" lastBlockId="12.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="311" pageId="11" pageNumber="310">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,293,1293,1319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="310">
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<emphasis box="[140,288,1293,1319]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="310" reason="1">Description</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Head. Number of flagellomeres variable within species ranging from about 20–40, antenna often sexually dimorphic, female flagellum compressed apically with flagellomeres shorter and wider than males, sometimes flagellomeres transverse in females, though usually slightly to 3× longer than wide; flagellomeres sometimes sexually dimorphic with flagellum of females tapering strongly towards apex, males tapering slightly as in most other microgastroids; (this
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<typeStatus box="[871,921,1470,1496]" pageId="11" pageNumber="310">type</typeStatus>
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of dimorphism is also found in a number of species of
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<taxonomicName box="[629,766,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheloninae">Cheloninae</taxonomicName>
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, e.g.,
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<taxonomicName authority="(Dahlbom, 1833))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Ascogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abdominator">
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<emphasis box="[842,1107,1504,1531]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="310">Ascogaster abdominator</emphasis>
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(Dahlbom, 1833))
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</taxonomicName>
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; flagellar placodes short, about 1/3 to 1/4 length of flagellomeres in males, not arranged into two rows; antennal scrobe present, though weak in most species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[355,419,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Sania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[355,419,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="310">Sania</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; frons with elevated, coarsely sculptured, protuberance laterad antennal scrobe, effectively increasing functional depth of scrobe, protuberance variously developed from weak to strong depending on species and generally more developed in members of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[436,551,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Khoikhoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[436,551,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">Khoikhoia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; malar suture distinct; mandible thick and long, not greatly twisted to function as scissors; temple large, presumably to hold large mandibular muscles; maxillary palpus 5-segmented, basal two segments fused; labial palpus 4-segmented; labrum setose, semicircular, usually exposed but capable of folding behind the clypeus, clypeus weakly concave (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[792,856,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Sania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[792,856,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">Sania</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) or with median and sometimes lateral teeth (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[423,538,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Khoikhoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[423,538,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">Khoikhoia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">
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Mesosoma. Propleuron lacking carina on posterolateral margin and lacking ventral flange overlapping ventral corner of pronotum; subalar region of mesopleuron with a smooth glabrous area posteriorly, more pronounced in species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[140,258,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Khoikhoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,258,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">Khoikhoia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; notauli impressed, crenulate and meeting posteriorly where they generally extend to the transscutal articulation; transscutal articulation complete and depressed; postscutellar depression well developed, more so in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[892,1010,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Khoikhoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[892,1010,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">Khoikhoia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; propodeum mostly rugose with median longitudinal carina; epicnemial carina absent; tarsal claws simple; hind tarsomeres lacking longitudinal ridge of setae; hind basitarsus and to a lesser degree some other hind tarsomeres laterally compressed; apical abscissa of Rs of forewing decurved and not tracheated; forewing 1a crossvein long and strong; forewing 2a crossvein absent; forewing 1cu-a far apical to M; forewing 2cu-a absent; forewing 2nd submarginal cell quadrate, tapering apically with r-m crossvein mostly unsclerotized; hindwing crossvein
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<taxonomicName box="[865,936,835,862]" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="long">r long</taxonomicName>
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but not tubular; hindwing r-m absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">
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Metasoma. Median tergite 1 with a median longitudinal groove; laterotergite 1 membranous (or absent according to
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<bibRefCitation author="Mason WRM" box="[576,734,941,967]" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" pagination="49 - 62" refId="ref14427" refString="Mason WRM (1983) A new South African subfamily related to Cardiochilinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Contributions to the American Entomological Institute 20: 49 - 62." type="journal article" year="1983">Mason’s 1983</bibRefCitation>
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interpretation) and with microstriae, spiracle on laterotergite 1; hypopygium size variable from more than half length of metasoma to approximately 1/5 length of metasoma; ovipositor length variable from barely exserted to almost as long as the metasoma; setae of ovipositor sheath sometimes restricted to apex where they can be very long, e.g.,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharkey" authorityYear="2009" box="[724,859,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Khoikhoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthelion">
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<emphasis box="[724,859,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">K. anthelion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="311" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,344,1117,1143]" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">
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<emphasis box="[185,339,1117,1143]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Restricted to the Western, Eastern and
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<collectingRegion box="[791,964,1117,1143]" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">Northern Cape</collectingRegion>
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Provinces of
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<collectingCountry box="[140,287,1152,1178]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, in localities varying from sea level to 1000 meters. Distribution map is available at http://sharkeylab.org/sharkeylab/Misc/generalmapper.php?table=khoikhoi inae&subfamily=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[337,494,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Khoikhoiinae">Khoikhoiinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,334,1257,1283]" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">
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<emphasis box="[185,329,1257,1283]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" reason="1">Biodiversity</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Including the new species proposed here, there are 13 species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[140,298,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Khoikhoiinae">Khoikhoiinae</taxonomicName>
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. Based on morphological evidence, most of these seem quite distinct, although
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1984" box="[249,359,1329,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Khoikhoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">
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<emphasis box="[249,359,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">K. turneri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[417,531,1329,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Khoikhoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townesi">
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<emphasis box="[417,531,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">K. townesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may constitute one species. Nonetheless, there are undoubtedly many more species. Of the seven species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[807,920,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Khoikhoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[807,920,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">Khoikhoia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, all but two are represented by one specimen, and the two exceptions are known from two specimens. Two of these species were collected during intensive programs of Malaise trap sampling at two localities spanning a couple of years suggesting that in contrast to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[1038,1101,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Sania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1038,1101,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">Sania</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1983" box="[140,253,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Khoikhoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,253,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">Khoikhoia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species may be rare. Malaise traps seem effective in capturing specimens, and further intensive Malaise trap sampling targeting under-collected habitats in the
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<collectingRegion box="[140,199,1575,1601]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">Cape</collectingRegion>
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and perhaps other areas of southern Africa will undoubtedly result in the discovery of many more species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[185,1084,1645,1672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,167,1672]" box="[185,1084,1645,1672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="311">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,254,1645,1671]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" reason="1">Hosts</emphasis>
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. Unknown, probably larval
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[573,710,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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(See Life History section above).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |