2557 lines
359 KiB
XML
2557 lines
359 KiB
XML
<document id="49D85FECFEF55DF29CA2D1AFD254501E" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2024.949.2641" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710645" ID-ZooBank="EA45BD5E-98F7-4229-A4FD-E377D6BC8591" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1725617954931" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H., Solís-Marín, Francisco A. & Lessios, Harilaos" docDate="2024" docId="F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1" docLanguage="en" docName="EJT.2024.949.1-96.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 949 (1)" docSource="https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2641/12173" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Isostichopus fuscus" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="040E6D09B705322FFFB7FFD7BA422A50" masterDocTitle="Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1726062805273" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="3A840507ACADD48A075396F306B483DE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="227ABD8C34D5F92D21B85364277FB900">
|
||
<mods:title id="9DB1234400F14E647318703CA78DBA47">Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="84A30EB87F6A6EAF12AA7B1ACCA9540F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6EA58EAA1F008214DA04B53BC595D9DE">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="52479AAC256CF5815ED907F0E4238274">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="41E6415BF11D2A0832556C70588966F7">Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="24D6E7F48255C952AA95BE4D9B3B1D1F" type="LSID">987B3945-3A71-4DF0-B860-F23CC231F34C</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="37B36E3EBC000BC0C8F8C13D4AD537A4">Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia. & Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - Invemar, Calle 25 No. 2 - 55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia. & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="10D0AF00A90C8409A64FDC02A3F37332" type="email">giomarborrero@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="DFDEE2823725F3632C30AB8FE107F9B8" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="A229DDCF44104085C8E71AC4C074F0D9">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="0F1306B28F18EAF939D31C60278D7BBC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="12A719AD1C2E3BA07E207DF45948739F">Solís-Marín, Francisco A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C6768C5BDACD026282318C0B7FAB5DD7" type="LSID">A2417F0D-CA2A-4BE2-A6F0-C8991F4B90EA</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="FB0E6C02EEB1E8581A3568BF575A912A">Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8EB41547CCF33CFD70A00778A4BF0FAA" type="email">fasolis@cmarl.unam.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="0045073C7C1FAC2F239CB991BAB9557A" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E7666150AA537A05EAA71914C2C74027">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3D4F50C7F878B8CAC3E1E7DAA71E3D8C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="ABEECFC4CE2D6CA456D32AA77726244F">Lessios, Harilaos</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6B309D1945F2B7B270A9612BDF377381" type="LSID">B59566D2-3326-4026-B9B6-9AB12A3EB140</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="8EA14157459DF8B03C2A3CF3D4B239F1">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="07B34AD6A3443D581DE0A2A5E7B3912D" type="email">lessiosh@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="0B66A7B54B04892BEB491231C4066B54">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="FC172A05B66E384689FDCBB94B196E20" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="72B4CFA0AA70356DE21D285F5914B8DA">
|
||
<mods:title id="849E5C5C1D05D184757BA743B759BE1F">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="EDEF32A3580DCA02DB4C205BF701CD96">
|
||
<mods:date id="59FB1B9AEB067332D66467EFEE2E8516">2024</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="9E2FDD5BC19B0A3FBA336EDD5B3E23D1" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="5DB212FAC12DEA5B591094FEC134A57A">2024-08-30</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="366BB74FA3E1BF8EC495743FE8E99E8D" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="4A4C38BB63C9D8F1BEFFE45592D20E21">949</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="B202B9686D2E6B65DAEA5818CD76BCF3" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="287754B9FB21ED08ECD7FEE714DD4C8D">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="08B0DFEB75D3B0FAA04D45AED791CCBA" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="8A0BA1176651923CB88B6C693E0088AB">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="00E0E51897ABCBA6C315E63A194FC07D">96</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="CBF3320849AF1255C8A0236BAEF12F05">
|
||
<mods:url id="81661153EDA1A6FED70F3602AE9D8F0D">https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2641/12173</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="DFF2119DC1B75A13159C7AB1005FCE6D">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="039FADE4C4396D9E725A114540F540AE" type="DOI">10.5852/ejt.2024.949.2641</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5F573CB4E37AD73BDE9778F0B2AAEE16" type="ISSN">2118-9773</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="06EEE74B0425A3AA7DEB15FD21570F51" type="Zenodo-Dep">13710645</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E78EEDF6738824CA21E8BFD8B85BE122" type="ZooBank">EA45BD5E-98F7-4229-A4FD-E377D6BC8591</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB73B3211FDF4FEDFB9B22B73" box="[579,1008,264,291]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FDF4FEDFB9B22B73" blockId="62.[437,1150,264,326]" box="[579,1008,264,291]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB73B3211FDF4FEDFB9B22B73" box="[579,1008,264,291]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73B3211FDF4FEDFB9B22B73" ID-CoL="3QC2D" authority="(Ludwig, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[579,1008,264,291]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FDF4FEDFB9722B72" bold="true" box="[579,816,264,291]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FCF7FEDFB9AA2B73" author="Ludwig H." box="[832,1000,264,291]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="77 - 118" refId="ref59641" refString="Ludwig H. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Wurzburg 2: 77 - 118. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34381203 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1875">Ludwig, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB73B3211FE02FEFBBE3C2B16" box="[437,1150,299,326]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FE02FEFBBE3C2B16" blockId="62.[437,1150,264,326]" box="[437,1150,299,326]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73B3211FE02FEFBBBB82B16" box="[437,506,300,326]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
I’–O’, 3A–D, 4D, 5B, 9, 10D, 11D, 19–21;
|
||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB73B3211FC49FEFBBE3C2B16" box="[1022,1150,300,326]" captionStart-0="Table 1" captionStart-1="Table 2" captionStart-2="Table 3" captionStartId-0="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionStartId-1="14.[189,258,265,291]" captionStartId-2="17.[185,254,563,591]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionText-0="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." captionText-1="Table 2. Average Kimura (1980) 2 parameter distances (%) between and within species and subespecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. COI-Fr1 and COI-Fr2 (in parentheses) distances are below diagonal and 16S distances above. Within-species distances along the diagonal are shown as COI-Fr1 (COI- Fr2) / 16S. “nc”: not calculated because only one sequence was available." captionText-2="Table 3 (continued on next page). Characters distinguishing species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2" httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" tableUuid-0="24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" tableUuid-1="24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2" tableUuid-2="24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F">Tables 1–3</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB73B3211FF0AFEBAB825292C" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFEBAB8CE2BD7" blockId="62.[189,652,365,392]" box="[189,652,365,392]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B73B3211FF0AFEBAB8CE2BD7" box="[189,652,365,392]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FF0AFEBAB8CA2BD7" author="Ludwig H." box="[189,648,365,392]" page="98" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1875">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73B3211FF0AFEBAB8CA2BD7" ID-CoL="6ZRT3" authority="Ludwig, 1875: 97 - 98" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityPageNumber="97 - 98" authorityYear="1875" box="[189,648,365,392]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFEBABB3D2BD7" box="[189,383,365,391]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Stichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FE30FEBAB8CA2BD7" author="Ludwig H." box="[391,648,365,392]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="77 - 118" refId="ref59641" refString="Ludwig H. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Wurzburg 2: 77 - 118. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34381203 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1875">Ludwig, 1875: 97–98</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFE79BE282B98" blockId="62.[189,1399,430,669]" box="[189,1130,430,457]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B73B3211FF0AFE79BE282B98" box="[189,1130,430,457]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73B3211FF0AFE79BBFA2B98" ID-CoL="52J9T" box="[189,440,430,456]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFE79BBFA2B98" box="[189,440,430,456]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Stichopus badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FE61FE79B8F22B98" author="Selenka E." box="[470,688,430,456]" page="316" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1867">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FE61FE79B8F22B98" author="Selenka E." box="[470,688,430,456]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="291 - 374" refId="ref62331" refString="Selenka E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 17 (2): 291 - 374. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45007590 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka 1867: 316</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(partim). —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FCFCFE79B9B92B99" author="Clark H. L." box="[843,1019,430,457]" page="56" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1922">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FCFCFE79B9B92B99" author="Clark H. L." box="[843,1019,430,457]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark 1922: 56</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(partim).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFE05B97B2BBC" blockId="62.[189,1399,430,669]" box="[189,825,466,493]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B73B3211FF0AFE05B97B2BBC" box="[189,825,466,493]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73B3211FF0AFE05BB302BBC" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[189,370,466,492]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFE05BB302BBC" box="[189,370,466,492]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Stichopus fusus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FE38FE05B8162BBD" author="Theel H." box="[399,596,466,493]" page="256" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1886">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FE38FE05B8162BBD" author="Theel H." box="[399,596,466,493]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 290" refId="ref62759" refString="Theel H. 1886. Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Part II. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76 Zoology 14 (39): 1 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1886">Théel 1886: 256</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Typographic error.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFE22BE092862" blockId="62.[189,1399,430,669]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B73B3211FF0AFE22BE092862" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73B3211FF0AFE22BB3C285F" ID-CoL="6ZRT3" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[189,382,501,527]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFE22BB3C285F" box="[189,382,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Stichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FE2EFE22B8162840" author="Ludwig H." box="[409,596,501,528]" page="5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1898">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FE2EFE22B8162840" author="Ludwig H." box="[409,596,501,528]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 98" refId="ref59687" refString="Ludwig H. 1898. Holothurien. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise 1: 1 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63772" type="journal article" year="1898">Ludwig 1898: 5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 1 figs 1–5. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FC91FE22B9A42840" author="Clark H. L." box="[806,998,501,528]" page="350" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1910">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FC91FE22B9A42840" author="Clark H. L." box="[806,998,501,528]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="321 - 358" refId="ref56051" refString="Clark H. L. 1910. The echinoderms of Peru. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 52: 321 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 24250" type="journal article" year="1910">Clark 1910: 350</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FC47FE22BE142840" author="Clark H. L." box="[1008,1110,501,528]" page="45" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1922">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FC47FE22BE142840" author="Clark H. L." box="[1008,1110,501,528]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">1922: 45</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as unidentifiable form). —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FEB8FDCFB8552862" author="Deichmann E." box="[271,535,536,562]" page="163" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1937">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FEB8FDCFB8552862" author="Deichmann E." box="[271,535,536,562]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="161 - 176" refId="ref56473" refString="Deichmann E. 1937. 10. The Templeton Crocker Expedition. IX. Holothurians from the Gulf of California, the west coast of Lower California and Clarion Island. Zoologica: scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society 22 (2): 161 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 184685" type="journal article" year="1937">Deichmann 1937: 163</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FD94FDCFB8DF2862" author="Deichmann E." box="[547,669,536,562]" page="363" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1938">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FD94FDCFB8DF2862" author="Deichmann E." box="[547,669,536,562]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="361 - 387" refId="ref56535" refString="Deichmann E. 1938. 18. Eastern Pacific Expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XVI. Holothurians from the western coasts of Lower California and Central America, and from Galapagos Islands. Zoologica: Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society 23 (18): 361 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 184698" type="journal article" year="1938">1938: 363</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FD7AFDCFBE0A2862" author="Steinbeck J. & Ricketts E." box="[717,1096,536,562]" page="410" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1941">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FD7AFDCFBE0A2862" author="Steinbeck J. & Ricketts E." box="[717,1096,536,562]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref62626" refString="Steinbeck J. & Ricketts E. 1941. Sea of Cortez. A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research. The Viking Press, New York." type="book" year="1941">Steinbeck & Ricketts 1941: 410</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFDECB8DD28CD" blockId="62.[189,1399,430,669]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B73B3211FF0AFDECB8DD28CD" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73B3211FF0AFDECBBE12805" ID-CoL="3QC2D" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[189,419,571,597]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFDECBBE12805" box="[189,419,571,597]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FE70FDECB94D2805" author="Deichmann E." box="[455,783,571,598]" page="280" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1958">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FE70FDECB94D2805" author="Deichmann E." box="[455,783,571,598]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann 1958: 280–281</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 1 figs 1–3. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FC4DFDECBE9F2806" author="Hickman C. P." box="[1018,1245,571,598]" page="56" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1998">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FC4DFDECBE9F2806" author="Hickman C. P." box="[1018,1245,571,598]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref58285" refString="Hickman C. P. 1998. A Field Guide to Sea Stars and Other Echinoderms of Galapagos. Galapagos Marine Life Series. Sugar Spring Press, Lexington, VA." type="book" year="1998">Hickman 1998: 56</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, appendix a, p. 65. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FEEBFD89B8ED2829" author="Solis-Marin F. A. & Arriaga-Ochoa J. A. & Laguarda-Figueras A. & Frontana-Uribe S. C. & Duran-Gonzalez A." box="[348,687,606,633]" page="138" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="2009">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FEEBFD89B8ED2829" author="Solis-Marin F. A. & Arriaga-Ochoa J. A. & Laguarda-Figueras A. & Frontana-Uribe S. C. & Duran-Gonzalez A." box="[348,687,606,633]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref62578" refString="Solis-Marin F. A., Arriaga-Ochoa J. A., Laguarda-Figueras A., Frontana-Uribe S. C. & Duran-Gonzalez A. 2009. Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Golfo de California. Jimenez Editores e Impresores, Distrito Federal, Mexico." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Solís-Marín
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FE46FD88B86F2828" box="[497,557,606,632]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009: 138
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 44. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FCF7FD88BB5828CC" author="Borrero-Perez G. H. & Vanegas-Gonzalez M. J." page="329" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="2022">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FCF7FD88BB5828CC" author="Borrero-Perez G. H. & Vanegas-Gonzalez M. J." pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="329 - 334" refId="ref55444" refString="Borrero-Perez G. H. & Vanegas-Gonzalez M. J. 2022. Isostichopus fuscus. In: Chasqui V. L., Alvarado-Chacon E. M., Ardila N., Borrero-Perez G. H., Campos N. H. & Mejia-Quintero K. (eds) Libro Rojo de Invertebrados marinos de Colombia: 329 - 334. Serie de publicaciones generales de INVEMAR No. 122, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras INVEMAR, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Santa Marta, Colombia." type="book chapter" year="2022">Borrero-Pérez & Vanegas-González 2022: 329– 334</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B73B3211FEFDFD55B8D828CD" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[330,666,642,669]" page="144" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="2023">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FEFDFD55B8D828CD" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[330,666,642,669]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FE13FD54BB9D28CC" box="[420,479,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023: 144–145
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFD14BB30288D" blockId="62.[189,370,707,733]" box="[189,370,707,733]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB73B3211FF0AFD14BB30288D" bold="true" box="[189,370,707,733]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFD14BB30288D" bold="true" box="[189,370,707,733]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Original name</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFD25B871295D" blockId="62.[189,563,754,781]" box="[189,563,754,781]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73B3211FF0AFD25B86D295D" ID-CoL="6ZRT3" authority="Ludwig, 1875" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[189,559,754,781]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFD25BB3D295C" box="[189,383,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Stichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FE30FD25B86D295D" author="Ludwig H." box="[391,559,754,781]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="77 - 118" refId="ref59641" refString="Ludwig H. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Wurzburg 2: 77 - 118. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34381203 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1875">Ludwig, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFCE4BB31291D" blockId="62.[189,371,819,845]" box="[189,371,819,845]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB73B3211FF0AFCE4BB31291D" bold="true" box="[189,371,819,845]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFCE4BB31291D" bold="true" box="[189,371,819,845]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Current status</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFCB5B825292C" blockId="62.[189,615,865,892]" box="[189,615,865,892]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73B3211FF0AFCB5B821292C" ID-CoL="3QC2D" authority="(Ludwig, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[189,611,865,892]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFCB5BBE2292C" box="[189,416,866,892]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FE07FCB5B818292C" author="Ludwig H." box="[432,602,865,892]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="77 - 118" refId="ref59641" refString="Ludwig H. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Wurzburg 2: 77 - 118. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34381203 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1875">Ludwig, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB73B3211FF0AFC74B9512E2F" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFC74BBEC29ED" blockId="62.[189,430,931,957]" box="[189,430,931,957]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB73B3211FF0AFC74BBEC29ED" bold="true" box="[189,430,931,957]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFC74BBEC29ED" bold="true" box="[189,430,931,957]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Name-bearing type</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFC05BB8B29BC" blockId="62.[189,457,978,1004]" box="[189,457,978,1004]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FF0AFC05BB8B29BC" box="[189,457,978,1004]" collectionCode="ZMH" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="E.2689" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73B3211FF0AFC05BB5F29BC" box="[189,285,978,1004]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73B3211FE93FC05BB2729BC" box="[292,357,978,1004]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ZMH</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FEDAFC05BB8629BC" box="[365,452,978,1004]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">E.2689</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFBC4BB1F2E7D" blockId="62.[189,349,1043,1069]" box="[189,349,1043,1069]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB73B3211FF0AFBC4BB1F2E7D" bold="true" box="[189,349,1043,1069]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFBC4BB1F2E7D" bold="true" box="[189,349,1043,1069]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Type locality</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFB95B9512E2F" blockId="62.[189,1398,1089,1151]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Manchalilla,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73B3211FEE9FB95BB862E0C" box="[350,452,1090,1116]" name="Ecuador" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
; proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FDCDFB95B91C2E0C" author="Deichmann E." box="[634,862,1089,1116]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
instead of Patagonia (probably wrong), as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73B3211FF0AFBB2BB2C2E2F" author="Ludwig H." box="[189,366,1125,1151]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 98" refId="ref59687" refString="Ludwig H. 1898. Holothurien. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise 1: 1 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63772" type="journal article" year="1898">Ludwig (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the species in this locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB73B3211FF0AFB71BB6C2F2C" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFB71BB742E90" blockId="62.[189,310,1190,1216]" box="[189,310,1190,1216]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB73B3211FF0AFB71BB742E90" bold="true" box="[189,310,1190,1216]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFB71BB742E90" bold="true" box="[189,310,1190,1216]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFB02BB6C2F2C" blockId="62.[189,1401,1237,1404]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Reticulated, uniform chocolate brown, with stains or reddish color in the background with yellowish large wart-like dorsal papillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73B3211FD99FB2FB8362F42" box="[558,628,1272,1298]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
I’–O’, 21); large tables with a circular spire well developed in the cloaca (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73B3211FEAFFACCBBCA2F65" box="[280,392,1307,1333]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figs 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73B3211FE22FACCBB8A2F65" box="[405,456,1307,1333]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[189,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">19C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73B3211FE61FACCB84A2F65" box="[470,520,1307,1333]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">20F</figureCitation>
|
||
); distributed in the East Pacific Ocean (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73B3211FC6BFACCBE7B2F66" box="[988,1081,1307,1334]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,723,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-121@24.[189,1398,715,1744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710649/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
); mtDNA divergence from other species of the genus> 6.1% in COI-Fr1 (barcoding region),> 9.5% in COI-Fr2 and> 5.2% in 16S (
|
||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB73B3211FF72FAB5BB622F2C" box="[197,288,1378,1404]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="14.[189,258,265,291]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Table 2. Average Kimura (1980) 2 parameter distances (%) between and within species and subespecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. COI-Fr1 and COI-Fr2 (in parentheses) distances are below diagonal and 16S distances above. Within-species distances along the diagonal are shown as COI-Fr1 (COI- Fr2) / 16S. “nc”: not calculated because only one sequence was available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" tableUuid="24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB73B326FFF0AFA74BE6728F7" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3211FF0AFA74BBE82FED" blockId="62.[189,426,1443,1469]" box="[189,426,1443,1469]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB73B3211FF0AFA74BBE82FED" bold="true" box="[189,426,1443,1469]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FF0AFA74BBE82FED" bold="true" box="[189,426,1443,1469]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73B3210FF0AFA05BF502CBA" blockId="62.[188,1399,1489,2009]" lastBlockId="63.[187,1399,265,1770]" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FF0AFA05B99B2C5F" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="A. Agassiz" country="Mexico" location="EAST PACIFIC" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="HOL-743" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Guerrero" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FF0AFA05BB382FBC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FF0AFA05BB382FBC" box="[189,378,1490,1516]" country="Mexico" name="EAST PACIFIC" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Guerrero">EAST PACIFIC</location>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FE23FA06BBAD2FBB" bold="true" box="[404,495,1489,1515]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73B3211FE23FA06BBAD2FBB" box="[404,495,1489,1515]" name="Mexico" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FDB0FA05B81C2FBC" box="[519,606,1490,1516]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">3 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
, Selenka’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73B3211FD57FA05B9792FBC" box="[736,827,1490,1516]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73B3211FCD6FA05B9BD2FBC" box="[865,1023,1490,1516]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73B3211FCD6FA05B9BD2FBC" box="[865,1023,1490,1516]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">S. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73B3211FB89FA05BEB02FBC" box="[1086,1266,1490,1516]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="200.0" valueMax="220.0" valueMin="180.0">180 to 220 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FAB2FA05BF302FBC" box="[1285,1394,1490,1516]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FF0BFA22BB722C5F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FF0BFA22BB722C5F" box="[188,304,1525,1551]" country="Mexico" name="Acapulco" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Guerrero">Acapulco</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73B3211FE89FA22BB812C5F" box="[318,451,1525,1551]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">A. Agassiz</collectorName>
|
||
, collector number 239 leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73B3211FCAAFA22B91F2C5F" box="[797,861,1525,1551]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FCD0FA22B99B2C5F" box="[871,985,1525,1551]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">HOL-743</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FC4EFA22B9272C62" collectingDate="1969-07-30" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="B. Burch" location="Pelican Point" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="E21411" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sonora" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FC4EFA22BE122C5F" box="[1017,1104,1525,1551]" count="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73B3211FB2CFA22BF472C5F" box="[1179,1285,1525,1551]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FAABFA22BF302C5F" box="[1308,1394,1525,1551]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Sonora</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FF0AF9CFBB1E2C62" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FF0AF9CFBB1E2C62" box="[189,348,1560,1586]" name="Pelican Point" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Sonora">Pelican Point</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73B3211FED0F9CFBBB82C62" box="[359,506,1560,1586]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1969-07-30">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73B3211FED0F9CFBBB82C62" box="[359,506,1560,1586]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1969-07-30">30 Jul. 1969</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73B3211FDB2F9CEB82D2C62" box="[517,623,1560,1587]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">B. Burch</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73B3211FD07F9CFB9472C62" box="[688,773,1560,1586]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FCBCF9CFB9272C62" box="[779,869,1560,1586]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">E21411</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FCC9F9CFB8A72C05" collectingDate="1982-08-04" collectingDateMax="1982-08-06" collectingDateMin="1982-08-04" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="Hassler" location="Acapulco" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="HOL-742" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Guerrero" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FCC9F9CFB98D2C63" box="[894,975,1560,1587]" count="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73B3211FBB9F9CFBE362C62" box="[1038,1140,1560,1586]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="210.0">210 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FB30F9CFBEB62C62" box="[1159,1268,1560,1586]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FB49F9CFBF302C62" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FB49F9CFBF302C62" box="[1278,1394,1560,1586]" name="Acapulco" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Guerrero">Acapulco</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73B3211FF0AF9ECBB282C05" box="[189,362,1595,1621]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1982-08-04" valueMax="1982-08-06" valueMin="1982-08-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73B3211FF0AF9ECBB282C05" box="[189,362,1595,1621]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1982-08-04" valueMax="1982-08-06" valueMin="1982-08-04">4–6 Aug. 1982</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73B3211FEC2F9ECBB8F2C05" box="[373,461,1595,1621]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Hassler</collectorName>
|
||
exped.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73B3211FD99F9ECB82C2C05" box="[558,622,1595,1621]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FDC4F9ECB8A72C05" box="[627,741,1595,1621]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">HOL-742</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FD4DF9ECBE412C29" collectingDate="1940-03-25" collectingDateMax="1940-03-26" collectingDateMin="1940-03-25" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="E. F Ricketts & J Steinbeck" location="Puerto Escondido" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="HOL-2113" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Oaxaca" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FD4DF9ECB90C2C06" box="[762,846,1595,1622]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73B3211FC3DF9ECBE6B2C05" box="[906,1065,1595,1621]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="220.0" valueMax="230.0" valueMin="210.0">210–230 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FB8CF9ECBED42C05" box="[1083,1174,1595,1621]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FB17F9EBBF302C05" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FB17F9EBBF302C05" box="[1184,1394,1595,1622]" name="Puerto Escondido" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Oaxaca">Puerto Escondido</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73B3211FF0AF989BBCC2C29" box="[189,398,1630,1657]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1940-03-25" valueMax="1940-03-26" valueMin="1940-03-25">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73B3211FF0AF989BBCC2C29" box="[189,398,1630,1657]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1940-03-25" valueMax="1940-03-26" valueMin="1940-03-25">25–26 Mar. 1940</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73B3211FE2BF988B86D2C28" box="[412,559,1630,1657]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">E.F Ricketts</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73B3211FDDBF988B8B72C28" box="[620,757,1630,1657]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">J Steinbeck</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73B3211FC8DF988B9382C29" box="[826,890,1631,1657]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FC34F988BE412C29" box="[899,1027,1631,1657]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">HOL-2113</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FB97F988BF352CCC" collectingDate="1995-10-14" collectionCode="ICML-UNAM" collectorName="M. Olivares" elevation="3" location="Playa Las Gatas" municipality="Zihuanejo Bay" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="5.13.52" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Guerrero" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FB97F988BE352C29" box="[1056,1143,1631,1657]" count="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FB32F988BEB02C29" box="[1157,1266,1631,1657]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73B3211FB48F989BAAF2CCC" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Zihuanejo Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FF4EF955BBFB2CCC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FF4EF955BBFB2CCC" box="[249,441,1666,1692]" municipality="Zihuanejo Bay" name="Playa Las Gatas" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Guerrero">Playa Las Gatas</location>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73B3211FDBAF955B87F2CCC" box="[525,573,1666,1692]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="3.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73B3211FDBAF955B87F2CCC" box="[525,573,1666,1692]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73B3211FDFEF955B8A72CCC" box="[585,741,1665,1692]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1995-10-14">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73B3211FDFEF955B8A72CCC" box="[585,741,1665,1692]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1995-10-14">14 Oct. 1995</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73B3211FD46F955B93E2CCC" box="[753,892,1666,1692]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">M. Olivares</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73B3211FBDCF955BF5A2CCC" box="[1131,1304,1666,1692]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ICML-UNAM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FAA9F956BF352CCC" box="[1310,1399,1665,1692]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">5.13.52</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FF79F972B9D22CB3" collectingDate="1995-07-29" collectorName="C. Vizcarra" elevation="5" latitude="21.770058" location="Corral del Mangle" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-105.517426" municipality="Punta Mita" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.54" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nayarit" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FF79F972BB612CEF" box="[206,291,1701,1727]" count="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FE98F972BBC82CEF" box="[303,394,1701,1727]" country="Mexico" name="Nayarit" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Nayarit</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73B3211FE21F972B8582CEF" box="[406,538,1701,1727]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Punta Mita</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FD91F972B9422CEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FD91F972B9422CEF" box="[550,768,1701,1727]" latitude="21.770058" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-105.517426" municipality="Punta Mita" name="Corral del Mangle" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Nayarit">Corral del Mangle</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FCBBF972B9802CEF" box="[780,962,1701,1728]" degrees="21.7700583" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="21.770058">21.7700583° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FC79F972BEDA2CEF" box="[974,1176,1701,1728]" degrees="105.5174277" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="-105.517426">105.5174277° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73B3211FB5BF972BF5E2CEF" box="[1260,1308,1701,1728]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="5.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73B3211FB5BF972BF5E2CEF" box="[1260,1308,1701,1728]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73B3211FA9FF972BAB92CB3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1995-07-29">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73B3211FA9FF972BAB92CB3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1995-07-29">29 Jul. 1995</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73B3211FEBFF91FBBCC2CB2" box="[264,398,1736,1762]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">C. Vizcarra</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FD35F91FB9D22CB3" box="[642,912,1736,1763]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ICML-UNAM 5.13.54</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FC1CF91FBB362D79" collectingDate="1993-12-20" collectorName="J. Mendoza." elevation="4" latitude="18.346886" location="Faro de Bucerias" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-103.511986" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.55" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Michoacan" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FC1CF91FBE472CB3" box="[939,1029,1736,1763]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FBA4F91FBEDA2CB2" box="[1043,1176,1736,1762]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FB12F91EBF302CB2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FB12F91EBF302CB2" box="[1189,1394,1736,1763]" latitude="18.346886" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-103.511986" name="Faro de Bucerias" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Michoacan">Faro de Bucerías</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FF0AF93CBB372D56" box="[189,373,1771,1798]" degrees="18.3468861" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="18.346886">18.3468861° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FE34F93CB80D2D56" box="[387,591,1771,1798]" degrees="103.5119833" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="-103.511986">103.5119833° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73B3211FD1FF93CB8982D56" box="[680,730,1771,1798]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="4.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73B3211FD1FF93CB8982D56" box="[680,730,1771,1798]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73B3211FD5FF93CB9CF2D55" box="[744,909,1771,1798]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1993-12-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73B3211FD5FF93CB9CF2D55" box="[744,909,1771,1798]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1993-12-20">20 Dec. 1993</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73B3211FC2CF93BBE6F2D55" box="[923,1069,1771,1798]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">J. Mendoza.</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FA94F93CBB362D79" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ICML-UNAM 5.13.55</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FE3EF8D8B9D52D1C" collectingDate="1995-01-25" collectorName="S. Ramirez" elevation="4" latitude="15.652223" location="Puerto Angelito" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-96.485275" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.63" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Oaxaca" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FE3EF8D8BBA32D79" box="[393,481,1807,1833]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FE5CF8D8B8042D79" box="[491,582,1807,1833]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FDE7F8D8B9482D78" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FDE7F8D8B9482D78" box="[592,778,1806,1833]" latitude="15.652223" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-96.485275" name="Puerto Angelito" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Oaxaca">Puerto Angelito</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FCA3F8D9B98B2D79" box="[788,969,1806,1833]" degrees="15.6522222" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="15.652223">15.6522222° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FC64F8D9BEDE2D79" box="[979,1180,1806,1833]" degrees="96.48527777" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="-96.485275">96.48527777° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73B3211FB5AF8D8BF592D79" box="[1261,1307,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="4.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73B3211FB5AF8D8BF592D79" box="[1261,1307,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73B3211FA92F8D9BAB92D1C" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1995-01-25">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73B3211FA92F8D9BAB92D1C" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1995-01-25">25 Jan. 1995</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73B3211FEBDF8E5BBCC2D1C" box="[266,398,1842,1868]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">S. Ramírez</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FD3FF8E5B9D52D1C" box="[648,919,1841,1868]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ICML-UNAM 5.13.63</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FC03F8E5BB342DC3" collectingDate="2006-12" elevation="6" latitude="18.071945" location="Pichilinguillo" longLatPrecision="528" longitude="-102.76" municipality="Lazaro Cardenas" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.69" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Michoacan" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FC03F8E5BE4E2D1C" box="[948,1036,1842,1868]" count="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FBADF8E5BEDD2D1C" box="[1050,1183,1842,1868]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73B3211FB19F8E5BF342D1C" box="[1198,1398,1842,1868]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lázaro Cárdenas</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
municipality,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FEE8F882B8412D3F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FEE8F882B8412D3F" box="[351,515,1877,1903]" latitude="18.071945" longLatPrecision="528" longitude="-102.76" municipality="Lazaro Cardenas" name="Pichilinguillo" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Michoacan">Pichilinguillo</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FDB8F882B8852D3F" box="[527,711,1877,1903]" degrees="18.0719444" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="18.071945">18.0719444° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FD64F882B9142D3F" box="[723,854,1877,1903]" degrees="102.76" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="555" value="-102.76">102.76° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73B3211FC1BF882B99F2D3F" box="[940,989,1877,1903]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="6.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73B3211FC1BF882B99F2D3F" box="[940,989,1877,1903]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73B3211FC5CF882BE252D3F" box="[1003,1127,1877,1903]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="2006-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73B3211FC5CF882BE252D3F" box="[1003,1127,1877,1903]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="2006-12">Dec. 2006</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FA94F882BB342DC3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ICML-UNAM 5.13.69</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3211FE27F8AFBF272DE6" collectingDate="1987-10-18" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" elevation="4" latitude="24.51389" location="Baja California Sur" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-112.00667" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.73" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Mexico" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FE27F8AFBBAB2DC3" box="[400,489,1912,1939]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">4 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FE41F8AFB89E2DC2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FE41F8AFB89E2DC2" box="[502,732,1912,1938]" latitude="24.51389" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-112.00667" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Mexico">Baja California Sur</location>
|
||
, west coast of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FC3DF8AFB9A52DC2" box="[906,999,1912,1938]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FC45F8AFBEED2DC3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FC45F8AFBEED2DC3" box="[1010,1199,1912,1939]" latitude="24.51389" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-112.00667" name="Magdalena Bay" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Mexico">Magdalena Bay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FB0CF8AFBF302DC3" box="[1211,1394,1912,1939]" degrees="24.5138889" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="24.51389">24.5138889° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FF0AF84CBBC52DE6" box="[189,391,1947,1974]" degrees="112.0066666" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="-112.00667">112.0066666° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73B3211FE6CF84CB84E2DE6" box="[475,524,1947,1974]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="4.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73B3211FE6CF84CB84E2DE6" box="[475,524,1947,1974]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73B3211FDAFF84CB8F62DE5" box="[536,692,1947,1973]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1987-10-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73B3211FDAFF84CB8F62DE5" box="[536,692,1947,1973]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1987-10-18">18 Oct. 1987</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73B3211FD77F84BB92B2DE5" box="[704,873,1947,1974]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73B3211FBEFF84CBF272DE6" box="[1112,1381,1947,1974]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ICML-UNAM 5.13.73</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73B3210FF0AF868BE562B74" collectingDate="1992-10-20" collectorName="J. Vargas" elevation="5" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" latitude="17.618334" location="Playa La Pedregosa Grande" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-101.53111" municipality="Zihuanejo Bay" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.77" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Guerrero" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73B3211FF0AF868BB502D89" box="[189,274,1983,2009]" count="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73B3211FEAAF868BBC82D89" box="[285,394,1983,2009]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73B3211FE22F869B8012D89" box="[405,579,1982,2009]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Zihuanejo Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73B3211FDF8F869B9D52D88" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73B3211FDF8F869B9D52D88" box="[591,919,1982,2009]" latitude="17.618334" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-101.53111" municipality="Zihuanejo Bay" name="Playa La Pedregosa Grande" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Guerrero">Playa La Pedregosa Grande</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FC15F869BE1A2D89" box="[930,1112,1982,2009]" degrees="17.6183333" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="17.618334">17.6183333° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73B3211FBD3F869BF682D89" box="[1124,1322,1982,2009]" degrees="101.5311111" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="1" value="-101.53111">101.5311111° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FF0AFEDEBAAD2B73" box="[189,239,265,292]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="5.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FF0AFEDEBAAD2B73" box="[189,239,265,292]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FF4BFEDEBBD92B73" box="[252,411,265,291]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1992-10-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FF4BFEDEBBD92B73" box="[252,411,265,291]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1992-10-20">20 Oct. 1992</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FE1FFEDEB8502B73" box="[424,530,265,291]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">J. Vargas</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FCB0FEDEBE562B74" box="[775,1044,265,292]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.77</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FB87FEDEBEE62B17" collectingDate="1970-10-31" collectorName="Orbe" county="Laguna de Yavaros" location="La Barra" municipality="La Barra" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.78" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Sonora" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FB87FEDEBEC82B73" box="[1072,1162,265,291]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FB20FEDEBEAF2B73" box="[1175,1261,265,291]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Sonora</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="9940DCEBB73A3210FB4DFEDEBB5D2B17" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Laguna de Yavaros</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FE9DFEFABBD22B17" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FE9DFEFABBD22B17" box="[298,400,301,327]" county="Laguna de Yavaros" municipality="La Barra" name="La Barra" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Sonora">La Barra</location>
|
||
pier;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FE66FEFBB8292B16" box="[465,619,300,326]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1970-10-31">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FE66FEFBB8292B16" box="[465,619,300,326]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1970-10-31">31 Oct. 1970</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FDC2FEFBB8F22B16" box="[629,688,300,326]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Orbe</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FC2DFEFBBEE62B17" box="[922,1188,300,327]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.78</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FB0CFEFBBED32B3A" collectingDate="1993-10-04" collectorName="G. Ramirez" location="Pena Blanca" municipality="Manzanillo" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.110" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colima" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FB0CFEFBBF4C2B17" box="[1211,1294,300,327]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FAAEFEFBBF302B16" box="[1305,1394,300,326]" country="Mexico" name="Colima" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Colima</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73A3210FF0AFE98BB042B39" box="[189,326,335,361]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Manzanillo</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FEE2FE87BBAC2B39" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FEE2FE87BBAC2B39" box="[341,494,335,362]" municipality="Manzanillo" name="Pena Blanca" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Colima">Peña Blanca</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FE4AFE98B8D32B39" box="[509,657,335,361]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1993-10-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FE4AFE98B8D32B39" box="[509,657,335,361]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1993-10-04">4 Oct. 1993</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD16FE98B9692B39" box="[673,811,335,361]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">G. Ramírez</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FCC3FE98BED32B3A" box="[884,1169,335,362]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.110</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FB06FE98B8862BE1" collectingDate="1997-11-29" collectorName="H. Reyes" elevation="16" latitude="18.724916" location="Socorro Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.939224" municipality="Revillagigedo Archipelago" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.115" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colima" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FB06FE98BF482B3A" box="[1201,1290,335,362]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FAAEFE98BF302B39" box="[1305,1394,335,361]" country="Mexico" name="Colima" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Colima</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73A3210FF0AFEA5BBBE2BDC" box="[189,508,370,396]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Revillagigedo Archipelago</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FDB0FEA4B8F52BDC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FDB0FEA4B8F52BDC" box="[519,695,370,397]" latitude="18.724916" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.939224" municipality="Revillagigedo Archipelago" name="Socorro Island" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Colima">Socorro Island</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FD74FEA5B93B2BDD" box="[707,889,370,397]" degrees="18.7249167" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="18.724916">18.7249167° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FC32FEA4BE0D2BDD" box="[901,1103,371,397]" degrees="110.9392222" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-110.939224">110.9392222° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FB14FEA5BF4C2BDD" box="[1187,1294,370,397]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="15.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FB14FEA5BF4C2BDD" box="[1187,1294,370,397]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="15.0">15–17 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FAADFEA4BAB92BE0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1997-11-29">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FAADFEA4BAB92BE0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1997-11-29">29 Nov. 1997</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FEB2FE41BB2D2BE0" box="[261,367,406,432]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">H. Reyes</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FE1BFE41B8862BE1" box="[428,708,406,433]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.115</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FD6FFE41BE4A2B84" collectingDate="1997-11-20" collectorName="J. Carballo" latitude="21.8425" location="Isla Isabel" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-105.88611" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.121" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nayarit" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FD6FFE41B9682BE0" box="[728,810,406,432]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FC83FE41B9CD2BE0" box="[820,911,406,432]" country="Mexico" name="Nayarit" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Nayarit</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FC2EFE41BE502BE0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FC2EFE41BE502BE0" box="[921,1042,406,432]" latitude="21.8425" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-105.88611" name="Isla Isabel" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Nayarit">Isla Isabel</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FBACFE41BEE12BE0" box="[1051,1187,406,433]" degrees="21.8425" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="5" value="21.8425">21.8425° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FB1AFE41BF302BE0" box="[1197,1394,406,433]" degrees="105.8861111" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-105.88611">105.8861111° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FF0AFE6EBB262B83" box="[189,356,441,467]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1997-11-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FF0AFE6EBB262B83" box="[189,356,441,467]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1997-11-20">20 Nov. 1997</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FEC5FE6EBBB62B83" box="[370,500,441,467]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">J. Carballo</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FD5BFE6EBE4A2B84" box="[748,1032,441,468]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.121</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FB91FE6EBB9A284A" collectingDate="2010-03-02" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" county="Caleta de Campos" elevation="3" latitude="18.069784" location="El Corralon" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-102.743835" municipality="El Corralon" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.126" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Guerrero" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FB91FE6EBE3F2B83" box="[1062,1149,441,467]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FB3BFE6EBEBB2B83" box="[1164,1273,441,467]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="9940DCEBB73A3210FAB0FE6EBB622BA6" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Caleta de Campos</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FE9AFE0BBBFE2BA6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FE9AFE0BBBFE2BA6" box="[301,444,476,502]" county="Caleta de Campos" latitude="18.069784" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-102.743835" municipality="El Corralon" name="El Corralon" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Guerrero">El Corralón</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FE7EFE0BB8C32BA7" box="[457,641,476,503]" degrees="18.0697833" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="18.069784">18.0697833° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FD39FE0BB91B2BA7" box="[654,857,476,503]" degrees="102.7438333" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-102.743835">102.7438333° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FC07FE0BB9A02BA7" box="[944,994,476,503]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="3.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FC07FE0BB9A02BA7" box="[944,994,476,503]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FC58FE0BBEC62BA6" box="[1007,1156,476,503]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2010-03-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FC58FE0BBEC62BA6" box="[1007,1156,476,503]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2010-03-02">2 Mar. 2010</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FB26FE0ABF792BA6" box="[1169,1339,476,503]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FF08FE28BB9A284A" box="[191,472,511,538]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.126</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FE5BFE28BEBC286D" collectingDate="2010-03-04" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" elevation="9" latitude="18.049" location="Mexcalhuacan" longLatPrecision="55" longitude="-102.659164" municipality="Lazaro Cardenas municipality" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.127" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Michoacan" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FE5BFE28B87C284A" box="[492,574,511,538]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FDFFFE28B88F2849" box="[584,717,511,537]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73A3210FD60FE28BE752849" box="[727,1079,511,537]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Lázaro Cárdenas municipality</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FBF7FE28BEAD2849" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FBF7FE28BEAD2849" box="[1088,1263,511,537]" latitude="18.049" longLatPrecision="55" longitude="-102.659164" municipality="Lazaro Cardenas municipality" name="Mexcalhuacan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Michoacan">Mexcalhuacán</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FB4FFE28BF30284A" box="[1272,1394,511,538]" degrees="18.049" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="55" value="18.049">18.049° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FF0AFDF5BBC8286D" box="[189,394,546,573]" degrees="102.6591666" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-102.659164">102.6591666° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FE55FDF5B87D286D" box="[482,575,546,573]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="8.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="6.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FE55FDF5B87D286D" box="[482,575,546,573]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="8.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="6.0">6–11 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FDFAFDF4B8A1286D" box="[589,739,547,573]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2010-03-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FDFAFDF4B8A1286D" box="[589,739,547,573]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2010-03-04">4 Mar. 2010</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD46FDF4B9DE286C" box="[753,924,546,573]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FC55FDF4BEBC286D" box="[994,1278,546,573]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.127</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FAACFDF4B8D228D4" collectingDate="2010-08-15" collectorName="E. Celaya" elevation="1" latitude="19.004795" location="Canal de Tepalces" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-104.25723" municipality="Manzanillo" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.128" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colima" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FAACFDF4BF30286D" box="[1307,1394,547,573]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FF0AFD91BB542830" box="[189,278,582,608]" country="Mexico" name="Colima" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Colima</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73A3210FE93FD91BBEF2830" box="[292,429,582,608]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Manzanillo</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FE0DFD91B8D42830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FE0DFD91B8D42830" box="[442,662,582,608]" latitude="19.004795" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-104.25723" municipality="Manzanillo" name="Canal de Tepalces" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Colima">Canal de Tepalces</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FD14FD91B9192830" box="[675,859,582,608]" degrees="19.0047944" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="19.004795">19.0047944° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FCDEFD91BE772830" box="[873,1077,582,609]" degrees="104.2572305" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-104.25723">104.2572305° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FB3AFD91BEFC2830" box="[1165,1214,582,608]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FB3AFD91BEFC2830" box="[1165,1214,582,608]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FB7BFD91BF302830" box="[1228,1394,582,609]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2010-08-15">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FB7BFD91BF302830" box="[1228,1394,582,609]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2010-08-15">15 Aug. 2010</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FF08FDBEBB7328D3" box="[191,305,617,643]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E. Celaya</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FEC2FDBEB8D228D4" box="[373,656,617,644]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.128</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FD1CFDBEBEF028F7" collectingDate="2010-01-23" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" country="United States of America" elevation="15" latitude="20.506666" location="Majahuitas" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-105.3855" municipality="Puerto Vallarta" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.130" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Jalisco" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FD1CFDBEB8BC28D3" box="[683,766,617,643]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FCBCFDBEB91C28D3" box="[779,862,617,643]" country="Mexico" name="Jalisco" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Jalisco</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73A3210FCDDFDBEBE5E28D3" box="[874,1052,617,643]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Puerto Vallarta</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FB9EFDBEBEED28D3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FB9EFDBEBEED28D3" box="[1065,1199,617,643]" country="United States of America" latitude="20.506666" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-105.3855" municipality="Puerto Vallarta" name="Majahuitas" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Jalisco">Majahuitas</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FB0CFDBEBF3028D3" box="[1211,1394,617,644]" degrees="20.5066667" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="20.506666">20.5066667° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FF0AFD5BBB1E28F7" box="[189,348,652,679]" degrees="105.3855" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="5" value="-105.3855">105.3855° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FE05FD5BBBB328F7" box="[434,497,652,679]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FE05FD5BBBB328F7" box="[434,497,652,679]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FE49FD5BB8D528F6" box="[510,663,652,679]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2010-01-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FE49FD5BB8D528F6" box="[510,663,652,679]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2010-01-23">23 Jan. 2010</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD13FD5AB90F28F6" box="[676,845,652,679]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FC27FD5BBEEC28F7" box="[912,1198,652,679]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.130</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FB0DFD5ABAB328BD" collectingDate="2010-01-23" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="Hassler" country="United States of America" elevation="15" latitude="20.506666" location="San Diego" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-105.3855" municipality="Puerto Vallarta" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="MCZ HOL-758" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73A3210FB66FD5BBF4E28F6" bold="true" box="[1233,1292,652,678]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73A3210FB66FD5BBF4E28F6" box="[1233,1292,652,678]" name="United States of America" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FA92FD5BBF3528F7" box="[1317,1399,652,679]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FF4DFD78BB202899" box="[250,354,687,713]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FECFFD78BBB02899" box="[376,498,687,713]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FE48FD78B83D2899" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FE48FD78B83D2899" box="[511,639,687,713]" country="United States of America" latitude="20.506666" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-105.3855" municipality="Puerto Vallarta" name="San Diego" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="California">San Diego</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FD3AFD78BE592899" box="[653,1051,687,714]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FD3AFD78B9792899" box="[653,827,687,713]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1982-09-04" valueMax="1982-09-06" valueMin="1982-09-04">4–6 Sep. 1982</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FCFEFD78BE592899" box="[841,1051,687,714]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1982-08-18" valueMax="1982-08-22" valueMin="1982-08-18">18–22 Aug. 1982</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FB9EFD78BEC32899" box="[1065,1153,687,713]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Hassler</collectorName>
|
||
exped.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FB5FFD78BAAF28BD" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">MCZ HOL-758</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FF4FFD04BF522940" collectingDate="2016-10-18" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & Riscales" country="Colombia" elevation="12" latitude="5.59403" location="Piedra Bonita" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-77.5034" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="EQU4323" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Choco" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73A3210FEB9FD05BBCA28BC" bold="true" box="[270,392,722,748]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73A3210FEB9FD05BBCA28BC" box="[270,392,722,748]" name="Colombia" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FE16FD04BBB128BD" box="[417,499,723,749]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FD84FD04B8D828BD" box="[563,666,723,749]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FD19FD05B8BC28BC" box="[686,766,722,748]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Chocó</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FCBEFD05B9EF28BC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FCBEFD05B9EF28BC" box="[777,941,722,748]" country="Colombia" latitude="5.59403" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-77.5034" name="Piedra Bonita" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Choco">Piedra Bonita</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FC0EFD05BE0128BD" box="[953,1091,722,749]" degrees="5.59403" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="5.59403">5.59403° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FBF8FD05BE9D28BD" box="[1103,1247,722,749]" degrees="77.5034" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="5" value="-77.5034">77.5034° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FA84FD04BF3028BD" box="[1331,1394,723,749]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="12.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FA84FD04BF3028BD" box="[1331,1394,723,749]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="12.0">12 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FF0AFD21BB142940" box="[189,342,758,784]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-10-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FF0AFD21BB142940" box="[189,342,758,784]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-10-18">18 Oct. 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FED6FD21B86F2940" box="[353,557,758,784]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD80FD21B8DB2940" box="[567,665,758,784]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Riscales</collectorName>
|
||
2016 leg.; rocky bottom, among rocks;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FBD7FD21BED62940" box="[1120,1172,758,784]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FB2EFD21BF522940" box="[1177,1296,758,784]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">EQU4323</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FA90FD21B93F2963" collectingDate="2016-10-18" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & Riscales" country="Colombia" elevation="12" latitude="5.59403" location="Piedra Bonita" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-77.5034" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="INV-EQU4324" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Embera-Wounaan" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FA90FD21BF352940" box="[1319,1399,758,784]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FF4CFCCEBB202963" box="[251,354,793,820]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="115.0">115 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FD7CFCCEB93F2963" box="[715,893,793,819]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">INV-EQU4324</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FC2DFCCEBBAD2929" collectingDate="2016-10-18" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & Riscales" country="Colombia" elevation="12" latitude="6.68023" location="Chicocora" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-77.4305" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="TEJ1960" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Choco" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FC2DFCCEB9B32963" box="[922,1009,793,819]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FC48FCCEBE0D2963" box="[1023,1103,793,819]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Chocó</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FBEBFCCEBE9A2963" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FBEBFCCEBE9A2963" box="[1116,1240,793,819]" country="Colombia" latitude="6.68023" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-77.4305" name="Chicocora" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Choco">Chicocora</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FB51FCCEBF302963" box="[1254,1394,793,819]" degrees="6.68023" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="6.68023">6.68023° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FF0AFCEBBB092907" box="[189,331,828,855]" degrees="77.4305" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="5" value="-77.4305">77.4305° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FE2BFCEBBB9A2907" box="[412,472,828,855]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="12.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FE2BFCEBBB9A2907" box="[412,472,828,855]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="12.0">12 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FE54FCEBB8382906" box="[483,634,828,854]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-10-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FE54FCEBB8382906" box="[483,634,828,854]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-10-18">18 Oct. 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD33FCEBB90D2906" box="[644,847,828,854]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FCEEFCEBB9F92906" box="[857,955,828,854]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Riscales</collectorName>
|
||
2016 leg.; rocky bottom, among rocks, IfRIC154R;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FEFAFCB7BBC3292A" box="[333,385,864,890]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FE32FC88BBAD2929" box="[389,495,863,889]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">TEJ1960</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FDB4FC88BF2629CC" collectingDate="2003-09-18" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & Nuqui" country="Colombia" elevation="10" latitude="5.569139" location="Nuqui" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.5237" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="EQU2746" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Choco" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FDB4FC88B817292A" box="[515,597,863,890]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FD38FC88B8B12929" box="[655,755,863,889]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FCB2FC88B9172929" box="[773,853,863,889]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Chocó</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FCE9FC88B9E92929" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FCE9FC88B9E92929" box="[862,939,863,889]" country="Colombia" latitude="5.569139" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.5237" name="Nuqui" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Choco">Nuqui</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FC03FC88BE18292A" box="[948,1114,863,890]" degrees="5.5691389" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="5.569139">5.5691389° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FBD4FC88BF6E292A" box="[1123,1324,863,890]" degrees="77.52369444" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-77.5237">77.52369444° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FF0AFC54BABF29CD" box="[189,253,899,925]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FF0AFC54BABF29CD" box="[189,253,899,925]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FEBCFC54BBE829CD" box="[267,426,899,925]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2003-09-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FEBCFC54BBE829CD" box="[267,426,899,925]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2003-09-18">18 Sep. 2003</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FE00FC54B8C729CD" box="[439,645,899,925]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD25FC55B89E29CC" box="[658,732,898,924]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Nuqui</collectorName>
|
||
2003 leg.; rocky bottom, among rocks;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FB06FC54BEA729CD" box="[1201,1253,899,925]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FB5AFC55BF2629CC" box="[1261,1380,898,924]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">EQU2746</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FF0AFC71BE8329B3" collectingDate="2016-04-19" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="J. Vanegas-Gonzalez & Riscales" country="Colombia" elevation="15" latitude="5.54429" location="Piedra de Oswaldo" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.51554" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="EQU4229" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Choco" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FF0AFC71BB4D2990" box="[189,271,934,960]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FEE6FC71BBEB2990" box="[337,425,934,960]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FE0AFC71B84F2990" box="[445,525,934,960]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Chocó</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FDAEFC71B8B92990" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FDAEFC71B8B92990" box="[537,763,934,960]" country="Colombia" latitude="5.54429" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.51554" name="Piedra de Oswaldo" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Choco">Piedra de Oswaldo</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FCB0FC71B9D32990" box="[775,913,934,961]" degrees="5.54429" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="5.54429">5.54429° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FC29FC71BE7F2990" box="[926,1085,934,961]" degrees="77.51554" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-77.51554">77.51554° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FB25FC71BE932990" box="[1170,1233,934,961]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FB25FC71BE932990" box="[1170,1233,934,961]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FB61FC71BF302990" box="[1238,1394,934,960]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-04-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FB61FC71BF302990" box="[1238,1394,934,960]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-04-19">19 Apr. 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FF09FC1EBBFA29B3" box="[190,440,969,995]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">J. Vanegas-González</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FE70FC1EB86B29B3" box="[455,553,969,995]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Riscales</collectorName>
|
||
2016 leg.; rocky bottom, among rocks;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FBBBFC1EBE0229B3" box="[1036,1088,969,995]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FBFCFC1EBE8329B3" box="[1099,1217,969,995]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">EQU4229</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FB56FC1EB9D12E79" collectingDate="2016-04-24" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="J. Vanegas-Gonzalez & Riscales" country="Colombia" elevation="6" latitude="5.61111" location="Punta Arusi" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.48512" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="EQU4230" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Choco" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FB56FC1EBF7429B3" box="[1249,1334,969,995]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FF0AFC3BBB602E56" box="[189,290,1004,1031]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="145.0">145 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FE83FC3BBBC62E56" box="[308,388,1004,1030]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Chocó</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FE39FC3AB8582E56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FE39FC3AB8582E56" box="[398,538,1004,1031]" country="Colombia" latitude="5.61111" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.48512" name="Punta Arusi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Choco">Punta Arusí</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FD93FC3BB8EB2E57" box="[548,681,1004,1031]" degrees="5.61111" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="5.61111">5.61111° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FD04FC3BB9122E57" box="[691,848,1004,1031]" degrees="77.48512" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-77.48512">77.48512° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FC16FC3BB9922E57" box="[929,976,1004,1031]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="6.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FC16FC3BB9922E57" box="[929,976,1004,1031]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FC6DFC3BBE312E56" box="[986,1139,1004,1030]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-04-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FC6DFC3BBE312E56" box="[986,1139,1004,1030]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-04-24">24 Apr. 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FBCAFC3ABF302E56" box="[1149,1394,1004,1031]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">J. Vanegas-González</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FF0BFBD8BB5C2E79" box="[188,286,1039,1065]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Riscales</collectorName>
|
||
2016 leg.; rocky bottom, among rocks;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FD54FBC7B9552E7A" box="[739,791,1040,1066]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FCABFBD8B9D12E79" box="[796,915,1039,1065]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">EQU4230</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FC1FFBD8B88A2E20" collectingDate="2016-04-20" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="J. Vanegas-Gonzalez & Riscales" country="Colombia" elevation="16" latitude="5.60989" location="Parguera" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.5041" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="EQU4231" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Choco" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FC1FFBD8B9B82E7A" box="[936,1018,1039,1066]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FB81FBD8BED92E79" box="[1078,1179,1039,1065]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FB1AFBD8BEBF2E79" box="[1197,1277,1039,1065]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Chocó</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FAB0FBC7BF312E7A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FAB0FBC7BF312E7A" box="[1287,1395,1040,1066]" country="Colombia" latitude="5.60989" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.5041" name="Parguera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Choco">Parguera</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FF0AFBE5BB082E1D" box="[189,330,1074,1101]" degrees="5.60989" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="5.60989">5.60989° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FEEEFBE5B8642E1D" box="[345,550,1074,1101]" degrees="77.50409972" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-77.5041">77.50409972° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FD37FBE5B8952E1D" box="[640,727,1074,1101]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.5">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FD37FBE5B8952E1D" box="[640,727,1074,1101]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.5">15.5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FD51FBE4B9C52E1C" box="[742,903,1074,1101]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-04-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FD51FBE4B9C52E1C" box="[742,903,1074,1101]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-04-20">20 Apr. 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FC22FBE4BECD2E1C" box="[917,1167,1074,1101]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">J. Vanegas-González</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FB2AFBE5BEBD2E1C" box="[1181,1279,1074,1100]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Riscales</collectorName>
|
||
2016 leg.; rocky bottom, among rocks;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FDA2FB81B80B2E20" box="[533,585,1110,1136]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FDE6FB81B88A2E20" box="[593,712,1110,1136]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">EQU4231</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FD54FB81BBFD2EE6" collectingDate="2016-10-25" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & Riscales" country="Colombia" elevation="12" latitude="6.82467" location="Punta Faro" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.68996" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="EQU4321" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Choco" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FD54FB81B9742E20" box="[739,822,1110,1136]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FCCCFB81B9A12E20" box="[891,995,1110,1136]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FC4FFB81BE0A2E20" box="[1016,1096,1110,1136]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Chocó</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FBE2FB81BE9B2E20" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FBE2FB81BE9B2E20" box="[1109,1241,1110,1136]" country="Colombia" latitude="6.82467" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.68996" name="Punta Faro" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Choco">Punta Faro</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FB50FB81BF302E20" box="[1255,1394,1110,1136]" degrees="6.82467" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="6.82467">6.82467° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FF0AFBAEBB1C2EC3" box="[189,350,1145,1171]" degrees="77.68996" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-77.68996">77.68996° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FE0FFBAEBBBB2EC3" box="[440,505,1145,1171]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="12.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FE0FFBAEBBBB2EC3" box="[440,505,1145,1171]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="12.0">12 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FDB0FBAEB8EA2EC3" box="[519,680,1145,1172]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-10-25">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FDB0FBAEB8EA2EC3" box="[519,680,1145,1172]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-10-25">25 Oct. 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD01FBAEB9C72EC3" box="[694,901,1145,1171]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FC24FBAEB9B72EC3" box="[915,1013,1145,1171]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Riscales</collectorName>
|
||
2016 leg.; rocky bottom, among rocks;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FEB9FB4ABB002EE7" box="[270,322,1181,1207]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FEFEFB4BBBFD2EE6" box="[329,447,1180,1206]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">EQU4321</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FE60FB4BBE942EE6" box="[471,1238,1180,1207]" collectingDate="2016-10-25" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & Riscales" country="Colombia" elevation="12" latitude="6.82467" location="Punta Faro" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.68996" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="EQU4322" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Embera-Wounaan" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FE60FB4BB8642EE7" box="[471,550,1180,1207]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FDD2FB4BB8892EE6" box="[613,715,1180,1207]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="165.0">165 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FB93FB4ABE1A2EE7" box="[1060,1112,1181,1207]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FBE9FB4BBE942EE6" box="[1118,1238,1180,1206]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">EQU4322</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FB5AFB4BB9A82EAD" collectingDate="2016-10-26" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & Riscales" country="Colombia" elevation="19" latitude="6.78391" location="Piedra de Rodrigo" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.69358" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="EQU4325" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Choco" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FB5AFB4BBF7C2EE7" box="[1261,1342,1180,1207]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FF0AFB68BB612E89" box="[189,291,1215,1241]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FE80FB68BBC52E89" box="[311,391,1215,1241]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Chocó</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FE25FB68B8282E89" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FE25FB68B8282E89" box="[402,618,1215,1241]" country="Colombia" latitude="6.78391" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.69358" name="Piedra de Rodrigo" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Choco">Piedra de Rodrigo</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FDC1FB68B9422E8A" box="[630,768,1215,1242]" degrees="6.78391" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="6.78391">6.78391° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FCBCFB68B9EB2E8A" box="[779,937,1215,1242]" degrees="77.69358" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-77.69358">77.69358° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FC4AFB68BE7E2E8A" box="[1021,1084,1215,1242]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="19.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FC4AFB68BE7E2E8A" box="[1021,1084,1215,1242]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="19.0">19 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FBFFFB68BEA12E89" box="[1096,1251,1215,1241]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-10-26">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FBFFFB68BEA12E89" box="[1096,1251,1215,1241]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-10-26">26 Oct. 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FB59FB68BB432EAD" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FEBBFB35BB2C2EAC" box="[268,366,1250,1276]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Riscales</collectorName>
|
||
2016 leg.; rocky bottom, among rocks;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FC8EFB34B92F2EAD" box="[825,877,1251,1277]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FCC4FB35B9A82EAD" box="[883,1002,1250,1277]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">EQU4325</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FBB6FB34B8D52F71" collectingDate="1972-02-29" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="C. Birkeland" country="Panama" location="Malpelo Island" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="E23715" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FBB6FB34BE172EAD" box="[1025,1109,1251,1277]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FBD6FB35BF562EAC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FBD6FB35BF562EAC" box="[1121,1300,1250,1276]" country="Panama" name="Malpelo Island" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Malpelo Island</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FA97FB34BAB92F70" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1972-02-29">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FA97FB34BAB92F70" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1972-02-29">29 Feb. 1972</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FEB1FAD1BBD92F70" box="[262,411,1286,1312]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">C. Birkeland</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FE6EFAD1B86C2F70" box="[473,558,1286,1312]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FD83FAD1B8D12F71" box="[564,659,1286,1313]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">E23715</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FD2BFAD1B8152F36" collectingDate="2015-08-31" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="H. Lessios & A. Calderon" country="Panama" elevation="10" latitude="8.800567" location="Taboguilla Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.52333" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="Tiss-IfTa210" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Panama" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73A3210FD18FAD1B9542F70" bold="true" box="[687,790,1286,1312]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73A3210FD18FAD1B9542F70" box="[687,790,1286,1312]" name="Panama" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FC9AFAD1B9C22F70" box="[813,896,1286,1312]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
; Panama,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FC43FAD1BE802F70" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FC43FAD1BE802F70" box="[1012,1218,1286,1312]" country="Panama" latitude="8.800567" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.52333" name="Taboguilla Island" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Panama">Taboguilla Island</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FB7BFAD1BF302F70" box="[1228,1394,1286,1313]" degrees="8.8005667" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="8.800567">8.8005667° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FF0AFAFEBBC82F13" box="[189,394,1321,1348]" degrees="79.52332777" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-79.52333">79.52332777° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FE54FAFEB8612F13" box="[483,547,1321,1347]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FE54FAFEB8612F13" box="[483,547,1321,1347]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FD85FAFEB89A2F14" box="[562,728,1321,1348]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2015-08-31">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FD85FAFEB89A2F14" box="[562,728,1321,1348]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2015-08-31">31 Aug. 2015</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD51FAFEB9262F13" box="[742,868,1321,1347]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">H. Lessios</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FC17FAFEBE732F13" box="[928,1073,1321,1347]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">A. Calderón</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom, hidden under rocks; IfTa210;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FE76FA9BB8152F36" box="[449,599,1356,1382]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Tiss-IfTa210</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FDD8FA9BBB662FDA" collectingDate="2015-08-31" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="IfTa" country="Panama" elevation="10" latitude="8.800567" location="Taboguilla Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.52333" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="USNM 1659483" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Panama" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FDD8FA9BB8FF2F37" box="[623,701,1356,1383]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FD4BFA9BB9232F36" box="[764,865,1356,1383]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IfTa211;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FA95FA9BBB662FDA" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">USNM 1659483</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FE89FAB8BF352FDA" box="[318,1399,1391,1418]" collectingDate="2015-08-17" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="IfTa" country="Panama" elevation="10" latitude="8.800567" location="Taboguilla Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.52333" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="USNM 1659482" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Panama" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FE89FAB8BBD32FDA" box="[318,401,1391,1418]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FE64FAB8B8782FD9" box="[467,570,1391,1417]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FC2DFAB8BE7F2FDA" box="[922,1085,1391,1418]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2015-08-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FC2DFAB8BE7F2FDA" box="[922,1085,1391,1418]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2015-08-17">17 Aug. 2015</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; IfIP322;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FB04FAB8BF352FDA" box="[1203,1399,1391,1418]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">USNM 1659482</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FF78FA44BE152FFC" box="[207,1111,1426,1453]" collectingDate="2015-08-17" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="IfTa" country="Panama" elevation="10" latitude="8.800567" location="Taboguilla Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.52333" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="USNM 1682794" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Panama" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FF78FA44BB632FFD" box="[207,289,1427,1453]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FED4FA45BB882FFD" box="[355,458,1426,1453]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IfTa213;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FC24FA44BE152FFC" box="[915,1111,1426,1453]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">USNM 1682794</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FBC7FA44B94A2F80" collectingDate="2015-08-17" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="If" country="Panama" elevation="10" latitude="8.800567" location="Taboguilla Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.52333" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="MBMLP-If212" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Panama" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FBC7FA44BE802FFD" box="[1136,1218,1427,1453]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FAB3FA45BF282FFD" box="[1284,1386,1426,1453]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="155.0">155 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; If212;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FDE2FA61B94A2F80" box="[597,776,1462,1488]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">MBMLP-If212</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FC96FA61B82B2FA4" collectingDate="1972-09-06" country="Ecuador" latitude="7.6666665" location="Gulf of Panama" longLatPrecision="550" longitude="-78.75" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.98" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Panama" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FC96FA61B9342F80" box="[801,886,1462,1488]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FC35FA61BE022F80" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FC35FA61BE022F80" box="[898,1088,1462,1488]" country="Ecuador" latitude="7.6666665" longLatPrecision="550" longitude="-78.75" name="Gulf of Panama" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Panama">Gulf of Panama</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FBFBFA61BEB62F80" box="[1100,1268,1462,1488]" degrees="7.6666667" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="7.6666665">7.6666667° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FB48FA61BF302F80" box="[1279,1394,1462,1489]" degrees="78.75" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="555" value="-78.75">78.75° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FF0AFA0EBB092FA3" box="[189,331,1497,1523]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1972-09-06">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FF0AFA0EBB092FA3" box="[189,331,1497,1523]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1972-09-06">6 Sep. 1972</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FEE1FA0EB8272FA4" box="[342,613,1497,1524]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.98</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FDC7FA0EBE1A2C46" collectingDate="1993-05-01" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="P. Humann" country="Ecuador" elevation="15" latitude="7.6666665" location="San Cristobal Island" longLatPrecision="550" longitude="-78.75" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="USNM 1017480" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Galapagos Islands" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73A3210FD32FA0EB8B22FA3" bold="true" box="[645,752,1497,1523]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73A3210FD32FA0EB8B22FA3" box="[645,752,1497,1523]" name="Ecuador" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FCBFFA0EB91B2FA3" box="[776,857,1497,1523]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(a piece of tegument);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FBD0FA0EBF022FA3" box="[1127,1344,1497,1523]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Galapagos Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FAFCFA0EBB3F2C46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FAFCFA0EBB3F2C46" country="Ecuador" latitude="7.6666665" longLatPrecision="550" longitude="-78.75" name="San Cristobal Island" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Galapagos Islands">San Cristobal Island</location>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FE61FA2BB8552C47" box="[470,535,1532,1559]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FE61FA2BB8552C47" box="[470,535,1532,1559]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FD91FA2BB8F92C46" box="[550,699,1532,1559]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1993-05-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FD91FA2BB8F92C46" box="[550,699,1532,1559]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1993-05-01">1 May 1993</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD7DFA2AB90E2C47" box="[714,844,1533,1559]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">P. Humann</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FC24FA2BBE1A2C46" box="[915,1112,1532,1558]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">USNM 1017480</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FBC2FA2BBF352C69" collectingDate="1938-01-21" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="RV Velero & Hancock Pacific" country="Ecuador" location="James Island" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="HOL-1921" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Galapagos Islands" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FBC2FA2BBE8B2C47" box="[1141,1225,1532,1559]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FAA7FA2BBF282C46" box="[1296,1386,1532,1559]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="57.0">57 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FF0AF9C8BBD42C69" box="[189,406,1567,1593]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Galapagos Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FE16F9F7B8782C69" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FE16F9F7B8782C69" box="[417,570,1567,1594]" country="Ecuador" name="James Island" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Galapagos Islands">James Island</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FDF2F9C8B89E2C69" box="[581,732,1567,1594]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1938-01-21">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FDF2F9C8B89E2C69" box="[581,732,1567,1594]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1938-01-21">21 Jan. 1938</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD50F9F7B91F2C69" box="[743,861,1567,1594]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
RV
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73A3210FCA4F9C8B9C22C69" box="[787,896,1567,1593]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Velero III</emphasis>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FC38F9C8BE0C2C69" box="[911,1102,1567,1593]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Hancock Pacific</collectorName>
|
||
exped.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FB07F9C8BEB22C69" box="[1200,1264,1567,1593]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FB41F9C8BF352C69" box="[1270,1399,1567,1593]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">HOL-1921</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FF67F994BB1C2CD0" collectingDate="1998-08-17" collectionCode="UF" collectorName="Hickman & Cleveland" country="Ecuador" elevation="15" location="Devil's Crown" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="UF 9112" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Galapagos Islands" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FF67F994BB672C0D" box="[208,293,1603,1629]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FE85F995B84E2C0C" box="[306,524,1602,1628]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Galapagos Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FDAFF995B88B2C0D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FDAFF995B88B2C0D" box="[536,713,1602,1629]" country="Ecuador" name="Devil's Crown" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Galapagos Islands">Devil’s Crown</location>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FCA9F995B91F2C0D" box="[798,861,1602,1629]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FCA9F995B91F2C0D" box="[798,861,1602,1629]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FCDDF994BE4C2C0D" box="[874,1038,1603,1629]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1998-08-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FCDDF994BE4C2C0D" box="[874,1038,1603,1629]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1998-08-17">17 Aug. 1998</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FBACF995BEC82C0C" box="[1051,1162,1602,1628]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Hickman</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FB22F995BF4E2C0C" box="[1173,1292,1602,1628]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Cleveland</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; 98- 502;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FF4FF9B1BB1C2CD0" box="[248,350,1638,1664]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">UF 9112</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FEC2F9B1BB672CF4" collectingDate="1998-08-17" collectionCode="UF" collectorName="Hickman & Cleveland" country="Ecuador" location="Champion" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="UF 9651" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Galapagos Islands" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FEC2F9B1BB8B2CD0" box="[373,457,1638,1664]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FE63F9B1B8EE2CD0" box="[468,684,1638,1664]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Galapagos Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FD00F9B1B9772CD0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FD00F9B1B9772CD0" box="[695,821,1638,1664]" country="Ecuador" name="Champion" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Galapagos Islands">Champion</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FCF7F9B1B9A22CD0" box="[832,992,1638,1664]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1998-08-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FCF7F9B1B9A22CD0" box="[832,992,1638,1664]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1998-08-17">17 Aug. 1998</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FC5CF9B1BE182CD0" box="[1003,1114,1638,1664]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Hickman</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FBD3F9B1BE992CD0" box="[1124,1243,1638,1664]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Cleveland</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; 98-503;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FF0AF95EBB672CF4" box="[189,293,1673,1700]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">UF 9651</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FE8AF95EB8952C96" collectingDate="1996-05-05" collectionCode="UF" collectorName="Hickman & Cleveland" country="Peru" elevation="21" location="Kicker Rock" municipality="San Cristobal" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="UF 9672" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Galapagos Islands" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FE8AF95EBBD02CF3" box="[317,402,1673,1699]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FE29F95EB8352CF3" box="[414,631,1673,1699]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Galapagos Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73A3210FD34F95EB9672CF3" box="[643,805,1673,1699]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">San Cristobal</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FC87F95EB98B2CF3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FC87F95EB98B2CF3" box="[816,969,1673,1699]" country="Peru" municipality="San Cristobal" name="Kicker Rock" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Galapagos Islands">Kicker Rock</location>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FBABF95EBE192CF3" box="[1052,1115,1673,1699]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="21.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FBABF95EBE192CF3" box="[1052,1115,1673,1699]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="21.0">21 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FBD0F95EBEBA2CF3" box="[1127,1272,1673,1700]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1996-05-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FBD0F95EBEBA2CF3" box="[1127,1272,1673,1700]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1996-05-05">5 May 1996</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FAB3F95EBF312CF3" box="[1284,1395,1673,1699]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Hickman</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FF0AF97BBB762C96" box="[189,308,1708,1734]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Cleveland</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; under rock; 96 19;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FDD2F97AB8912C96" box="[613,723,1708,1735]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">UF 9672</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FD56F97ABF4C2CBA" collectingDate="1999-06-10" collectionCode="UF" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" country="Peru" elevation="5" latitude="-6.9666667" location="Isla Lobos de Afuera" longLatPrecision="551" longitude="-80.75" municipality="San Cristobal" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.72" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Galapagos" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73A3210FD4EF97BB9772C96" bold="true" box="[761,821,1708,1734]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73A3210FD4EF97BB9772C96" box="[761,821,1708,1734]" name="Peru" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FCE3F97BB9ED2C97" box="[852,943,1708,1735]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FC09F97BBEFC2C96" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FC09F97BBEFC2C96" box="[958,1214,1708,1734]" country="Peru" latitude="-6.9666667" longLatPrecision="551" longitude="-80.75" municipality="San Cristobal" name="Isla Lobos de Afuera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Galapagos">Isla Lobos de Afuera</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FB7AF97BBF332C96" box="[1229,1393,1708,1734]" degrees="6.9666667" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-6.9666667">6.9666667° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FF0AF918BB722CBA" box="[189,304,1743,1770]" degrees="80.75" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="555" value="-80.75">80.75° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FE33F918BBF62CBA" box="[388,436,1743,1770]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="5.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FE33F918BBF62CBA" box="[388,436,1743,1770]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FE76F918B8192CB9" box="[449,603,1743,1770]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1999-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FE76F918B8192CB9" box="[449,603,1743,1770]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1999-06-10">10 Jun. 1999</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FDD0F907B9522CB9" box="[615,784,1743,1770]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FC48F918BF4C2CBA" box="[1023,1294,1743,1770]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.72</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73A326FFF0AF8C6BE6728F7" blockId="63.[189,1399,1808,2011]" lastBlockId="64.[187,1399,265,679]" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FF0AF8C6B95E2D1F" collectingDate="1940-03-21" collectingDateMax="1940-03-22" collectingDateMin="1940-03-21" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="E. F Ricketts & J Steinbeck" country="Mexico" location="GULF OF CALIFORNIA" municipality="La Paz" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="HOL-2115" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FF0AF8C6BBB12D7B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FF0AF8C6BBB12D7B" box="[189,499,1809,1835]" country="Mexico" municipality="La Paz" name="GULF OF CALIFORNIA" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">GULF OF CALIFORNIA</location>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73A3210FDA1F8C7B8332D7A" bold="true" box="[534,625,1808,1834]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73A3210FDA1F8C7B8332D7A" box="[534,625,1808,1834]" name="Mexico" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FD38F8C6B8A12D7B" box="[655,739,1809,1835]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FC9BF8C6B9D62D7B" box="[812,916,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="210.0">210 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73A3210FC1CF8C6BE432D7B" box="[939,1025,1809,1835]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">La Paz</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FBB8F8C6BED02D7B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FBB8F8C6BED02D7B" box="[1039,1170,1809,1835]" country="Mexico" municipality="La Paz" name="El Mogote" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">El Mogote</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FB17F8C6BF302D7B" box="[1184,1394,1809,1835]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1940-03-21" valueMax="1940-03-22" valueMin="1940-03-21">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FB17F8C6BF302D7B" box="[1184,1394,1809,1835]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1940-03-21" valueMax="1940-03-22" valueMin="1940-03-21">21–22 Mar. 1940</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FF0AF8E2BB0D2D1E" box="[189,335,1844,1871]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E.F Ricketts</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FE3DF8E2B8532D1E" box="[394,529,1844,1871]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">J Steinbeck</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B73A3210FDE3F8E3B8D62D1E" box="[596,660,1844,1870]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FD2BF8E3B95E2D1F" box="[668,796,1844,1871]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">HOL-2115</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FC81F8E3BF352D22" collectingDate="1979-02-15" collectorName="M. E. Caso." elevation="7" latitude="23.398056" location="Isla de Venados" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-106.47222" municipality="Mazatlan Bay" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.23" specimenCount="6" stateProvince="Sinaloa">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FC81F8E3B9D22D1F" box="[822,912,1844,1871]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">6 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FC2BF8E3B9B52D1E" box="[924,1015,1844,1870]" country="Mexico" name="Sinaloa" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Sinaloa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73A3210FBB3F8E3BEEB2D1F" box="[1028,1193,1844,1871]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Mazatlán Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FB01F8E3BF302D1E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FB01F8E3BF302D1E" box="[1206,1394,1844,1870]" latitude="23.398056" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-106.47222" municipality="Mazatlan Bay" name="Isla de Venados" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Sinaloa">Isla de Venados</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FF0AF880BB342D22" box="[189,374,1879,1906]" degrees="23.3980556" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="23.398056">23.3980556° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FE33F880B8132D22" box="[388,593,1879,1906]" degrees="106.4722222" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-106.47222">106.4722222° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FD1DF88FB89F2D22" box="[682,733,1880,1906]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="7.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FD1DF88FB89F2D22" box="[682,733,1880,1906]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FD5CF880B9CF2D21" box="[747,909,1879,1906]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1979-02-15">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FD5CF880B9CF2D21" box="[747,909,1879,1906]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1979-02-15">15 Feb. 1979</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FC2BF88FBE602D21" box="[924,1058,1879,1906]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">M.E. Caso.</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FBDFF880BF352D22" box="[1128,1399,1879,1906]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.23</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A3210FF6FF8ACBF352DE8" collectingDate="1996-08-15" collectorName="R. Murillo." county="La Paz Bay" elevation="20" latitude="24.385279" location="Salvierra" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.300835" municipality="Canal San Lazaro" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.56" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FF6FF8ACBB732DC5" box="[216,305,1915,1941]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FEF4F8ADB8772DC5" box="[323,565,1914,1941]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="9940DCEBB73A3210FDF0F8ACB89E2DC5" box="[583,732,1915,1941]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">La Paz Bay</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73A3210FD59F8ADB98C2DC5" box="[750,974,1914,1941]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Canal San Lázaro</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FC56F8ADBE092DC4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FC56F8ADBE092DC4" box="[993,1099,1914,1940]" county="La Paz Bay" latitude="24.385279" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.300835" municipality="Canal San Lazaro" name="Salvierra" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">Salvierra</location>
|
||
wreck;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FB01F8ADBF302DC5" box="[1206,1394,1914,1941]" degrees="24.3852778" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="24.385279">24.3852778° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FF0AF849BBCB2DE8" box="[189,393,1950,1976]" degrees="110.3008333" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-110.300835">110.3008333° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73A3210FE54F849B8662DE8" box="[483,548,1950,1976]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B73A3210FE54F849B8662DE8" box="[483,548,1950,1976]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B73A3210FD84F84AB8992DE7" box="[563,731,1949,1976]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1996-08-15">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB73A3210FD84F84AB8992DE7" box="[563,731,1949,1976]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1996-08-15">15 Aug. 1996</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B73A3210FD5EF849B9322DE8" box="[745,880,1950,1976]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">R. Murillo.</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB73A3210FBDFF849BF352DE8" box="[1128,1399,1949,1976]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ICML-UNAM 5.13.56</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB73A326FFF66F816BE792B74" collectingDate="1969-04-28" collectorName="G. Mendez" elevation="2" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" latitude="24.328403" location="Puerto Balandra" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.33442" municipality="La Paz Bay" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.57" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73A3210FF66F816BB652D8B" box="[209,295,1985,2011]" count="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73A3210FE82F816B85C2D8B" box="[309,542,1985,2011]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB73A3210FD9BF816B8FA2D8B" box="[556,696,1985,2011]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">La Paz Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB73A3210FD71F816B9CB2D8B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB73A3210FD71F816B9CB2D8B" box="[710,905,1985,2011]" latitude="24.328403" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.33442" municipality="La Paz Bay" name="Puerto Balandra" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">Puerto Balandra</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FC20F816BE0D2D8B" box="[919,1103,1985,2011]" degrees="24.3284028" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="24.328403">24.3284028° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B73A3210FBEBF816BF6A2D8B" box="[1116,1320,1985,2011]" degrees="110.3344222" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-110.33442">110.3344222° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFF0AFEDEBAB22B73" box="[189,240,265,291]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B745326FFF0AFEDEBAB22B73" box="[189,240,265,291]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B745326FFF48FEDEBBE22B73" box="[255,416,265,291]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1969-04-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB745326FFF48FEDEBBE22B73" box="[255,416,265,291]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1969-04-28">28 Apr. 1969</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B745326FFE19FEDEB8712B73" box="[430,563,265,291]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. Mendez</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB745326FFC9AFEDEBE792B74" box="[813,1083,265,292]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ICML-UNAM 5.13.57</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB745326FFBEDFEDEB8832B3A" collectingDate="1993-03-20" collectorName="C. Sanchez" elevation="6" latitude="24.585833" location="Los Islotes" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.38861" municipality="La Paz Bay" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.64" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB745326FFBEDFEDEBEF32B73" box="[1114,1201,265,291]" count="1" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B745326FFB77FEDEBAA52B16" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB745326FFF43FEFABB3D2B17" box="[244,383,301,327]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">La Paz Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB745326FFE3BFEFAB8532B16" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB745326FFE3BFEFAB8532B16" box="[396,529,300,327]" latitude="24.585833" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.38861" municipality="La Paz Bay" name="Los Islotes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">Los Islotes</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFDA9FEFBB8942B17" box="[542,726,300,327]" degrees="24.5858333" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="24.585833">24.5858333° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFD54FEFBB9E92B17" box="[739,939,300,327]" degrees="110.3886111" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="-110.38861">110.3886111° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFBB5FEFBBE712B17" box="[1026,1075,300,327]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="6.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B745326FFBB5FEFBBE712B17" box="[1026,1075,300,327]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B745326FFBF6FEFBBEA62B16" box="[1089,1252,300,327]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1993-03-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB745326FFBF6FEFBBEA62B16" box="[1089,1252,300,327]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1993-03-20">20 Mar. 1993</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B745326FFB46FEFBBF352B16" box="[1265,1399,300,326]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">C. Sánchez</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB745326FFE06FE98B8832B3A" box="[433,705,335,362]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ICML-UNAM 5.13.64</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB745326FFD56FE98B8C12BE1" collectingDate="1963-11-25" collectorName="M. Beltran" county="La Paz Bay" elevation="3" latitude="24.440517" location="San Gabriel Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.37444" municipality="Isla Espiritu Santo" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.67" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB745326FFD56FE98B97A2B3A" box="[737,824,335,362]" count="1" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B745326FFCFFFE98BE772B39" box="[840,1077,335,361]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="9940DCEBB745326FFBF2FE87BE962B3A" box="[1093,1236,336,362]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">La Paz Bay</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB745326FFB53FE98BB412BDD" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Isla Espíritu Santo</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB745326FFEA7FEA4BB9A2BDD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB745326FFEA7FEA4BB9A2BDD" box="[272,472,370,397]" county="La Paz Bay" latitude="24.440517" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.37444" municipality="Isla Espiritu Santo" name="San Gabriel Bay" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">San Gabriel Bay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFE53FEA5B8DE2BDD" box="[484,668,370,397]" degrees="24.4405167" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="24.440517">24.4405167° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFD1EFEA5B9312BDD" box="[681,883,370,397]" degrees="110.3744416" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="-110.37444">110.3744416° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFC7DFEA4B9B92BDD" box="[970,1019,371,397]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="3.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B745326FFC7DFEA4B9B92BDD" box="[970,1019,371,397]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B745326FFBBEFEA5BEEF2BDC" box="[1033,1197,370,397]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1963-11-25">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB745326FFBBEFEA5BEEF2BDC" box="[1033,1197,370,397]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1963-11-25">25 Nov. 1963</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B745326FFB0DFEA4BF782BDC" box="[1210,1338,370,397]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">M. Beltrán</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB745326FFEC4FE41B8C12BE1" box="[371,643,406,433]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ICML-UNAM 5.13.67</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB745326FFD13FE41BB3B2BA7" collectingDate="1969-04-29" collectorName="M. E. Caso" elevation="3" latitude="24.328333" location="Puerto Balandra" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.33417" municipality="La Paz Bay" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.81" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB745326FFD13FE41B9432BE0" box="[676,769,406,432]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B745326FFCA7FE41B9BC2BE0" box="[784,1022,406,432]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB745326FFBB9FE41BEDC2BE0" box="[1038,1182,406,432]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">La Paz Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB745326FFB19FE41BF362BE0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB745326FFB19FE41BF362BE0" box="[1198,1396,406,432]" latitude="24.328333" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-110.33417" municipality="La Paz Bay" name="Puerto Balandra" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">Puerto Balandra</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFF0AFE6EBB352B83" box="[189,375,441,467]" degrees="24.3283333" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="24.328333">24.3283333° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFE31FE6EB8162B83" box="[390,596,441,467]" degrees="110.3341666" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="-110.33417">110.3341666° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFD18FE6EB8A12B83" box="[687,739,441,467]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="3.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B745326FFD18FE6EB8A12B83" box="[687,739,441,467]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B745326FFD44FE6EB9D42B83" box="[755,918,441,467]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1969-04-29">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB745326FFD44FE6EB9D42B83" box="[755,918,441,467]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1969-04-29">29 Apr. 1969</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B745326FFC11FE6EBE642B83" box="[934,1062,441,467]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">M.E. Caso</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB745326FFA94FE6EBB3B2BA7" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ICML-UNAM 5.13.81</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB745326FFE2EFE0BB90D284A" collectingDate="1998-11-17" collectorName="L. Carballo" latitude="23.230278" location="Isla de Lobos" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-106.461945" municipality="Mazatlan Bay" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.122" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sinaloa">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB745326FFE2EFE0BBBB02BA7" box="[409,498,476,503]" count="1" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B745326FFDB6FE0BB81E2BA6" box="[513,604,476,502]" country="Mexico" name="Sinaloa" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Sinaloa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB745326FFDDCFE0BB9512BA7" box="[619,787,476,503]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Mazatlán Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB745326FFC94FE0BB9892BA6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB745326FFC94FE0BB9892BA6" box="[803,971,476,502]" latitude="23.230278" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-106.461945" municipality="Mazatlan Bay" name="Isla de Lobos" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" stateProvince="Sinaloa">Isla de Lobos</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFC6CFE0BBED62BA7" box="[987,1172,476,503]" degrees="23.2302778" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="23.230278">23.2302778° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFB13FE0BBF302BA7" box="[1188,1394,476,503]" degrees="106.4619444" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="-106.461945">106.4619444° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B745326FFF0AFE28BB1D2849" box="[189,351,511,538]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1998-11-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB745326FFF0AFE28BB1D2849" box="[189,351,511,538]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1998-11-17">17 Nov. 1998</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B745326FFEDBFDD7BBB32849" box="[364,497,511,538]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">L. Carballo</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB745326FFD83FE28B90D284A" box="[564,847,511,538]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ICML-UNAM 5.13.122</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB745326FFCDFFE28BE6F286D" collectingDate="2010-01-16" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" latitude="27.01568" location="San Carlos" longLatPrecision="4" longitude="-111.0915" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.129" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sonora">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB745326FFCDFFE28B9FF284A" box="[872,957,511,538]" count="1" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B745326FFC7DFE28BE622849" box="[970,1056,511,537]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Sonora</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB745326FFB9BFE28BEED2849" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB745326FFB9BFE28BEED2849" box="[1068,1199,511,537]" latitude="27.01568" longLatPrecision="4" longitude="-111.0915" name="San Carlos" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" stateProvince="Sonora">San Carlos</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFB0CFE28BF30284A" box="[1211,1394,511,538]" degrees="27.0156806" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="27.01568">27.0156806° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFF0AFDF5BB1F286D" box="[189,349,546,573]" degrees="111.0915" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="5" value="-111.0915">111.0915° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B745326FFEDBFDF5B849286D" box="[364,523,546,573]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="2010-01-16">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB745326FFEDBFDF5B849286D" box="[364,523,546,573]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="2010-01-16">16 Jan. 2010</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B745326FFDADFDF4B884286C" box="[538,710,546,573]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB745326FFCB8FDF4BE6F286D" box="[783,1069,546,573]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ICML-UNAM 5.13.129</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB745326FFBFBFDF4BF342831" collectingDate="1998-05" collectorName="D. Gonzalez" latitude="29.775" location="Bahia de Calamajue" longLatPrecision="55" longitude="-114.23333" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.116" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Baja California">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB745326FFBFBFDF4BEEB286D" box="[1100,1193,547,573]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B745326FFB0FFDF5BF30286C" box="[1208,1394,546,572]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB745326FFF0AFD91BBE82830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB745326FFF0AFD91BBE82830" box="[189,426,582,608]" latitude="29.775" longLatPrecision="55" longitude="-114.23333" name="Bahia de Calamajue" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" stateProvince="Baja California">Bahía de Calamajue</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFE03FD91B86C2830" box="[436,558,582,609]" degrees="29.775" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="55" value="29.775">29.775° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFD8FFD91B9422830" box="[568,768,582,608]" degrees="114.2333333" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="-114.23333">114.2333333° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B745326FFCBCFD91B9C62830" box="[779,900,582,608]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1998-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB745326FFCBCFD91B9C62830" box="[779,900,582,608]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1998-05">May 1998</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B745326FFC38FD91BE622830" box="[911,1056,582,608]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">D. Gonzalez</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB745326FFBE9FD91BF342831" box="[1118,1398,582,609]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ICML-UNAM 5.13.116</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB745326FFF7BFDBEBE6328F7" collectingDate="2008-08-24" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" elevation="25" latitude="25.514833" location="South of Isla Santa Catalina" longLatPrecision="50" longitude="-110.778" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.13.125" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB745326FFF7BFDBEBB6328D3" box="[204,289,617,643]" count="1" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B745326FFE9CFDBEB84C28D3" box="[299,526,617,643]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB745326FFDAEFDBEB91D28D3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B73B3268FDF4FEDFBE482CE1:7541F2BCB745326FFDAEFDBEB91D28D3" box="[537,863,617,643]" latitude="25.514833" longLatPrecision="50" longitude="-110.778" name="South of Isla Santa Catalina" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">South of Isla Santa Catalina</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFCDEFDBEBE5C28D3" box="[873,1054,617,644]" degrees="25.5148333" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="25.514833">25.5148333° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B745326FFB9EFDBEBEF428D3" box="[1065,1206,617,643]" degrees="110.778" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="55" value="-110.778">110.778° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFABFFDBEBF3328D3" box="[1288,1393,617,643]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B745326FFABFFDBEBF3328D3" box="[1288,1393,617,643]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B745326FFF0AFD5BBB1D28F6" box="[189,351,652,678]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="2008-08-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB745326FFF0AFD5BBB1D28F6" box="[189,351,652,678]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="2008-08-24">24 Aug. 2008</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B745326FFEDCFD5AB85628F6" box="[363,532,652,679]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB745326FFCB4FD5BBE6328F7" box="[771,1057,652,679]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ICML-UNAM 5.13.125</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB745326BFF0AFD1ABE692B15" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B745326FFF0AFD1ABB0C28B7" blockId="64.[189,334,717,743]" box="[189,334,717,743]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB745326FFF0AFD1ABB0C28B7" bold="true" box="[189,334,717,743]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B745326FFF0AFD1ABB0C28B7" bold="true" box="[189,334,717,743]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B745326FFF0AFD2AB8922EED" blockId="64.[188,1399,764,1213]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB745326FFF0AFD2ABB722945" baselines="784,784" box="[189,304,765,791]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="External" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">EXTERNAL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB745326FFE80FCD5BBFD2945" baselines="784" box="[311,447,770,789]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="appearance" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">APPEARANCE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Medium to large size species up to
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFCDCFD2BB98E2947" box="[875,972,764,791]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="280.0">280 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B745326FFC6CFD2BBEB22946" author="Solis-Marin F. A. & Arriaga-Ochoa J. A. & Laguarda-Figueras A. & Frontana-Uribe S. C. & Duran-Gonzalez A." box="[987,1264,764,790]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref62578" refString="Solis-Marin F. A., Arriaga-Ochoa J. A., Laguarda-Figueras A., Frontana-Uribe S. C. & Duran-Gonzalez A. 2009. Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Golfo de California. Jimenez Editores e Impresores, Distrito Federal, Mexico." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Solís-Marín
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B745326FFBC7FD2ABEE82946" box="[1136,1194,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), preserved specimens examined
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFE0AFCC8B80C296A" box="[445,590,799,826]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="135.0" valueMax="230.0" valueMin="40.0">40–230 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (n = 19). Body loaf-like, length/width ratio 3.0 ±0.9 (n = 19, 1.6–5.8). Living specimens convex in cross section, some specimens somewhat quadrangular, rounded in both anterior and posterior parts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFDDBFCB1B88629D0" box="[620,708,870,896]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1611,1637]" captionTargetBox="[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-15@70.[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Fig. 21. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, D–E-bottom, F-top, G–H. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Taboguilla, Panama (Ta210) (A), Perlas Islands, Panama (B), North Chocó, Colombia (C, D–E-bottom dorsal and ventral view, F-top, G–H). D–E-top, I, K–L. Specimens with “Chocolate brown and reddish” pattern from North Choco, Colombia (I, D–E-top-dorsal and ventral view, K-small specimen completely red), and Perlas Islands, Panamá (L, small specimen completely red). J. Specimen with “Chocolate brown and stains” pattern from Mexico. F-bottom. Specimen with “Chocolate brown uniform” pattern from North Chocó, Colombia. M. Preserved juvenile from North Choco, Colombia (original coloration not recorded). N. Juvenile from Mexico, “chocolate brown uniform with yellow papillae” pattern. Photos: F–I by L. Chasqui; L by A. Calderón; J, N by C. Sánchez; A–E, K, M by G. Borrero. Scale bars: B, M = 10 mm; D–E = 30 mm; C, K, N = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710685/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body wall firm and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFC7DFCB1BE6F29D0" box="[970,1069,870,896]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">2–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick (MCZ HOL-743, L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFF0AFC5EBB6529F3" box="[189,295,905,931]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="220.0">220 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Anus supra-terminal, circular and surrounded by large papillae. Mouth directed ventrally, encircled by a collar of large papillae and 20 peltate tentacles; tentacles
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFC4FFC7BBE372997" box="[1016,1141,940,967]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, shield
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFABFFC7BBF352997" box="[1288,1399,940,967]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide with deep
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFECBFC18BBA229BA" box="[380,480,975,1002]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
indentions (MCZ HOL-
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFCBFFC18B9E829B9" box="[776,938,975,1001]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4322" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="743220.0">743, 220 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Dorsal papillae large, not variable in shape, wart-like, even in small specimens (INV EQU4229, L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFC1FFC24B9BC2E5D" box="[936,1022,1011,1037]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFBBEFC24BE0F2E5D" box="[1033,1101,1011,1037]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
high and 2.5 wide; MCZ HOL-743, L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFEC1FBC1BB9F2E60" box="[374,477,1046,1072]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="220.0">220 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFE5DFBC1B80C2E60" box="[490,590,1046,1072]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
high and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFD7DFBC1B96C2E60" box="[714,814,1046,1073]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide), irregularly arranged, fewer on the dorso-lateral side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFEE3FBEEBB8A2E03" box="[340,456,1081,1107]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[189,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs 19A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFE6FFBEEBBBB2E03" box="[472,505,1081,1107]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1611,1637]" captionTargetBox="[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-15@70.[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Fig. 21. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, D–E-bottom, F-top, G–H. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Taboguilla, Panama (Ta210) (A), Perlas Islands, Panama (B), North Chocó, Colombia (C, D–E-bottom dorsal and ventral view, F-top, G–H). D–E-top, I, K–L. Specimens with “Chocolate brown and reddish” pattern from North Choco, Colombia (I, D–E-top-dorsal and ventral view, K-small specimen completely red), and Perlas Islands, Panamá (L, small specimen completely red). J. Specimen with “Chocolate brown and stains” pattern from Mexico. F-bottom. Specimen with “Chocolate brown uniform” pattern from North Chocó, Colombia. M. Preserved juvenile from North Choco, Colombia (original coloration not recorded). N. Juvenile from Mexico, “chocolate brown uniform with yellow papillae” pattern. Photos: F–I by L. Chasqui; L by A. Calderón; J, N by C. Sánchez; A–E, K, M by G. Borrero. Scale bars: B, M = 10 mm; D–E = 30 mm; C, K, N = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710685/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">21</figureCitation>
|
||
). Lateral row papillae large and rounded, sharply defining the dorsal and ventral surface in both juveniles and adults, in living or preserved specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFBE7FB8BBE832E26" box="[1104,1217,1116,1142]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[189,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs 19A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFB7AFB8BBEAC2E26" box="[1229,1262,1116,1142]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1611,1637]" captionTargetBox="[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-15@70.[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Fig. 21. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, D–E-bottom, F-top, G–H. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Taboguilla, Panama (Ta210) (A), Perlas Islands, Panama (B), North Chocó, Colombia (C, D–E-bottom dorsal and ventral view, F-top, G–H). D–E-top, I, K–L. Specimens with “Chocolate brown and reddish” pattern from North Choco, Colombia (I, D–E-top-dorsal and ventral view, K-small specimen completely red), and Perlas Islands, Panamá (L, small specimen completely red). J. Specimen with “Chocolate brown and stains” pattern from Mexico. F-bottom. Specimen with “Chocolate brown uniform” pattern from North Chocó, Colombia. M. Preserved juvenile from North Choco, Colombia (original coloration not recorded). N. Juvenile from Mexico, “chocolate brown uniform with yellow papillae” pattern. Photos: F–I by L. Chasqui; L by A. Calderón; J, N by C. Sánchez; A–E, K, M by G. Borrero. Scale bars: B, M = 10 mm; D–E = 30 mm; C, K, N = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710685/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">21</figureCitation>
|
||
). Preserved specimens usually with prominent papillae. Ventral surface densely covered with cylindrical pedicels, arranged in three longitudinal rows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFDDCFB75B8812EED" box="[619,707,1186,1213]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1611,1637]" captionTargetBox="[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-15@70.[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Fig. 21. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, D–E-bottom, F-top, G–H. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Taboguilla, Panama (Ta210) (A), Perlas Islands, Panama (B), North Chocó, Colombia (C, D–E-bottom dorsal and ventral view, F-top, G–H). D–E-top, I, K–L. Specimens with “Chocolate brown and reddish” pattern from North Choco, Colombia (I, D–E-top-dorsal and ventral view, K-small specimen completely red), and Perlas Islands, Panamá (L, small specimen completely red). J. Specimen with “Chocolate brown and stains” pattern from Mexico. F-bottom. Specimen with “Chocolate brown uniform” pattern from North Chocó, Colombia. M. Preserved juvenile from North Choco, Colombia (original coloration not recorded). N. Juvenile from Mexico, “chocolate brown uniform with yellow papillae” pattern. Photos: F–I by L. Chasqui; L by A. Calderón; J, N by C. Sánchez; A–E, K, M by G. Borrero. Scale bars: B, M = 10 mm; D–E = 30 mm; C, K, N = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710685/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B745326FFF0AFB33B8852CBB" blockId="64.[187,1399,1252,1771]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB745326FFF0AFB33BB4B2EAD" baselines="1271,1272" box="[189,265,1252,1278]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Color" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">COLOR</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB745326FFEA5FB3DBB7D2EAD" baselines="1272" box="[274,319,1258,1277]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">AND</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB745326FFEFFFB3DBBC12EAD" baselines="1272" box="[328,387,1258,1277]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="body" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">BODY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB745326FFE3BFB3DBB872EAD" baselines="1272" box="[396,453,1258,1277]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="wall" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">WALL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB745326FFE78FB3DB8152EAD" baselines="1272" box="[463,599,1258,1277]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="appearance" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">APPEARANCE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Body wall smooth and opaque, nor translucent, nor rugose in live and preserved specimens more than
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFDD2FAD0B8872F72" box="[613,709,1287,1314]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFCB9FAD0B9142F71" box="[782,854,1287,1313]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, 21). Color highly variable, four main patterns recognized (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFEFBFAFDBBD42F14" box="[332,406,1322,1348]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, 21): (1) Chocolate brown uniform pattern (BU) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFC6CFAFDBE5D2F14" box="[987,1055,1322,1348]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
J’): uniform chocolate brown and yellow papillae. (2) Chocolate brown and stains pattern (BS) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFC01FA9AB9BA2F38" box="[950,1016,1357,1384]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
I’): chocolate brown background with clearer stains and yellow papillae. (3) Chocolate brown and reddish pattern (BR) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFB4EFAA6BF032FDB" box="[1273,1345,1393,1419]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
K’): chocolate brown in the dorsal side that gradually changes to reddish in the lateral and ventral sides; some small specimens reddish in the entire body. (4) Reticulated pattern (R) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFBA9FA60BE202F81" box="[1054,1122,1463,1489]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
L’–O’): beige or white background with a reticulum of darker green or brown, which may also appear as small white or beige spots on a darker green or chocolate brown background. Some small specimens of this color. Large, rounded, and yellowish papillae are common in the four-color patterns. Larger specimens preserved in alcohol retain these color patterns. Dorsal papillae in the preserved specimens brown-yellowish and conspicuous. These characteristic dorsal papillae also present in Selenka’s specimens, mostly in the posterior part of the body (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFE58F95DB81E2CF4" box="[495,604,1674,1700]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[189,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Small juveniles with semi translucent body wall; color in preserved juvenile (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFE9CF979BBC32C98" box="[299,385,1710,1736]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) uniform beige (INV EQU4229,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFCF8F97AB9802C98" box="[847,962,1709,1736]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1611,1637]" captionTargetBox="[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-15@70.[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Fig. 21. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, D–E-bottom, F-top, G–H. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Taboguilla, Panama (Ta210) (A), Perlas Islands, Panama (B), North Chocó, Colombia (C, D–E-bottom dorsal and ventral view, F-top, G–H). D–E-top, I, K–L. Specimens with “Chocolate brown and reddish” pattern from North Choco, Colombia (I, D–E-top-dorsal and ventral view, K-small specimen completely red), and Perlas Islands, Panamá (L, small specimen completely red). J. Specimen with “Chocolate brown and stains” pattern from Mexico. F-bottom. Specimen with “Chocolate brown uniform” pattern from North Chocó, Colombia. M. Preserved juvenile from North Choco, Colombia (original coloration not recorded). N. Juvenile from Mexico, “chocolate brown uniform with yellow papillae” pattern. Photos: F–I by L. Chasqui; L by A. Calderón; J, N by C. Sánchez; A–E, K, M by G. Borrero. Scale bars: B, M = 10 mm; D–E = 30 mm; C, K, N = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710685/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 21M</figureCitation>
|
||
), the same as that of adults in a live juvenile specimen (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFE14F906BBB52CBB" box="[419,503,1745,1771]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFDFBF906B8FB2CBB" box="[588,697,1745,1771]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1611,1637]" captionTargetBox="[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-15@70.[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Fig. 21. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, D–E-bottom, F-top, G–H. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Taboguilla, Panama (Ta210) (A), Perlas Islands, Panama (B), North Chocó, Colombia (C, D–E-bottom dorsal and ventral view, F-top, G–H). D–E-top, I, K–L. Specimens with “Chocolate brown and reddish” pattern from North Choco, Colombia (I, D–E-top-dorsal and ventral view, K-small specimen completely red), and Perlas Islands, Panamá (L, small specimen completely red). J. Specimen with “Chocolate brown and stains” pattern from Mexico. F-bottom. Specimen with “Chocolate brown uniform” pattern from North Chocó, Colombia. M. Preserved juvenile from North Choco, Colombia (original coloration not recorded). N. Juvenile from Mexico, “chocolate brown uniform with yellow papillae” pattern. Photos: F–I by L. Chasqui; L by A. Calderón; J, N by C. Sánchez; A–E, K, M by G. Borrero. Scale bars: B, M = 10 mm; D–E = 30 mm; C, K, N = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710685/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 21N</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B745326EFF0AF8C4B8722BE0" blockId="64.[189,1400,1810,2013]" lastBlockId="65.[189,1399,265,432]" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB745326FFF0AF8C4BB6A2D7B" baselines="1830,1830" box="[189,296,1811,1837]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Internal" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">INTERNAL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB745326FFE84F8CFBBD82D7B" baselines="1830" box="[307,410,1816,1835]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="anatomy" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ANATOMY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(based on MCZ HOL-743, L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFC9AF8C5B9D12D7D" box="[813,915,1810,1837]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="220.0">220 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Calcareous ring stout, radial elements roughly quadrangular (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFE79F8E2B8562D00" box="[462,532,1845,1872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFD26F8E1B8952D00" box="[657,727,1846,1872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long), with four anterior small lobes and short posterior projections in the dorsal radial plates; three ventral radial plates with shorter posterior projections; interradial elements almost as wide as radial elements and half as short (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFB93F8ABBE292DC6" box="[1060,1131,1916,1942]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFB5DF8ABBF722DC6" box="[1258,1328,1916,1942]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) pointed anteriorly and concave posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B745326FFD77F848B95F2DE9" box="[704,797,1951,1977]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[239,1387,770,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-34@23.[189,1398,759,1770]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (A–B showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710647/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Stone canal irregularly helical, about
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFB5EF848BF792DEA" box="[1257,1339,1951,1978]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
long including the madreporite of
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B745326FFDA8F815B82B2D8D" box="[543,617,1986,2013]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, attached to the mesentery, partially calcified, and pointed at the end. Tentacle ampullae about
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B744326EFDABFEDEB8D92B73" box="[540,667,265,291]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="24.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="18.0">18–30 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B744326EFCA6FEDEB9E22B73" box="[785,928,265,292]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2 to 2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. One Polian vesicle, about
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B744326EFA93FEDEBF352B73" box="[1316,1399,265,292]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B744326EFEAAFEFBBB222B17" box="[285,352,300,327]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Gonads in two tufts, one on either side of dorsal mesentery, branched in cylindrical tubes, filled with eggs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B744326EFE61FE98B8072B39" box="[470,581,335,361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Longitudinal muscles
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B744326EFCD2FE98B98A2B3A" box="[869,968,335,362]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, divided and attached to body wall. Respiratory trees inserted near the anterior part of cloaca, a common stem present, divided in a right tree and a left shorter one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B744326EFF0AFE00BE762844" blockId="65.[188,1398,471,533]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB744326EFF0AFE00BB612BA0" baselines="490,491" box="[189,291,471,497]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Ossicles" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">OSSICLES</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(based on MCZ HOL-743, MBMLP-IfTa212, INV EQU4229, INV EQU4324, INV EQU4323 and USNM 1682794 (SEM images,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B744326EFDDCFE2DB8832845" box="[619,705,506,533]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[189,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
), specimens
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B744326EFCEEFE2CB9A42845" box="[857,998,507,533]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="130.0" valueMax="220.0" valueMin="40.0">40–220 mm</quantity>
|
||
long).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B744326DFF0AFDEBB9D62BA6" blockId="65.[187,1401,572,915]" lastBlockId="66.[188,1399,265,503]" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Dorsal papillae with tables, thin C-shaped rods, perforated plates, and large, curved rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B744326EFB0CFDEBBF6B2806" box="[1211,1321,572,598]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Figs 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B744326EFA84FDEBBF282806" box="[1331,1386,572,598]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">20A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Perforated plates not found in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B744326EFDF8FD88B8E1282A" box="[591,675,607,634]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen, only in specimens longer than
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B744326EFB22FD88BEBB282A" box="[1173,1273,607,634]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="115.0">115 mm</quantity>
|
||
. C-shaped deposits, few and rarely S-shaped, ranging from 46 to 109 (x = 71) µm long; usually at the papilla tip, sometimes at the papilla base, abundant or scarce even in different samples of tegument of the same specimen. No clear pattern in the C-shaped rod length in relation to body length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B744326EFB3EFD1EBEAB28B3" box="[1161,1257,713,739]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Numerous table ossicles 34–65 (x = 50) μm high and 42–95 (x = 63) µm across the disc. Spires composed of four pillars usually parallel, ending in triplets of blunt spines forming a wide crown and one crossbeam connecting adjacent pillars; in
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B744326EFD86FCE5B8C5291D" box="[561,647,818,845]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
long specimen a crown of many minute spines. Disc margins smooth and wide; discs with one rounded central perforation and 8 to 12 peripheral holes, usually arranged in one simple ring. Tables near the top of the papillae taller and larger, with several extra perforations arranged in more than one ring, and more square than those from the body wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFB4BFEDEBF282B73" box="[1276,1386,265,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Changes of tables in size and shape during growth are not pronounced; lower tables in
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B747326DFB18FEFBBF432B17" box="[1199,1281,300,327]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen (34–46 μm high; x = 41) than in larger specimens (41–65 μm high, x = 50) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFBF6FE98BEE02B39" box="[1089,1186,335,361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Figs 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFB18FE98BEA72B39" box="[1199,1253,335,361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">10D</figureCitation>
|
||
); disc tables in smaller and larger specimens less wide than in those of middle size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFBBDFEA5BE282BDD" box="[1034,1130,370,397]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Figs 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFBCFFEA4BEED2BDD" box="[1144,1199,371,397]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">10D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Few perforated plates, located at the papilla tip, with few large perforations, larger in the center of the plate; plates 103–151 µm across; slightly or strongly curved rods 192–329 µm long, with quadrangular projections, sometimes perforated in the central part of the rod (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFCADFE0BB9C52BA6" box="[794,903,476,502]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB744326EFF0AF8B3BE162DB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" startId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" targetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" targetPageId="65">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B744326EFF0AF8B3BE162DB9" blockId="65.[189,1399,1892,2025]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B744326EFF0AF8B3BB5F2D2F" bold="true" box="[189,285,1892,1919]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 19.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B744326EFDFBF8B2B9B52DD0" authority="(Ludwig, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[588,1015,1893,1920]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B744326EFDFBF8B2B9702D2F" box="[588,818,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B744326EFCF2F8B2B9AD2DD0" author="Ludwig H." box="[837,1007,1893,1920]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="77 - 118" refId="ref59641" refString="Ludwig H. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Wurzburg 2: 77 - 118. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34381203 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1875">Ludwig, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B744326EFE76F85EB9642DF2" authority="(Selenka, 1867)" authorityName="Chips (CH" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[449,806,1928,1954]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B744326EFE76F85EB81C2DF2" box="[449,606,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B744326EFDC6F85FB95C2DF2" author="Selenka E." box="[625,798,1928,1954]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="291 - 374" refId="ref62331" refString="Selenka E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 17 (2): 291 - 374. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45007590 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B744326EFAB6F85FBF542DF2" bold="true" box="[1281,1302,1928,1954]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal view of three specimens.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B744326EFE5BF87CBBBD2D95" bold="true" box="[492,511,1963,1989]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Ossicles from dorsal papillae.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B744326EFCC1F87CB9C82D95" bold="true" box="[886,906,1963,1989]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B747326DFF0AFDC9B8C728F1" blockId="66.[188,1399,542,674]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Dorsal body wall with tables and few C-shaped rods, rarely S-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFC44FDC9BE212868" box="[1011,1123,542,568]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Figs 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFBD9FDC9BEE72868" box="[1134,1189,542,568]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">20A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar in shape to tables at the papillae but narrower and smaller 33–69 (x = 47) μm high and 37–71 (x = 52) µm across the disc, with regular discs with one ring of 8–10 holes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFCE4FDB3B983282E" box="[851,961,612,638]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
); few C-shaped rods 47–60 µm long, present only in some of the specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B747326DFF0AFD1EBBE8298A" blockId="66.[188,1401,713,986]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Pedicels with tables, C-shaped rods, perforated plates, large and curved rods, and end plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFB49FD1EBF2828B3" box="[1278,1386,713,739]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 20B</figureCitation>
|
||
). C-shaped ossicles 57–86 µm long in some specimens. Numerous table ossicles 27–45 (x = 38) μm high and 46–76 (x = 56) µm across the disc; shape of the tables similar to those from the dorsal papillae and body wall, but with the central perforation usually bigger and not rounded in some tables, 10–13 peripheral holes in a simple ring, and usually no extra perforations. Numerous elongated perforated plates, with many perforations larger and elongated in the center of the plate; plates 207–383 µm long; slightly or strongly curved rods 285–483 µm long, usually with perforated central expansions; end plates 674–678 µm across.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B747326DFF0AFBD7B9D42E4A" blockId="66.[189,918,1024,1050]" box="[189,918,1024,1050]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Ventral body wall with only tables and few C-shaped ossicles.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B747326DFF0AFB95BEC92E95" blockId="66.[188,1398,1090,1222]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Tentacles with rods and tables (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFD99FB95B8D92E0C" box="[558,667,1090,1116]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 20C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Table ossicles 38–61 μm across disc; spire low, composed of four pillars which can be incomplete, without crossbeams connecting adjacent pillars; discs with a large and not rounded central perforation with various peripheral holes (5 to 12) arranged in one ring; margins usually spinous. Numerous strongly or slightly curved spiny rods 91–654 µm long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B747326DFF0AFB3AB8852FE7" blockId="66.[189,1399,1261,1463]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Mouth membrane with C-shaped rods, simple rods, and tables in some specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFB30FB3ABEB12F57" box="[1159,1267,1261,1287]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
). C-shaped ossicles 42–79 µm long; rods 73–124 µm long; some large tables 123 µm high and 164–230 µm across the disc, with well-developed spire, composed of several pillars joined at the top, forming a very dense crown of spines, without distinguishable crossbeams connecting adjacent pillars; spire usually flat. Table discs with many peripheral perforations, arranged in several rings with spinous and thin margins, sometimes reduced, same width as the spire.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B747326BFF0AFA0ABE692B15" blockId="66.[186,1401,1501,2006]" lastBlockId="68.[188,1398,265,326]" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Longitudinal muscles with only C-shaped ossicles 40 to 67 µm long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFC4EFA0ABE2A2FA7" box="[1017,1128,1501,1527]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 20D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior cloaca with C-shaped ossicles, 49–77 µm long and rods 87–191 µm long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFC22FA28BE422C4A" box="[917,1024,1535,1562]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior cloaca with C-shaped ossicles 57 µm long; simple or bifurcated rods 135–234 µm long; large tables and irregular plate-like branched rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFEC2F993BBA22C0E" box="[373,480,1604,1630]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 20E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Large tables with a well-developed spire, composed of several joined pillars; discs smooth but with spiny margins, with several central perforations and 26 to 65 or more small peripheral holes, arranged in several rings (table disc diameter 122–184 µm, spire width 26–65 µm) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFB4EF95FBF242CF2" box="[1273,1382,1672,1698]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Large tables with a circular well-developed spire, composed of 5 to 9 pillars, not joining at the top, with at least one crossbeam connecting adjacent pillars at the top; lateral edges of the pillars usually with pointed projections; discs and margins very spiny, discs having several central elongated perforations and 5 to 48 or more large peripheral holes, arranged in several rings (discs 90–99 µm high, 121–209 µm across disc, 59–105 µm spire width) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFE58F8E4B8222D1D" box="[495,608,1843,1869]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Figs 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFDD9F8E4B8E32D1D" box="[622,673,1843,1869]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[189,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">19C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFD07F8E4B8A32D1D" box="[688,737,1843,1869]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">20F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Perforated plates symmetrically radial similar to table discs, without spire, 109–234 µm long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFD21F882B9402D3F" box="[662,770,1877,1903]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Respiratory trees with small tables 55 µm high and 60 µm across the disc similar to those in the body wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B747326DFC8AF8A0B9EA2DC1" box="[829,936,1911,1937]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 20G</figureCitation>
|
||
), and with some tables like those having circular spires from the anterior cloaca, 104–107 µm across the disc and 67–72 µm spire width. Intestine with spinose or smooth deposits in a cross shape 62–148 µm long, sometimes with bifurcated ends, and some C-shaped ossicles 41–99 µm long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B741326BFD21FEDEB9402B73" box="[662,770,265,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 20H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gonads with delicate and long rods 300–405 µm and some small tables 51–57 µm high and 54–60 µm across the disc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B741326BFC04FEFCBE5F2B15" box="[947,1053,299,325]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB746326CFF0AF92CB91F2DB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" startId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" targetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" targetPageId="67">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B746326CFF0AF92CB91F2DB9" blockId="67.[188,1399,1787,2025]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B746326CFF0AF92CBB582D45" bold="true" box="[189,282,1787,1813]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 20.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B746326CFE97F92CB8FD2D46" authority="(Ludwig, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[288,703,1787,1814]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B746326CFE97F92CB8402D45" box="[288,514,1787,1813]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B746326CFDA7F92CB8F52D46" author="Ludwig H." box="[528,695,1787,1814]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="77 - 118" refId="ref59641" refString="Ludwig H. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Wurzburg 2: 77 - 118. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34381203 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1875">Ludwig, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B746326CFF0BF8C9BA932D68" bold="true" box="[188,209,1822,1848]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B746326CFE9DF895BB7C2D0C" bold="true" box="[298,318,1858,1884]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B746326CFD33F8B3B8DA2D2E" bold="true" box="[644,664,1892,1918]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Rods and tables from tentacles.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B746326CFB90F8B2BE792D2F" bold="true" box="[1063,1083,1893,1919]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B746326CFE71F85FBB982DF2" bold="true" box="[454,474,1928,1954]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B746326CFC33F85FB9D42DF2" bold="true" box="[900,918,1928,1954]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B746326CFDF4F87CB8182D95" bold="true" box="[579,602,1963,1989]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Tables from respiratory trees.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B746326CFC7DF87CB9A32D95" bold="true" box="[970,993,1963,1989]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">H</emphasis>
|
||
. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB741326BFF0AFEBCB89929C1" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B741326BFF0AFEBCBB142BD5" blockId="68.[189,342,363,389]" box="[189,342,363,389]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB741326BFF0AFEBCBB142BD5" bold="true" box="[189,342,363,389]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFF0AFEBCBB142BD5" bold="true" box="[189,342,363,389]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B741326BFF0AFE4EB89929C1" blockId="68.[188,1399,409,914]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
Eastern Tropical Pacific from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B741326BFDADFE4EB8932BE3" box="[538,721,409,435]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFD6BFE4EB97B2BE3" box="[732,825,409,435]" name="Mexico" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFCD6FE4EB9D82BE3" box="[865,922,409,435]" name="Peru" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the Gulf of California, islands and rocky reefs, including the Revillagigedos Archipelago and Socorro Island (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFBD2FE6CBE872B85" box="[1125,1221,443,469]" name="Mexico" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Isla del Coco (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFF71FE0ABB0D2BA7" box="[198,335,477,503]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Malpelo and Gorgona (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFDC8FE0AB8BB2BA7" box="[639,761,477,503]" name="Colombia" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B741326BFCB8FE0AB9C92BA7" box="[783,907,477,503]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFC2AFE0ABE472BA7" box="[925,1029,477,503]" name="Ecuador" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and Lobos de Afuera Islands (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFF72FE28BABC2849" box="[197,254,511,537]" name="Peru" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFEACFE28BBAC284A" author="Deichmann E." box="[283,494,511,538]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFDB7FE28B8D02849" author="Maluf L. Y." box="[512,658,511,537]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref59826" refString="Maluf L. Y. 1988. Composition and distribution of the central eastern Pacific echinoderms. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Technical Report 2: 1 - 242." type="book chapter" year="1988">Maluf 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hooker
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFCBFFDD7B90A2849" box="[776,840,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFC13FE28BE362849" author="Prieto-Rios E." box="[932,1140,511,537]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref61375" refString="Prieto-Rios E. 2010. Taxonomia de Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) del Mar del Peru. BSc thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru." type="book" year="2010">Prieto-Ríos 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFB31FE28BF2C2849" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[1158,1390,511,537]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFB52FDD7BF642849" box="[1253,1318,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B741326BFF71FDF6BB60286C" box="[198,290,545,572]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,723,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-121@24.[189,1398,715,1744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710649/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). We examined
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB741326BFE6AFDF5B83F286B" box="[477,637,545,572]" count="1" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B741326BFD0AFDF6B962286C" box="[701,800,545,572]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
) collected in the Western Central Pacific (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFABCFDF6BB9A280E" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Republic of the Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFE5FFD93B8EC280E" box="[488,686,580,606]" name="Micronesia" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Caroline Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B741326BFD0AFD93B95F280E" box="[701,797,580,606]" country="Micronesia" name="Pohnpei" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Pohnpei</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFC35FD93B998280E" box="[898,986,580,606]" name="Micronesia" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Ponape</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and deposited at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ HOL-786). The specimen was initially identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFB36FDB1BB1C28F2" authority="Semper, 1868" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1868" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFB36FDB1BF3528D0" box="[1153,1399,614,640]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Stichopus variegatus</emphasis>
|
||
Semper, 1868
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a currently unaccepted species) but changed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFC26FD5FB9B428F2" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[913,1014,648,674]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFC26FD5FB9B428F2" box="[913,1014,648,674]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and even
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFBC2FD5FBF5628F2" authorityName="Chips (CH" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1141,1300,648,674]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFBC2FD5FBF5628F2" box="[1141,1300,648,674]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in some of the labels). We found that ossicles match those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFCFFFD7DBE6C2894" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[840,1070,682,708]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFCFFFD7DBE6C2894" box="[840,1070,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but that the large papillae characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFE3DFD1ABBB328B6" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[394,497,716,742]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFE3DFD1ABBB328B6" box="[394,497,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were absent. This specimen would extend the geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFF0AFD38BB5D2958" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[189,287,750,776]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFF0AFD38BB5D2958" box="[189,287,750,776]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the Central Pacific, but more information is required for confirmation.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFB3CFD39BAB6297B" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFB51FD38BF602958" box="[1254,1314,750,776]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2023: 145)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
include the Indo-Pacific
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFD9FFCC6B908297A" box="[552,842,784,811]" name="Cocos (Keeling) Islands" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(possibly confusing them with Isla del Coco,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFF0AFCE4BB02291C" box="[189,320,818,845]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
) in the distribution of the species. This, as well as the inclusion of Patagonia in the map of the species, clearly appear to be errors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFD24FC82B930293F" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[659,882,853,879]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFD58FC82B969293F" box="[751,811,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Bathymetric distribution: shallow subtidal zone to
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B741326BFEACFCA0BB1429C1" box="[283,342,887,913]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="39.0">39 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFED2FCA0B87629C2" author="Deichmann E." box="[357,564,887,914]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFDF7FCA0B88C29C1" author="Maluf L. Y." box="[576,718,887,913]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref59826" refString="Maluf L. Y. 1988. Composition and distribution of the central eastern Pacific echinoderms. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Technical Report 2: 1 - 242." type="book chapter" year="1988">Maluf 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB741326BFF0AFC60BF352ED7" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B741326BFF0AFC60BB5F2981" blockId="68.[189,285,951,977]" box="[189,285,951,977]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB741326BFF0AFC60BB5F2981" bold="true" box="[189,285,951,977]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFF0AFC60BB5F2981" bold="true" box="[189,285,951,977]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B741326BFF0AFC32BF352ED7" blockId="68.[187,1399,997,1160]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFF0AFC32BBDC29AF" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[189,414,997,1023]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFF0AFC32BBDC29AF" box="[189,414,997,1023]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is common in rocky bottoms and coralline patches along the coast. Specimens can be exposed or semi-hidden. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B741326BFDB5FBD0B8F82E71" box="[514,698,1031,1057]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, it is found in coral and rocky habitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFB3CFBD0BF292E71" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[1163,1387,1031,1057]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFB5EFBDFBF612E71" box="[1257,1315,1031,1057]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Along the Colombian Pacific coast, they were observed inside crevices, between rocks or semi-exposed (Borrero-Pérez pers. obs.). In the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B741326BFDFCFB9CB8882E35" box="[587,714,1099,1125]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
, they prefer rocky bottoms where the seaweed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFB4EFB9CBF192E36" box="[1273,1371,1099,1126]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Ulvaceae" genus="Ulva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ulvales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFB4EFB9CBF702E35" box="[1273,1330,1099,1125]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Ulva</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is predominant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFED6FBBAB8902ED7" author="Toral-Granda M. V. & Martinez P. C." box="[353,722,1133,1159]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="2091 - 2098" refId="ref63191" refString="Toral-Granda M. V. & Martinez P. C. 2007. Reproductive biology and population structure of the sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (Holothuroidea) in Caamano, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Marine Biology 151: 2091 - 2098. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 007 - 0640 - 1" type="journal article" year="2007">Toral-Granda & Martínez 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and they are more active at night (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFBC6FBBABF292ED7" author="Shepherd S. A. & Toral-Granda M. V. & Edgar G. J." box="[1137,1387,1133,1159]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="36 - 39" refId="ref62432" refString="Shepherd S. A., Toral-Granda M. V. & Edgar G. J. 2003. Estimating the abundance of clustered and cryptic marine macro-invertebrates in the Galapagos with particular reference to sea cucumbers. Noticias de Galapagos 62: 36 - 39." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Shepherd
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFB5EFBB9BF612ED7" box="[1257,1315,1133,1159]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB741326AFF0AFB79BEEB2BDA" lastPageId="69" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B741326BFF0AFB79BB6D2E98" blockId="68.[189,303,1198,1224]" box="[189,303,1198,1224]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB741326BFF0AFB79BB6D2E98" bold="true" box="[189,303,1198,1224]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFF0AFB79BB6D2E98" bold="true" box="[189,303,1198,1224]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B741326BFF0AFB0CBF742CE1" blockId="68.[187,1400,1243,1713]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFF0AFB0CBBD42EA6" author="Deichmann E." box="[189,406,1243,1270]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
clarified the status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFD24FB0BB8B12EA5" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[659,755,1243,1269]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFD24FB0BB8B12EA5" box="[659,755,1243,1269]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by recognizing
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB741326BFC1BFB0CBE272EA5" box="[940,1125,1243,1269]" count="3" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of Selenka’s cotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFF0BFB29BB162F47" authorityName="Chips (CH" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[188,340,1277,1303]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFF0BFB29BB162F47" box="[188,340,1277,1303]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFECDFB29BB982F47" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[378,474,1277,1303]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFECDFB29BB982F47" box="[378,474,1277,1303]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B741326BFE5EFB2AB8172F47" box="[489,597,1277,1303]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[189,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
|
||
), proposing Manchalilla,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFCCBFB2AB99D2F47" box="[892,991,1277,1303]" name="Ecuador" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B741326BFB85FB29BE262F48" box="[1074,1124,1278,1304]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, and describing the differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFE57FAF7B83F2F69" authorityName="Chips (CH" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[480,637,1311,1337]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFE57FAF7B83F2F69" box="[480,637,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFD0CFAF7B95C2F69" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[699,798,1311,1337]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFD0CFAF7B95C2F69" box="[699,798,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Populations of Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFBFBFAF7BEAB2F69" authorityName="Chips (CH" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1100,1257,1311,1337]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFBFBFAF7BEAB2F69" box="[1100,1257,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFF0AFA95BB5E2F0B" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[189,284,1345,1371]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFF0AFA95BB5E2F0B" box="[189,284,1345,1371]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been confirmed as different species by molecular markers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFC4BFA95BE8A2F0C" author="Byrne M. & Rowe F. & Uthicke S." box="[1020,1224,1345,1372]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1068 - 1081" refId="ref55840" refString="Byrne M., Rowe F. & Uthicke S. 2010. Molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution in the family Stichopodidae (Aspidochirotida: Holothuroidea) based on COI and 16 S mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 1068 - 1081. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.04.013" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Byrne
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFBFCFA95BEC62F0B" box="[1099,1156,1345,1371]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The character proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFEE3FAB4B8722F2E" author="Deichmann E." box="[340,560,1379,1406]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFD53FAB3B9042F2E" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[740,838,1380,1406]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFD53FAB3B9042F2E" box="[740,838,1380,1406]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFC27FAB3BE692F2D" authorityName="Chips (CH" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[912,1067,1379,1405]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFC27FAB3BE692F2D" box="[912,1067,1379,1405]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the proportion (profile) of the tables in lateral view, narrower tables in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFD5FFA51B9C12FF0" authorityName="Chips (CH" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[744,899,1414,1440]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFD5FFA51B9C12FF0" box="[744,899,1414,1440]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but almost square ones in
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFB08FA51BF6B2FF0" box="[1215,1321,1414,1440]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFB08FA51BF662FF0" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1215,1316,1414,1440]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">I. fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In our observations, comparison of the ratio of table height to width shows some differences (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B741326BFB29FA7FBEB12F92" box="[1182,1267,1448,1474]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, table profile can be a variable and subjective character and depends on whether the tables are from the papillae or the body wall (tables of both species are more square in papillae and narrower in the body wall).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFEBDF9D9B8D22C78" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[266,656,1550,1576]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFEBDF9D9B8D22C78" box="[266,656,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFD78F9D8B9A12C78" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[719,995,1550,1576]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFD78F9D8B9A12C78" box="[719,995,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also possess tables that are more square than narrow in the papillae. Although this character could help identify individuals, for example in specimens from fishery confiscations, it is better to combine table profiles with external characters and geographic origin to identify
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFDF1F9A2B8EA2CDF" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[582,680,1653,1679]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFDF1F9A2B8EA2CDF" box="[582,680,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reliably. A new diagnostic character of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFBCEF9A2BE982CDF" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1145,1242,1653,1679]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFBCEF9A2BE982CDF" box="[1145,1242,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, not reported previously are large tables with a well-developed circular spire in the cloaca (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B741326BFB88F940BEEF2CE1" box="[1087,1197,1687,1713]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Figs 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B741326BFB0EF940BEA92CE1" box="[1209,1259,1687,1713]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[189,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">19C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B741326BFB40F940BF6B2CE1" box="[1271,1321,1687,1713]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">20F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B741326BFF0AF900BBF02D2A" blockId="68.[186,1400,1751,1914]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
Color variability in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFE2EF90FBBBA2CA1" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[409,504,1751,1777]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFE2EF90FBBBA2CA1" box="[409,504,1751,1777]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also recorded by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFD45F900B98C2CA2" author="Deichmann E." box="[754,974,1751,1778]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who proposed that the “Reticulated” pattern corresponded to younger specimens and “Chocolate-brown” to adults. We found juveniles and adults with both color patterns (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B741326BFD81F8CCB8CC2D66" box="[566,654,1819,1846]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1611,1637]" captionTargetBox="[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-15@70.[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Fig. 21. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, D–E-bottom, F-top, G–H. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Taboguilla, Panama (Ta210) (A), Perlas Islands, Panama (B), North Chocó, Colombia (C, D–E-bottom dorsal and ventral view, F-top, G–H). D–E-top, I, K–L. Specimens with “Chocolate brown and reddish” pattern from North Choco, Colombia (I, D–E-top-dorsal and ventral view, K-small specimen completely red), and Perlas Islands, Panamá (L, small specimen completely red). J. Specimen with “Chocolate brown and stains” pattern from Mexico. F-bottom. Specimen with “Chocolate brown uniform” pattern from North Chocó, Colombia. M. Preserved juvenile from North Choco, Colombia (original coloration not recorded). N. Juvenile from Mexico, “chocolate brown uniform with yellow papillae” pattern. Photos: F–I by L. Chasqui; L by A. Calderón; J, N by C. Sánchez; A–E, K, M by G. Borrero. Scale bars: B, M = 10 mm; D–E = 30 mm; C, K, N = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710685/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
), and we also found other color patterns including a chocolate-brown and reddish pattern, as well as completely red juveniles, also recorded by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B741326BFBCFF8EABF4C2D08" author="Clark H. L." box="[1144,1294,1853,1880]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="321 - 358" refId="ref56051" refString="Clark H. L. 1910. The echinoderms of Peru. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 52: 321 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 24250" type="journal article" year="1910">Clark (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in a live specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B741326BFEC3F8B7BBEC2D2A" box="[372,430,1888,1914]" name="Peru" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B741326AFF0AF877BEEB2BDA" blockId="68.[189,1399,1952,2013]" lastBlockId="69.[188,1400,265,394]" lastPageId="69" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
Examination of dorsal papillae in
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB741326BFDEBF877B9532DEA" box="[604,785,1952,1978]" count="4" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(and several that were not measured) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B741326BFABDF876BF2D2DEA" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1290,1391,1952,1978]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B741326BFABDF876BF2D2DEA" box="[1290,1391,1952,1978]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B741326BFF4AF815BB0C2D8D" box="[253,334,1986,2013]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B741326BFEC5F815BB902D8D" box="[370,466,1986,2013]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, showed that ossicles become more abundant in the largest specimens. The largest C-shaped ossicles were in
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFDE6FEDEB8F62B73" box="[593,692,265,292]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mm" value="155.0">155 mm</quantity>
|
||
long specimens. Spines at the crown spires were thick and strong in the largest specimens. Table height and disc diameter increased with body length in specimens
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFF0BFE9ABB202B38" box="[188,354,333,360]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" metricValueMax="15.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mm" value="97.5" valueMax="155.0" valueMin="40.0">40 to 155 mm</quantity>
|
||
, but they were smaller in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFD0EFE9AB9582B38" box="[697,794,333,360]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B740326AFC28FE9ABE622B37" box="[927,1056,333,359]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 9A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFB63FE99BF2C2B37" authorityName="Chips (CH" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1236,1390,333,359]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFB63FE99BF2C2B37" box="[1236,1390,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, large specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFE17FEA7B8432BD9" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[416,513,367,393]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFE17FEA7B8432BD9" box="[416,513,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had wide discs, similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFC17FEA7BEE02BD9" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[928,1186,367,393]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFC17FEA7BEE02BD9" box="[928,1186,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB740326AFF0AFE78BBE82FA3" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B740326AFF0AFE78BB5E2B99" blockId="69.[189,284,431,457]" box="[189,284,431,457]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB740326AFF0AFE78BB5E2B99" bold="true" box="[189,284,431,457]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFF0AFE78BB5E2B99" bold="true" box="[189,284,431,457]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B740326AFF0AFE0AB94B2F7A" blockId="69.[188,1399,477,1323]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
|
||
Commercial interest and decline of the populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFCE7FE09B9F62BA7" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[848,948,477,503]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFCE7FE09B9F62BA7" box="[848,948,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
motivated studies on its ecology and biology. This information is mainly from the Gulf of California and from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B740326AFBC9FE28BEBF2849" box="[1150,1277,511,537]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the main localities of fishery. Information about
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFDCCFDF5B899286C" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[635,731,546,572]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFDCCFDF5B899286C" box="[635,731,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in other areas in the Eastern Pacific is scarce.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFB53FDF6BB44280E" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFB53FDF6BB44280E" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a long-lived, slow-growing species that reaches sexual maturity in 5 years, at which point individuals are approximately
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFD85FDB1B8C228D0" box="[562,640,614,640]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="cm" value="21.0">21 cm</quantity>
|
||
long in the Gulf of California (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFBA5FDB1BF3028D0" author="Herrero-Perezrul M. D. & Reyes-Bonilla H. & Garcia-Dominguez F. & Cintra-Buenrostro C. E." box="[1042,1394,614,640]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="521 - 532" refId="ref58225" refString="Herrero-Perezrul M. D., Reyes-Bonilla H., Garcia-Dominguez F. & Cintra-Buenrostro C. E. 1999. Reproduction and growth of Isostichopus fuscus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico. Marine Biology 135: 521 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002270050653" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Herrero-Pérezrul
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFB50FDB0BF6528D0" box="[1255,1319,614,640]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFF0AFD5FB8D728F2" author="Herrero-Perezrul M. D. & Reyes-Bonilla H." box="[189,661,648,674]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="273 - 280" refId="ref58119" refString="Herrero-Perezrul M. D. & Reyes-Bonilla H. 2008. Weight-length relationship and relative condition of the holothurian Isostichopus fuscus at Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 56: 273 - 280." type="journal article" year="2008">Herrero-Pérezrul & Reyes-Bonilla 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B740326AFD47FD5FB92D28F2" box="[752,879,648,674]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the reported size of first maturity is between 21 and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFEA5FD7DBB1B2895" box="[274,345,682,709]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="cm" value="23.0">23 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFED0FD7DB8992894" author="Toral-Granda M. V. & Martinez P. C." box="[359,731,682,708]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 100" refId="ref63109" refString="Toral-Granda M. V. & Martinez P. C. 2004. Population density and fishery impacts on the sea cucumber (Isostichopus fuscus) in the Galapagos marine reserve. In: Lovatelli A., Conand C., Purcell S., Uthicke S., Hamel J-F. & Mercier A. (eds) Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management: 91 - 100. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome." type="book chapter" year="2004">Toral-Granda & Martínez 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Gulf of California spawning occurs between May and September, influenced by the increase in water temperature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFC78FD1BBF4028B7" author="Fajardo-Leon M. & Michel-Guerrero E. & Singh-Cabanillas J. & Velez-Barajas J. & Masso-Rojas A." box="[975,1282,716,743]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="45 - 53" refId="ref56931" refString="Fajardo-Leon M., Michel-Guerrero E., Singh-Cabanillas J., Velez-Barajas J. & Masso-Rojas A. 1995. Estructura poblacional y ciclo reproductor del pepino de mar Isostichopus fuscus en Santa Rosalia, BCS, Mexico. Ciencia Pesquera 11 (1): 45 - 53." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Fajardo-León
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFBCBFD1ABEF828B6" box="[1148,1210,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFAA6FD1ABBF22958" author="Herrero-Perezrul M. D. & Reyes-Bonilla H. & Garcia-Dominguez F. & Cintra-Buenrostro C. E." pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="521 - 532" refId="ref58225" refString="Herrero-Perezrul M. D., Reyes-Bonilla H., Garcia-Dominguez F. & Cintra-Buenrostro C. E. 1999. Reproduction and growth of Isostichopus fuscus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico. Marine Biology 135: 521 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002270050653" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Herrero-Pérezrul
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFE9EFD38BB252958" box="[297,359,750,776]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B740326AFDAFFD39B8D52958" box="[536,663,750,776]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
, reproductive activity has been reported throughout the year, spawning occurs every month one to four nights after the new moon, regardless of temperature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFAA0FCC7BB00291D" author="Mercier A. & Ycaza R. H. & Hamel J. F." pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="179 - 189" refId="ref60194" refString="Mercier A., Ycaza R. H. & Hamel J. F. 2007. Long-term study of gamete release in a broadcast-spawning holothurian: predictable lunar and diel periodicities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 329 (1): 179 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 329179" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Mercier
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFF0BFCE4BAB8291C" box="[188,250,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFEE6FCE5B805291C" author="Toral-Granda M. V." box="[337,583,818,844]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="231 - 253" refId="ref63045" refString="Toral-Granda M. V. 2008 b. Galapagos Islands: a hotspot of sea cucumber fisheries in Central and South America. In: Toral-Granda V., Lovatelli A. & Vasconcellos M. (eds) Sea Cucumbers. A Global Review of Fisheries and Trade: 231 - 253. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome." type="book chapter" year="2008">Toral-Granda 2008b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFDEAFCE5B901291D" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[605,835,818,845]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFDEAFCE5B901291D" box="[605,835,818,845]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is gonochoric, although there have been some cases of hermaphroditism, which may be related to low population densities due to overfishing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFAB8FC82BBE629C1" author="Herrero-Perezrul M. D. & Reyes-Bonilla H. & Garcia-Dominguez F." pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="611 - 615" refId="ref58161" refString="Herrero-Perezrul M. D., Reyes-Bonilla H. & Garcia-Dominguez F. 1998. Casual hermaphroditism in gonochoric Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of the southern Gulf of California, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 63 (3): 611 - 615. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002270050653" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Herrero-Pérezrul
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFE92FCAFBB1D29C1" box="[293,351,887,913]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The larval pelagic period lasts from 22 to 27 days; newly settled juveniles measure
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFF0BFC4EBB4329E3" box="[188,257,921,947]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length; at 72 days they reach
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFD3EFC4EB89829E3" box="[649,730,921,948]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="cm" value="3.5">3.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
and at 110 days they are
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFBBAFC4EBE0A29E3" box="[1037,1096,921,947]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFB22FC4EBF3029E3" author="Hamel J. & Ycaza-Hidalgo R. & Mercier A." box="[1173,1394,921,947]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref57656" refString="Hamel J., Ycaza-Hidalgo R. & Mercier A. 2003. Larval development and juvenile growth of the Galapagos sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 18 (1): 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Hamel
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFB47FC4DBF6929E3" box="[1264,1323,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFF09FC6CBBE02985" author="Mercier A. & Ycaza R. H. & Hamel J. F." box="[190,418,955,981]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="179 - 189" refId="ref60194" refString="Mercier A., Ycaza R. H. & Hamel J. F. 2007. Long-term study of gamete release in a broadcast-spawning holothurian: predictable lunar and diel periodicities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 329 (1): 179 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 329179" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Mercier
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFE96FC6BBB192985" box="[289,347,955,981]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The success of fertilization in sea cucumbers is a function of the spatial dispersion of the broodstock, so that minimum density is important (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFCD4FC0ABE6229A7" author="Bell J. D. & Purcell S. W. & Nash W. J." box="[867,1056,989,1015]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="589 - 593" refId="ref55330" refString="Bell J. D., Purcell S. W. & Nash W. J. 2008. Restoring small-scale fisheries for tropical sea cucumbers. Ocean & Coastal Management 51: 589 - 593. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ocecoaman. 2008.06.011" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFC2AFC09B99A29A7" box="[925,984,989,1015]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFAA2FC09BF3429A7" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1301,1398,989,1015]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFAA2FC09BF3429A7" box="[1301,1398,989,1015]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B740326AFF6BFC28BB192E49" box="[220,347,1023,1049]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
, a density of ~ 1.2 ind/m
|
||
<superScript id="87EB092FB740326AFD3DFC28B8D12E5D" attach="left" box="[650,659,1023,1037]" fontSize="6" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">2</superScript>
|
||
(~12 000 ind/ha) was estimated to achieve 50% fertilization success (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFE93FBF6B85F2E6C" author="Shepherd S. A. & Martinez P. & Toral-Granda M. V. & Edgar G. J." box="[292,541,1057,1084]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref62479" refString="Shepherd S. A., Martinez P., Toral-Granda M. V. & Edgar G. J. 2004. The Galapagos sea cucumber fishery: management improves as stocks decline. Environmental Conservation 31 (2): 102 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0376892903001188" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Shepherd
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFE2CFBF5BB972E6B" box="[411,469,1057,1083]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Highest population densities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFC15FBF5BE412E6C" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[930,1027,1058,1084]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFC15FBF5BE412E6C" box="[930,1027,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were 3500 ind/ha in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B740326AFB4CFBF6BF352E6B" box="[1275,1399,1057,1083]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
in 1999, before the establishment of fishing seasons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFCF5FB93BE6F2E0E" author="Toral-Granda M. V." box="[834,1069,1091,1118]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="5 - 8" refId="ref62926" refString="Toral-Granda M. V. 2005. Requiem for the Galapagos sea cucumber fishery? SPC Beche de-Mer Information Bulletin 21: 5 - 8." type="book chapter" year="2005">Toral-Granda 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the coast of mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFF0AFBB1BB632ED0" box="[189,289,1126,1152]" name="Ecuador" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in the provinces of Santa Elena and South
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B740326AFC96FBB1B93C2ED0" box="[801,894,1126,1152]" country="Ecuador" name="Manabi" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Manabí</collectingRegion>
|
||
, mean density was estimated as 100 ind/ha (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFF72FB5FBBE62EF2" author="Aguilar F. & Revelo W. & Chicaiza D. & Mendivez W. & Hill D." box="[197,420,1160,1186]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref54804" refString="Aguilar F., Revelo W., Chicaiza D., Mendivez W. & Hill D. 2011. Estado poblacional del pepino de mar Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) en la provincia de Santa Elena y Sur de Manabi. Revista de Ciencia del Mar y Limnologia 5 (1): 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Aguilar
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFE90FB5EBB232EF2" box="[295,353,1160,1186]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFE18FB5FBBAD2EF2" author="Aguilar F. & Revelo W. & Chicaiza D. & Mendivez W." box="[431,495,1160,1186]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="73 - 98" refId="ref54865" refString="Aguilar F., Revelo W., Chicaiza D., Mendivez W. & Hill 1 D. 2013. Distribucion y densidad poblacional del pepino de mar Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) en la provincia de Santa Elena y sur de Manabi. Boletin Cientifico y Tecnico 23 (1): 73 - 98." type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Densities were 4300 ind/ha in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B740326AFCD3FB5FB9F52EF2" box="[868,951,1160,1186]" country="Mexico" name="Jalisco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Jalisco</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFC75FB5FBE5D2EF2" box="[962,1055,1160,1186]" name="Mexico" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in 1991 (Girón
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFB6AFB5EBF552EF2" box="[1245,1303,1160,1186]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFAA9FB5FBF352EF2" box="[1310,1399,1160,1186]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05714" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="in" value="1991.0">1991 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFF0BFB7DBB292E94" author="Glockner A." box="[188,363,1194,1220]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref57320" refString="Glockner A. 2014. Ecologia Poblacional y Pesqueria del Pepino de Mar Isostichopus fuscus en Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico. MSc Thesis, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico." type="book" year="2014">Glockner 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 3780 ind/ha in Bahía de los Ángeles,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B740326AFCEEFB7DBE4D2E94" box="[857,1039,1194,1220]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in 1992 (Salgado-Castro
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFA8CFB7DBA912EB6" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05968" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="in" value="1992.0">1992 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFF6EFB1BBBCC2EB6" author="Glockner A." box="[217,398,1228,1254]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref57320" refString="Glockner A. 2014. Ecologia Poblacional y Pesqueria del Pepino de Mar Isostichopus fuscus en Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico. MSc Thesis, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico." type="book" year="2014">Glockner 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Estimated densities at Gorgona Island (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFCDDFB1BB9A32EB6" box="[874,993,1228,1254]" name="Colombia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) ranged between 150 and 600 ind/ ha (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFF5FFB39B84E2F58" author="Palacios M. M. & Munoz C. G." box="[232,524,1262,1289]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref60701" refString="Palacios M. M. & Munoz C. G. 2012. Caracterizacion ecologica de 11 Sitios de Buceo en el Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona en el Marco del Estudio para la Determinacion de la Capacidad de Carga Turistica. The Nature Conservancy, Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia y Aviatur, Colombia." type="book" year="2012">Palacios & Muñoz 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Along the northern Pacific mainland of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFC58FB39BE242F58" box="[1007,1126,1262,1288]" name="Colombia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFBC5FB38BE912F58" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1138,1235,1262,1288]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFBC5FB38BE912F58" box="[1138,1235,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was common in 2003 and 2016 (G.H. Borrero-Pérez pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B740326AFF0AFA86BBE82FA3" blockId="69.[187,1399,1361,1523]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
|
||
Hosting of the parasitic worm
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFDA3FA86B88E2F3B" box="[532,716,1361,1387]" family="Umagillidae" genus="Anoplodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFDA3FA86B8E12F3B" box="[532,675,1361,1387]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Anoplodium</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Platyhelminthes: Rhabditophora) was reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFAA2FA85BBEE2FDD" authority="(Hamel et al. 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Hamel" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFAA2FA85BF362F3B" box="[1301,1396,1361,1387]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFF75FAA4BBE62FDD" author="Hamel J. F. & Eeckhaut I. & Mercier A." box="[194,420,1395,1421]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="75 - 78" refId="ref57695" refString="Hamel J. F., Eeckhaut I. & Mercier A. 2017. New host for the parasitic worm Anoplodium sp. (Rhabditophora: Platyhelminthes) found in the sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata). SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 37: 75 - 78." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Hamel
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFEA9FAA3BB192FDD" box="[286,347,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The rate of infestation was 1 to 725 of flatworms per sea cucumber. Individuals with a high rate of infestation had gonads that were very small or absent. Combined with overfishing, the infestation by this parasite could seal the fate of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFC83FA6FB9D52F81" box="[820,919,1463,1489]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFC83FA6FB9D52F81" box="[820,919,1463,1489]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in certain regions of the Eastern Pacific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFF72FA0EBBDC2FA3" author="Hamel J. F. & Eeckhaut I. & Mercier A." box="[197,414,1497,1523]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="75 - 78" refId="ref57695" refString="Hamel J. F., Eeckhaut I. & Mercier A. 2017. New host for the parasitic worm Anoplodium sp. (Rhabditophora: Platyhelminthes) found in the sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata). SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 37: 75 - 78." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Hamel
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFEABFA0DBB152FA3" box="[284,343,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB7403268FF0AF9CEBE482CE1" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B740326AFF0AF9CEBBF72C64" blockId="69.[189,437,1561,1588]" box="[189,437,1561,1588]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB740326AFF0AF9CEBBF72C64" bold="true" box="[189,437,1561,1588]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFF0AF9CEBBF72C64" bold="true" box="[189,437,1561,1588]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Conservation status</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B740326AFF0AF990BE6B2D89" blockId="69.[188,1399,1607,2009]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFF0AF990BBDC2C31" box="[189,414,1607,1633]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFF0AF990BBDC2C31" box="[189,414,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is fished legally and/ or illegally in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFC83F990B9DA2C31" box="[820,920,1607,1633]" name="Ecuador" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFC16F990B9BC2C31" box="[929,1022,1607,1633]" name="Mexico" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFBB0F99FBE252C32" box="[1031,1127,1608,1634]" name="Panama" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFB16F99FBE952C32" box="[1185,1239,1608,1634]" name="Peru" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFB54F990BAB92CD3" author="Purcell S. W. & Samyn Y. & Conand C." pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref61495" refString="Purcell S. W., Samyn Y. & Conand C. 2012. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes 6, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome." type="journal volume" year="2012">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFA89F99FBF2D2C31" box="[1342,1391,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFEB0F9BEBB052CD3" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[263,327,1641,1667]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Currently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFE64F9BEB8F52CD3" box="[467,695,1641,1667]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFE64F9BEB8F52CD3" box="[467,695,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is included as “Endangered (EN)” in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFE18F95CB8D12CF6" author="Mercier A. & Hamel J. F. & Toral-Granda V. & Alvarado J. J. & Ortiz E. P. & Benavides M." box="[431,659,1675,1702]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref60251" refString="Mercier A., Hamel J. F., Toral-Granda V., Alvarado J. J., Ortiz E. P. & Benavides M. 2013. Isostichopus fuscus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e. T 180373 A 1621878. Available from: http: // doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2013 - 1. RLTS. T 180373 A 1621878. en [accessed 2 Mar. 2020]." type="book" year="2013">
|
||
Mercier
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFDA5F95BB80E2CF5" box="[530,588,1675,1701]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is the only sea cucumber species included in Appendix III of CITES proposed by
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFE1BF97AB84C2C97" box="[428,526,1709,1735]" name="Ecuador" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFDABF97AB9532C97" author="Toral-Granda M. V." box="[540,785,1709,1735]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="231 - 253" refId="ref63045" refString="Toral-Granda M. V. 2008 b. Galapagos Islands: a hotspot of sea cucumber fisheries in Central and South America. In: Toral-Granda V., Lovatelli A. & Vasconcellos M. (eds) Sea Cucumbers. A Global Review of Fisheries and Trade: 231 - 253. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome." type="book chapter" year="2008">Toral-Granda 2008b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFC03F979BE542C98" box="[948,1046,1710,1736]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFC03F979BE542C98" box="[948,1046,1710,1736]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is under special protection by Mexican law (DOF
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFE1EF907B8402CBA" box="[425,514,1744,1770]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1053999999999995" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="in" value="2010.0">2010 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFDBDF907B91A2CBA" author="Glockner-Fagetti A. & Calderon-Aguilera L. E. & Herrero-Perezrul M. D." box="[522,856,1744,1770]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="49 - 59" refId="ref57367" refString="Glockner-Fagetti A., Calderon-Aguilera L. E. & Herrero-Perezrul M. D. 2016. Density decrease in an exploited population of brown sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus in a biosphere reserve from the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. Ocean & Coastal Management 121: 49 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ocecoaman. 2015.12.009" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Glockner-Fagetti
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFD6DF907B9562CBA" box="[730,788,1744,1770]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it is included in the Red Book of Marine Invertebrates of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFE33F925BBBA2D5C" box="[388,504,1778,1804]" name="Colombia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFDBDF925BE412D5C" author="Borrero-Perez G. H. & Vanegas-Gonzalez M. J." box="[522,1027,1778,1804]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="329 - 334" refId="ref55444" refString="Borrero-Perez G. H. & Vanegas-Gonzalez M. J. 2022. Isostichopus fuscus. In: Chasqui V. L., Alvarado-Chacon E. M., Ardila N., Borrero-Perez G. H., Campos N. H. & Mejia-Quintero K. (eds) Libro Rojo de Invertebrados marinos de Colombia: 329 - 334. Serie de publicaciones generales de INVEMAR No. 122, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras INVEMAR, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Santa Marta, Colombia." type="book chapter" year="2022">Borrero-Pérez & Vanegas-González 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFBAEF925BF422D5C" box="[1049,1280,1778,1804]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFBAEF925BF422D5C" box="[1049,1280,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the most valuable species in the genus. It is sold at
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFCA3F8C4B9792D7F" box="[788,827,1811,1839]" name="United States of America" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 1.4 per fresh specimen in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFBC9F8C3BEA22D7E" box="[1150,1248,1812,1838]" name="Ecuador" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFAF5F8C4BF2B2D7F" box="[1346,1385,1811,1839]" name="United States of America" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 498–527
|
||
<superScript id="87EB092FB740326AFE9CF8E1BB152D13" attach="left" box="[299,343,1845,1872]" fontSize="6" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
|
||
kg-
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B740326AFEF8F8E2BB152D13" box="[335,343,1845,1859]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFEC9F8E1BB862D00" box="[382,452,1846,1872]" name="China" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFE64F8E1B8F12D00" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[467,691,1846,1872]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFD86F8E0B8292D00" box="[561,619,1846,1872]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The average maximum market price for “Endangered” sea cucumbers in the IUCN red list, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B740326AFD04F88EB9562D22" box="[691,788,1880,1906]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFD04F88EB9562D22" box="[691,788,1880,1906]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFC89F880B9272D23" box="[830,869,1879,1907]" name="United States of America" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 1030
|
||
<superScript id="87EB092FB740326AFC0BF88FB9AA2D36" attach="right" box="[956,1000,1880,1906]" fontSize="6" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">kg-1</superScript>
|
||
. Maximum price of species listed as “Vulnerable” is
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFE2EF8AEBB822DC5" box="[409,448,1913,1941]" name="United States of America" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 158
|
||
<superScript id="87EB092FB740326AFDBFF8ADB8712DD8" attach="left" box="[520,563,1914,1940]" fontSize="6" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">kg-1</superScript>
|
||
, of species listed as “Of Least Concern” is
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFB98F8AEBE142DC5" box="[1071,1110,1913,1941]" name="United States of America" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 124
|
||
<superScript id="87EB092FB740326AFB29F8ADBE882DD8" attach="left" box="[1182,1226,1914,1940]" fontSize="6" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">kg-1</superScript>
|
||
and of species listed as “Data Deficient” is
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B740326AFDB0F84CB86C2DE7" box="[519,558,1947,1975]" name="United States of America" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 106
|
||
<superScript id="87EB092FB740326AFDC2F84BB8E32DFA" attach="left" box="[629,673,1948,1974]" fontSize="6" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">kg-1</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B740326AFD18F84BB9CE2DE7" author="Purcell S. W. & Polidoro B. A. & Hamel J. F. & Gamboa R. U. & Mercier A." box="[687,908,1948,1975]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref61536" refString="Purcell S. W., Polidoro B. A., Hamel J. F., Gamboa R. U. & Mercier A. 2014. The cost of being valuable: predictors of extinction risk in marine invertebrates exploited as luxury seafood. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281: 20133296. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2013.3" type="journal volume" year="2014">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B740326AFCBCF84AB9072DE6" box="[779,837,1948,1974]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These authors propose that market value is one of the factors that most drives the risk of extinction of these species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB7433269FF0AF99CB9472DB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710685" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710685/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" startId="70.[189,232,1611,1637]" targetBox="[277,1311,265,1569]" targetPageId="70">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7433269FF0AF99CB9472DB9" blockId="70.[188,1399,1611,2025]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7433269FF0AF99CBB622C35" bold="true" box="[189,288,1611,1637]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 21.</emphasis>
|
||
Color patterns and morphological variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7433269FCD8F99CBF602C36" authority="(Ludwig, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[879,1314,1611,1638]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7433269FCD8F99CBE152C35" box="[879,1111,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7433269FBDAF99CBF5B2C36" author="Ludwig H." box="[1133,1305,1611,1638]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="77 - 118" refId="ref59641" refString="Ludwig H. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Wurzburg 2: 77 - 118. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34381203 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1875">Ludwig, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7433269FE75F946B9112CFB" bold="true" box="[450,851,1681,1708]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">A–C, D–E-bottom, F-top, G–H</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Taboguilla, Panama (Ta210) (A), Perlas Islands, Panama (B), North Chocó, Colombia (C, D–E-bottom dorsal and ventral view, F-top, G–H).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7433269FDC5F90FB9792CA2" bold="true" box="[626,827,1752,1778]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">D–E-top, I, K–L</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens with “Chocolate brown and reddish” pattern from North Choco, Colombia (I, D–E-top-dorsal and ventral view, K-small specimen completely red), and Perlas Islands, Panamá (L, small specimen completely red).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7433269FBA3F8C9BE612D68" bold="true" box="[1044,1059,1822,1848]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">J</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimen with “Chocolate brown and stains” pattern from Mexico.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7433269FD2DF895B94D2D0C" bold="true" box="[666,783,1858,1884]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">F-bottom</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimen with “Chocolate brown uniform” pattern from North Chocó, Colombia.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7433269FD91F8B2B8002D2F" bold="true" box="[550,578,1893,1919]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">M</emphasis>
|
||
. Preserved juvenile from North Choco, Colombia (original coloration not recorded).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7433269FEC4F85FBBCA2DF2" bold="true" box="[371,392,1928,1954]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">N</emphasis>
|
||
. Juvenile from Mexico, “chocolate brown uniform with yellow papillae” pattern. Photos: F–I by L. Chasqui; L by A. Calderón; J, N by C. Sánchez; A–E, K, M by G. Borrero. Scale bars: B, M = 10 mm; D–E = 30 mm; C, K, N = 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7423268FF0AFEDEBBEE2828" blockId="71.[187,1400,265,632]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Along the mainland coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FDBFFEDEB8292B73" box="[520,619,265,291]" name="Ecuador" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the commercial extraction of this species began in 1989. Two years later, due to stock depletion, it moved to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FD6EFEFCB9152B15" box="[729,855,299,325]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
, where a management plan was developed in 1999 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FEB1FE9ABBB92B37" author="Bruckner A. W. & Johnson K. A. & Field J. D." box="[262,507,333,359]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="24 - 33" refId="ref55795" refString="Bruckner A. W., Johnson K. A. & Field J. D. 2003. Conservation strategies for sea cucumbers: can a CITES Appendix II listing promote international trade? SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 18: 24 - 33." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Bruckner
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FECCFE99BBF72B37" box="[379,437,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Currently, there is a total ban on fishing the species off continental
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FAA1FE9ABF352B37" box="[1302,1399,333,359]" name="Ecuador" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FF72FEB8BBDD2BD9" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[197,415,367,393]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FE97FEA7BB182BD9" box="[288,346,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The population densities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FD43FEA7B9172BD9" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[756,853,367,393]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FD43FEA7B9172BD9" box="[756,853,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FCC0FEB8B9B02BD9" box="[887,1010,367,393]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
ranged from 3500 ind/ha in 1999 to 500 ind/ha in 2004 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FE0BFE46B8DC2BFC" author="Toral-Granda M. V." box="[444,670,401,428]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="5 - 8" refId="ref62926" refString="Toral-Granda M. V. 2005. Requiem for the Galapagos sea cucumber fishery? SPC Beche de-Mer Information Bulletin 21: 5 - 8." type="book chapter" year="2005">Toral-Granda 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These data revealed an alarming decline in population density, despite “presumably robust” populations in 1999 after a five-year fishing ban. In 2009 and 2010 there was a new moratorium on fishing as the minimum population density of 1100 ind/ha (11 ind/
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7423268FB54FE01BF682BA0" box="[1251,1322,470,496]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="87EB092FB7423268FA9DFE02BF702BB3" attach="left" box="[1322,1330,469,483]" fontSize="6" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">2</superScript>
|
||
), was not met (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FE96FE2FBBBE2842" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[289,508,504,530]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FECAFE2EBBF42842" box="[381,438,504,530]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Currently, in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FD66FE2FB9E62842" box="[721,932,504,530]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Galapagos Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
there are several management strategies that include a total allowable catch, minimum catch size (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7423268FCD5FDCDB9EF2865" box="[866,941,538,565]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
fresh or
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7423268FBAFFDCCBE112865" box="[1048,1107,539,565]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
|
||
dry), no-take reserves, a two month fishing season, and access only to artisanal fishers who are permanent residents of the islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FF72FD89BBE22828" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[197,416,606,632]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FE97FD88BB182828" box="[288,346,606,632]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7423268FF0AFD48B9BA2EC6" blockId="71.[187,1400,671,1175]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FF55FD48BB7D28E9" box="[226,319,671,697]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
, commercial exploitation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FD14FD48B94B28E9" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[675,777,671,697]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FD14FD48B94B28E9" box="[675,777,671,697]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
started in 1988, on the western coast of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FAF6FD48BB76288B" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
Peninsula (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FE0AFD16B88C288B" author="Herrero-Perezrul M. D." box="[445,718,705,731]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref58079" refString="Herrero-Perezrul M. D. 2004. Analisis de la Pesqueria de Pepino de Mar en la Peninsula de Baja California, Mexico. PhD Thesis, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico." type="book" year="2004">Herrero-Pérezrul 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the early 90s, the demand for this resource motivated the assessment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FE22FD33BBB528AD" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[405,503,739,765]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FE22FD33BBB528AD" box="[405,503,739,765]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations at new sites with fishing potential (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FB9BFD34BEA128AD" author="Glockner A." box="[1068,1251,739,765]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref57320" refString="Glockner A. 2014. Ecologia Poblacional y Pesqueria del Pepino de Mar Isostichopus fuscus en Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico. MSc Thesis, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico." type="book" year="2014">Glockner 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Population densities decreased from 1991–1992 to
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7423268FD3BFCD2B8A6294F" box="[652,740,773,799]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.11302" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="in" value="2013.0">2013 in</quantity>
|
||
localities surveyed such as
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FB91FCD2BE34294F" box="[1062,1142,773,799]" country="Mexico" name="Jalisco" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Jalisco</collectingRegion>
|
||
(4300 ind/ha in 1991, 60 ind/ha following years) and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FD86FCF0B8372911" box="[561,629,807,833]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Bahía</collectingRegion>
|
||
de los
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FD7AFCFFB96F2914" box="[717,813,808,836]" country="Philippines" name="Angeles" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ángeles</collectingRegion>
|
||
(3780 ind/ha in 1992, 1000 ind/ha in 2005–2007, 700 ind/ha in 2013) (Girón
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FDB2FC9DB8032933" box="[517,577,841,867]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1991; Girón & González 1992; Salgado-Castro 1992 all in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FABEFC9EBABC29D6" author="Glockner A." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref57320" refString="Glockner A. 2014. Ecologia Poblacional y Pesqueria del Pepino de Mar Isostichopus fuscus en Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico. MSc Thesis, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico." type="book" year="2014">Glockner 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The population density decreased by 82% during the time or evaluation and the average size of the individuals decreased by 26% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FD93FC59B89B29F8" author="Glockner A." box="[548,729,910,936]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref57320" refString="Glockner A. 2014. Ecologia Poblacional y Pesqueria del Pepino de Mar Isostichopus fuscus en Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico. MSc Thesis, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico." type="book" year="2014">Glockner 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The management measures of the species, such as limits to total allowable catch, establishment of minimum catch size, and closing the fishery during the season of reproduction, have not been sufficient to ensure the sustainable extraction of this species in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FAB8FC05BF1129BC" box="[1295,1363,978,1004]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Bahía</collectingRegion>
|
||
de los
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FF50FC22BB052E41" box="[231,327,1013,1041]" country="Philippines" name="Angeles" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ángeles</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FEE1FC23B9712E5E" author="Herrero-Perezrul M. D. & Reyes-Bonilla H." box="[342,819,1012,1038]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="273 - 280" refId="ref58119" refString="Herrero-Perezrul M. D. & Reyes-Bonilla H. 2008. Weight-length relationship and relative condition of the holothurian Isostichopus fuscus at Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 56: 273 - 280." type="journal article" year="2008">Herrero-Pérezrul & Reyes-Bonilla 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FCF7FC23B9B72E5E" author="Glockner A." box="[832,1013,1012,1038]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref57320" refString="Glockner A. 2014. Ecologia Poblacional y Pesqueria del Pepino de Mar Isostichopus fuscus en Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico. MSc Thesis, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico." type="book" year="2014">Glockner 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The observed values of density and mean length apparently affected reproductive success, because recruitment was low (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FB48FBC1BBD72E02" author="Glockner-Fagetti A. & Calderon-Aguilera L. E. & Herrero-Perezrul M. D." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="49 - 59" refId="ref57367" refString="Glockner-Fagetti A., Calderon-Aguilera L. E. & Herrero-Perezrul M. D. 2016. Density decrease in an exploited population of brown sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus in a biosphere reserve from the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. Ocean & Coastal Management 121: 49 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ocecoaman. 2015.12.009" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Glockner-Fagetti
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FEA2FBEEBB0D2E02" box="[277,335,1080,1106]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FE10FBEFB8CD2E02" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[423,655,1080,1106]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FDB7FBEEB8782E02" box="[512,570,1080,1106]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also report several management strategies in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7423268FB17FBEFBEBF2E02" box="[1184,1277,1080,1106]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
, including the establishment of a fishing season (October–May), a minimum legal size (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7423268FBE4FB8CBEDB2E25" box="[1107,1177,1115,1141]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="g" value="400.0">400 g</quantity>
|
||
or
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7423268FB74FB8CBF532E25" box="[1219,1297,1115,1141]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
), annual permits and no-take reserves where the smallest individuals are found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7423268FF0AFB6ABE952F0F" blockId="71.[189,1399,1213,1376]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Preoccupation about the conservation of this species in regions besides Galapagos and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FB7EFB6ABF612E87" box="[1225,1315,1213,1239]" name="Mexico" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
is also justified because of the incessant growth of demands by Asian markets. Of concern is also that most of the known population densities in the eastern Pacific are lower than the estimated density proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FF0AFAF4BB842F6D" author="Shepherd S. A. & Martinez P. & Toral-Granda M. V. & Edgar G. J." box="[189,454,1315,1341]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref62479" refString="Shepherd S. A., Martinez P., Toral-Granda M. V. & Edgar G. J. 2004. The Galapagos sea cucumber fishery: management improves as stocks decline. Environmental Conservation 31 (2): 102 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0376892903001188" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Shepherd
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FE84FAF3BB2F2F6D" box="[307,365,1315,1341]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In addition, the population densities after the fishing are lower than 1100 ind/ha, the threshold reference point presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FD06FA92B9D92F30" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[689,923,1349,1376]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FCBCFA91B9042F0F" box="[779,838,1349,1375]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FC7AFA91BE6C2F30" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[973,1070,1350,1376]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FC7AFA91BE6C2F30" box="[973,1070,1350,1376]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Galapagos.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7423268FF0AFA51BE482CE1" blockId="71.[189,1401,1414,1713]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FF69FA51BB7C2FF0" box="[222,318,1414,1440]" name="Panama" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there are reports of illegal extraction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FC94FA50B9C72FF0" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[803,901,1414,1440]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FC94FA50B9C72FF0" box="[803,901,1414,1440]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other species of sea cucumbers at the Perlas Islands and at the island of Coiba. Between 2004 and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7423268FC33FA7FBE5C2F92" box="[900,1054,1448,1475]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.005689" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="kg" value="2005689.0">2005, 689 kg</quantity>
|
||
dry weight of sea cucumbers were exported to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FE26FA1CB85F2FB5" box="[401,541,1483,1509]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FD98FA1DB83A2FB4" box="[559,632,1482,1508]" name="China" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FD7AFA1CB9682FB5" box="[717,810,1483,1509]" name="Panama" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FC8CFA1DBE322FB5" author="Vergara-Chen C. & Guerra Z. & Collado G. N." box="[827,1136,1482,1509]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="21 - 41" refId="ref63732" refString="Vergara-Chen C., Guerra Z. & Collado G. N. 2015. El pepino de mar, Isostichopus fuscus, recurso marino en peligro con altas necesidades de manejo. Tecnociencias 17 (2): 21 - 41." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Vergara-Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FC5BFA1CBE6B2FB4" box="[1004,1065,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, Executive Decrees 157-2003 and 217-2009 instituted a ban on harvest, possession, and commercialization of this organism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FE22F9D9B88C2C79" author="Vergara-Chen C. & Guerra Z. & Collado G. N." box="[405,718,1550,1577]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="21 - 41" refId="ref63732" refString="Vergara-Chen C., Guerra Z. & Collado G. N. 2015. El pepino de mar, Isostichopus fuscus, recurso marino en peligro con altas necesidades de manejo. Tecnociencias 17 (2): 21 - 41." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Vergara-Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FDF2F9D8B8C12C78" box="[581,643,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are no fishing records on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FBC7F9D8BE972C78" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1136,1237,1550,1576]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FBC7F9D8BE972C78" box="[1136,1237,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FAB4F9D9BF352C78" box="[1283,1399,1550,1576]" name="Colombia" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FF44F9E6BB6F2C1B" box="[243,301,1585,1611]" name="Peru" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
. A first attempt to breed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FDD4F9E6B88A2C1B" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[611,712,1585,1611]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FDD4F9E6B88A2C1B" box="[611,712,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in land-based installations on the coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FB6BF9E7BF7C2C1A" box="[1244,1342,1584,1610]" name="Ecuador" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FEFCF984B8072C3D" author="Mercier A. & Hidalgo R. Y. & Hamel J. F." box="[331,581,1619,1645]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="347 - 358" refId="ref60118" refString="Mercier A., Hidalgo R. Y. & Hamel J. F. 2004. Aquaculture of the Galapagos sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus. In: Lovatelli A., Conand C., Purcell S., Uthicke S., Hamel J-F. & Mercier A. (eds) Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management: 347 - 358. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome." type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Mercier
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FE07F984BBA92C3D" box="[432,491,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Ongoing projects seeking to restore the sea cucumber population are being developed at the Provincia
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FDFCF9A2B8992CDF" box="[587,731,1653,1679]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Santa Elena</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7423268FD5FF9A2B9082CDF" box="[744,842,1653,1679]" name="Ecuador" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(https://www.eluniverso.com/vida/
|
||
<date id="042082A7B7423268FB5FF9A2BF2C2CC0" box="[1256,1390,1653,1680]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2017-05-21">2017/05/21</date>
|
||
/ nota/6191473/proyecto-busca-repoblar-pelado-pepinos-mar-spondylus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |