234 lines
24 KiB
XML
234 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BEC5DAD462586A464C0131F5627DE626">From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="F047728ED03F58D78E2D9331064146E8" ID-GBIF-Taxon="206461092" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F047728ED03F58D78E2D9331064146E8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F047728ED03F58D78E2D9331064146E8" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_superFamily="Chalcidoidea">
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Mercet, 1929. Type genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40C0C145089625629FB1D2D6434D8787" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" genus="Cales" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cales" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cales</taxonomicName>
|
||
Howard, 1907.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7FEA7AC07C64C79F0B76ACD2202C2827" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="E6E241892B33B84EE858DC0B01E3A476" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3883289939D9D66993BE1AC532D3B33D" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Antenna with radicle 2-4 times as long as broad; 3 or 4 flagellomeres, clava fused and longer than preceding flagellomeres; most species with multiporous plate sensilla raised and not attached along length to flagellomeres. Protibial spur short and straight. All legs with 4 tarsomeres. Axilla extending forward as distinct narrow scapula (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F09C490879A8C83E037F48EB62452CB6" captionStart="Figures 109–114" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figures 109 - 114. 109, 110 Gastracanthus acutus (Kamijo) (Pteromalidae, Trigonoderinae) 109 lower face frontal view 110 mesosoma dorsal view 111 Cales noacki Howard (Calesidae): mesosoma lateral view 112 Eusandalum flavipenne Ruschka: mesosoma dorsal view 113 Pentacladia elegans Westwood: Mt 8 and Mt 9 fused, but delimited by an oblique suture below cercus 114 Chromeurytoma sp. (Megastigmidae, Chromeurytominae): head and mesosoma dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures109-114" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781082" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">111</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesosoma broadly joined to metasoma, with second phragma extending into metasoma. Hind wing with strongly curved marginal vein. Body pale yellowish or yellowish brown in color.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3451B76191868CE8BB730BE5ABBFD86D" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="E19F610667540CA1F431A625DDBBFFFF" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D054CAF3073BF6BDE3F83168E0E70095" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFE24D723EB61CE2CA3CC5E9CFD62A73" authorityName="Mercet" authorityYear="1929" class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calesinae">Calesinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been treated as an unusual component of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="345ED3F91B5067BECD13780FE9099305" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphelinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with no direct affinities to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50AE6FBFC7031CFACA5E9F040D95D5F3" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphelinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CDBBA3C9E20936F669D09AB00551E84A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00557.x" author="Mottern, JL" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="267 - 284" refId="B44" refString="Mottern, JL, Heraty, JM, Hartop, E, 2011. Cales (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): morphology of an enigmatic taxon with a review of species. Systematic Entomology 36 (2): 267 - 284, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00557.x" title="Cales (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): morphology of an enigmatic taxon with a review of species." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00557.x" volume="36" year="2011">Mottern et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A9E8517007527DE98C8DBAD5FFD10B03" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" author="Heraty, JM" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="466 - 542" refId="B33" refString="Heraty, JM, Burks, RA, Cruaud, A, Gibson, GA, Liljeblad, J, Munro, JB, Rasplus, J-Y, Delvare, G, Jansta, P, Gumovsky, A, Huber, JT, Woolley, JB, Krogmann, L, Heydon, SL, Polaszek, A, Schmidt, S, Darling, DC, Gates, M, Mottern, J, Murray, E, Dal Molin, A, Triapitsyn, SV, Baur, H, Pinto, JD, Van Noort, S, George, JN, Yoder, MJ, 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466 - 542, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" title="A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" volume="29" year="2013">Heraty et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Next generation molecular data conclusively place the only genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89F9AE3A9AB2E6E0938F5BA3478B1B18" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" genus="Cales" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cales" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AC72011E469C41095F3B6E44FD68F18A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Cales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Howard as part of a sister group to most other lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="12531A8C55FE0DDAB1B6AA86A1716783" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cruaud et al., submitted) and not as a member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0D90ABCFDD1B0C1F91CAC4740E8BA21F" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphelinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Given that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BFF58B6293D1F7C5AD0400D17F633EA" family="Calesidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Calesidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is divergent from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8C54FED334CDD357BBCE29A017972E2" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphelinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
both morphologically (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8A848DF53F6E595BF6D6D37E0B7C3D6D" captionStart="Figures 109–114" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figures 109 - 114. 109, 110 Gastracanthus acutus (Kamijo) (Pteromalidae, Trigonoderinae) 109 lower face frontal view 110 mesosoma dorsal view 111 Cales noacki Howard (Calesidae): mesosoma lateral view 112 Eusandalum flavipenne Ruschka: mesosoma dorsal view 113 Pentacladia elegans Westwood: Mt 8 and Mt 9 fused, but delimited by an oblique suture below cercus 114 Chromeurytoma sp. (Megastigmidae, Chromeurytominae): head and mesosoma dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures109-114" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781082" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">111</figureCitation>
|
||
) and molecularly, we raise it to family status.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B28941FAFFB28AB9030B06FBE027A831" family="Calesidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Calesidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
resemble many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2586577285A7228C6B68A9F9D305D7DB" class="Insecta" family="Trichogrammatidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichogrammatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in features of the fore wing venation and antennae, but differ from this family by having 4-segmented tarsi.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DC93FF7C0986CED44B67C6E24D41DC" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Euderomphalini">Euderomphalini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6BE148737A30423CC5DE320A8E547243" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are similar whitefly parasitoids, but these can be distinguished by their narrow petiole with the second phragma restricted to the mesosoma.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |