246 lines
29 KiB
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246 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="1E84B52421C5DFA4C30D5BCDD0829573" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.281230" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3aa9c3e9-4495-480b-8095-3eff3fee36a6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="281230" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460485214154" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto & Baviera, Cosimo" docDate="2012" docId="DD3F87C1FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FB63F9A6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03329p040.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3329" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhinusa tetra Fabricius 1792" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="2106FFB9FFA3FF9F0B43ED4BFFC1FFFC" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="31" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698308969234" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6671C3110E1BCE0327EB9F2348DBC244">Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="955A7EAA256F353EE534003CABAF39EE">Caldara, Roberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AFC584A1082ED11C888DC320F4AEFB67">Casalini, Roberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3E4E3D2BEBB4402AED4EB788166CE8CD">Baviera, Cosimo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="F8197534DCEF1FB2771A2335D8140225">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="079B617AD39CBF08A947F0AD3A9998F8" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2F9C8B35A32381E576425F803DED5626">3329</mods:number>
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<treatment id="DD3F87C1FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FB63F9A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6169035" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119518164" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6169035" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD3F87C1FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FB63F9A6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FB63F9A6" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="1D8C655CFFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FDD6FD78" box="[151,535,618,644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="552936D7FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FDD6FD78" blockId="5.[151,535,618,644]" box="[151,535,618,644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<heading id="0E6181BBFFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FDD6FD78" bold="true" box="[151,535,618,644]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FDD6FD78" ID-CoL="6X5CZ" authority="Fabricius, 1792" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1792" box="[151,535,618,644]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetra">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FDD6FD78" bold="true" box="[151,535,618,644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FEFDFD78" bold="true" box="[151,316,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Rhinusa tetra</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0A08EF21FDCEFD78" author="Fabricius" box="[331,527,618,644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1792) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. 1. Proft, Hafniae, xx + 538 pp." type="book" year="1792">Fabricius, 1792</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1D8C655CFFA6FF9A0BD4EFE7FDB9FC29" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="552936D7FFA6FF9A0BD4EFE7FE07FD3D" blockId="5.[151,632,684,982]" box="[151,454,684,706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EFE7FE07FD3D" authority="Germar, 1821" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1821" box="[151,454,684,706]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amictus">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EFE7FEF5FD3E" box="[151,308,684,706]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Cionus amictus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0A79EFE7FE07FD3D" author="Germar" box="[314,454,684,705]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Germar, E. F. (1821) Genera quaedam curculionitum proposita, et speciebus observatis illustrata. Magazin der Entomologie, 4, 291 - 345." type="journal article" year="1821">Germar, 1821</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="552936D7FFA6FF9A0BD4EF80FE31FD1C" blockId="5.[151,632,684,982]" box="[151,496,714,736]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EF80FE31FD1C" authority="Brulle, 1832" authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,496,714,736]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gymnetron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispidum">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EF80FEAAFD1C" box="[151,363,714,736]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Gymnetron hispidum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0A32EF81FE31FD1C" author="Brulle" box="[369,496,714,736]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Brulle, M. (1832) Expedition scientifique de Moree. Section des Sciences Physiques. Tome III. 1 re Partie. Zoologie. Deuxieme Section. Des animaux articules. Levrault, Paris, 400 pp + 22 pl." type="book" year="1832">Brullé, 1832</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="552936D7FFA6FF9A0BD4EFA1FDE2FCE1" blockId="5.[151,632,684,982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EFA1FDD6FD03" authority="Rosenschoeld, 1838" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,535,745,767]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gymnetron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eoum">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EFA1FE84FD03" box="[151,325,746,767]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Gymnetron eoum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0A08EFA2FDD6FD03" author="Rosenschoeld" box="[331,535,745,767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Rosenschoeld, E. M. (1838) In: Schonherr C. J., Genera et species curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae - Vol. 4 (2). Roret, Paris, pp. 601 - 1121 [pp. 1122 - 1124 (Corrigenda)]." type="journal article" year="1838">Rosenschoeld, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0965EFA1FD8BFD03" bold="true" box="[550,586,746,767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">syn</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0914EFA1FDA4FD03" bold="true" box="[599,613,746,767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">n</emphasis>
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.)
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EE42FDE2FCE1" authority="Gyllenhal, 1838" authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,547,776,798]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gymnetron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiellum">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EE42FEBBFCE2" box="[151,378,776,798]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Gymnetron plagiellum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0AC2EE43FDE2FCE1" author="Gyllenhal" box="[385,547,776,798]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Gyllenhal, L. (1838) In: Schonherr C. J., Genera et species curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus to Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae - Vol. 4 (2). Roret, Paris, pp. 601 - 1121 [pp. 1122 - 1124 (Corrigenda)]." type="journal article" year="1838">Gyllenhal, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="552936D7FFA6FF9A0BD4EE6CFDD4FCA6" blockId="5.[151,632,684,982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EE6CFD8AFCC0" ID-CoL="3HQ4T" authority="Rosenschoeld, 1838" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,587,806,829]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gymnetron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscescens">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EE6CFEB8FCC1" box="[151,377,807,829]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Gymnetron fuscescens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0A3CEE6DFD8AFCC0" author="Rosenschoeld" box="[383,587,806,828]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Rosenschoeld, E. M. (1838) In: Schonherr C. J., Genera et species curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae - Vol. 4 (2). Roret, Paris, pp. 601 - 1121 [pp. 1122 - 1124 (Corrigenda)]." type="journal article" year="1838">Rosenschoeld, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EE0DFDD4FCA6" authority="Gyllenhal, 1838" authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,533,837,859]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gymnetron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trigonale">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EE0DFEAAFCA7" box="[151,363,837,859]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Gymnetron trigonale</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0A32EE0EFDD4FCA6" author="Gyllenhal" box="[369,533,837,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Gyllenhal, L. (1838) In: Schonherr C. J., Genera et species curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus to Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae - Vol. 4 (2). Roret, Paris, pp. 601 - 1121 [pp. 1122 - 1124 (Corrigenda)]." type="journal article" year="1838">Gyllenhal, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="552936D7FFA6FF9A0BD4EE2FFDB9FC29" blockId="5.[151,632,684,982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EE2FFE15FC85" ID-CoL="W2RW" authority="Dufour, 1843" authorityName="Dufour" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,468,867,890]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cleopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verbasci">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EE2FFE87FC86" box="[151,326,868,890]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Cleopus verbasci</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0A0FEE28FE15FC85" author="Dufour" box="[332,468,867,889]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Dufour, L. (1843) Excursion entomologique dans les montagnes de la vallee d'Ossau. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Pau, 5 - 118." type="book chapter" year="1843">Dufour, 1843</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0AA1EE2FFDE9FC85" bold="true" box="[482,552,868,889]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">syn. n.</emphasis>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EEC9FE21FC64" authority="Dufour, 1843" authorityName="Dufour" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,480,898,920]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cleopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatus">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EEC9FE92FC64" box="[151,339,898,920]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Cleopus uncinatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0A1AEEC9FE21FC64" author="Dufour" box="[345,480,898,920]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Dufour, L. (1843) Excursion entomologique dans les montagnes de la vallee d'Ossau. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Pau, 5 - 118." type="book chapter" year="1843">Dufour, 1843</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0AACEEC8FDF4FC64" bold="true" box="[495,565,899,920]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">syn. n.</emphasis>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EEE9FD98FC4B" authority="Rosenhauer, 1847" authorityName="Rosenhauer" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,601,929,951]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gymnetron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haemorrhoum">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EEE9FE5CFC4B" box="[151,413,929,951]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Gymnetron haemorrhoum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0AE0EEEAFD98FC4B" author="Rosenhauer" box="[419,601,929,951]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Rosenhauer, W. G. (1847) Beitrage zur Insekten-Fauna Europas, Vol. I, Erlangen, i - x + 1 - 160 pp." type="book chapter" year="1847">Rosenhauer, 1847</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0BD4EE8AFDB9FC29" ID-CoL="6L73R" authority="Reitter, 1907" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,632,960,982]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gymnetron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tetrum" subSpecies="subrotundatum">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4EE8AFE2FFC2A" box="[151,494,960,982]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Gymnetron tetrum subrotundatum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0AB6EE8BFDB9FC29" author="Reitter" box="[501,632,960,982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Reitter, E. (1907) Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europaischen Coleopteren. LIX. Heft. Curculionidae. 13. Theil: Mecinini (Gymnetrini). Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brunn, 46, 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1907">Reitter, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1D8C655CFFA6FF9A0BD4E949FB63F9A6" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="552936D7FFA6FF9A0BD4E949FA87FAC6" blockId="5.[151,1436,1026,1627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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Remarks. This is one of the commonest and most widespread species in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0F7BE948FB55FBE7" box="[1080,1172,1027,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0F7BE948FB55FBE7" box="[1080,1172,1027,1051]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Rhinusa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. In the southern part of its area of distribution it can be confused with two other very similar species,
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A08B5E963FBB5FBC2" box="[1014,1140,1062,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cleopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verbasci">
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<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A08B5E963FBB5FBC2" box="[1014,1140,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">R. verbasci</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0FEAE963FAEFFBC2" box="[1193,1326,1062,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gymnetron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moroderi">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0FEAE963FAEFFBC2" box="[1193,1326,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">R. moroderi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. It can be separated from these only by the shape of the female rostrum, most easily in lateral view. Unfortunately the males of these three species differ only by average length of rostrum and aedeagus (see key to the species). It is well known that adults of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0AC2E9DFFE15FB57" box="[385,468,1172,1195]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetra">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0AC2E9DFFE15FB57" box="[385,468,1172,1195]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">R. tetra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
vary greatly in size (from 2.0 mm to
|
|
<quantity id="926E9B32FFA6FF9A0837E9D9FC0BFB56" box="[884,970,1170,1194]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
|
|
) even in specimens collected on the same plant. Since this species is oligophagous, with larvae feeding in seeds of different species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0FE3E9FDFAD9FB32" box="[1184,1304,1206,1230]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0FE3E9FDFAD9FB32" box="[1184,1304,1206,1230]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Verbascum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, it is possible that the size of the specimens is influenced by the different size of the seeds in various species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0E40E990FABFFB0F" box="[1283,1406,1243,1267]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0E40E990FABFFB0F" box="[1283,1406,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Verbascum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as already speculated by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0AD6E9B5FDB7FAEA" author="Peyerimhoff" box="[405,630,1278,1302]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Peyerimhoff, P. de (1911) Notes sur la biologie de quelques coleopteres phytophages du Nord-Africain. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 80, 283 - 314." type="journal article" year="1911">Peyerimhoff (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. The same is probably true for the different lengths of the rostra of the female in various populations as is known to occur in several species of herbivorous “long-nosed weevils”.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="552936D7FFA6FF9A0B84E80DFBE8FA12" blockId="5.[151,1436,1026,1627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
|
|
Biological notes. Larva and adult were quoted as collected on various species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0F0BE80DFB02FAA2" box="[1096,1219,1350,1374]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0F0BE80DFB02FAA2" box="[1096,1219,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Verbascum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However, some of these observations possibly refer to other species closely related to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A08DFE827FC33FA7F" box="[924,1010,1388,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetra">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A08DFE827FC33FA7F" box="[924,1010,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">R. tetra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. We could verify the following plant associations:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0A6EE8DBFE6BFA5A" box="[301,426,1422,1447]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="blattaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0A6EE8DBFE6BFA5A" box="[301,426,1422,1447]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V. blattaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0A94E8DBFD9CFA5A" box="[471,605,1422,1447]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boerhavii">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0A94E8DBFD9CFA5A" box="[471,605,1422,1447]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V. boerhavii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A09C9E8DBFCC7FA5A" box="[650,774,1423,1447]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="creticum">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A09C9E8DBFCC7FA5A" box="[650,774,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V. creticum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(L.) Cav.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A083DE8DBFC38FA5A" box="[894,1017,1422,1447]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lychnitis">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A083DE8DBFC38FA5A" box="[894,1017,1422,1447]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V. lychnitis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L.,
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0F66E8DBFB4FFA5B" box="[1061,1166,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V. n i g r u m</emphasis>
|
|
L.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0FFDE8DBFA9AFA5A" box="[1214,1371,1422,1447]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phlomoides">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0FFDE8DBFA9AFA5A" box="[1214,1371,1422,1447]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V. phlomoides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0EC4E8DBFEDFFA37" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phoeniceum">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0EC4E8DBFA55FA5B" box="[1415,1428,1424,1447]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0BD4E8F8FEDFFA37" box="[151,286,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">phoeniceum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0A0CE8FFFD8AFA36" authority="Vill." authorityName="Vill." box="[335,587,1458,1483]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulverulentum">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0A0CE8FFFDCFFA37" box="[335,526,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V. pulverulentum</emphasis>
|
|
Vill.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0914E8FFFC99FA36" authority="Schrader" authorityName="Schrader" box="[599,856,1458,1483]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosum">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0914E8FFFD2BFA37" box="[599,746,1460,1483]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V. speciosum</emphasis>
|
|
Schrader
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0827E8FFFBB7FA36" authority="Schrader" authorityName="Schrader" box="[868,1142,1458,1483]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thapsiforme">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0827E8FFFBC9FA37" box="[868,1032,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V. thapsiforme</emphasis>
|
|
Schrader
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0FC0E8FFFA5AFA36" authority="L. Sometimes" authorityName="L. Sometimes" box="[1155,1435,1458,1483]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thapsus">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0FC0E8FFFB37FA37" box="[1155,1270,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">V. thapsus</emphasis>
|
|
L. Sometimes
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
adult
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0B95E893FEEBFA13" box="[214,298,1496,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetra">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0B95E893FEEBFA13" box="[214,298,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">R. tetra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
were collected also on
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0972E89DFD05FA12" box="[561,708,1494,1518]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Scrophularia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0972E89DFD05FA12" box="[561,708,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Scrophularia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A0997E89CFCA4FA12" box="[724,869,1494,1518]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Scrophularia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A0997E89CFCA4FA12" box="[724,869,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">S. auriculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A08D1E89CFC3BFA12" box="[914,1018,1495,1518]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Scrophularia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canina">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A08D1E89CFC3BFA12" box="[914,1018,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">S. canina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L.).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="552936D7FFA6FF9A0B84E8B1FB63F9A6" blockId="5.[151,1436,1026,1627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
|
|
Distribution. Europe, Siberia, North Africa, Middle East, central Asia, northern
|
|
<collectingCountry id="2D817647FFA6FF9A0F0DE8B1FB46F9EE" box="[1102,1159,1530,1554]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">India</collectingCountry>
|
|
(R. Caldara, pers. data). Introduced in North
|
|
<collectingCountry id="2D817647FFA6FF9A0A39EB55FE1BF9CA" box="[378,474,1566,1590]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">America</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="31074B26FFA6FF9A0AAAEB55FCC3F9CA" author="O'Brien" box="[489,770,1566,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="O'Brien, C. W. & Wibmer, G. J. (1982) Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 43, 1 - 382." type="journal article" year="1982">O'Brien & Wibmer 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), where it was proposed as a potential candidate for the biological control of invasive Common Mullein,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92964D54FFA6FF9A09DAEB08FCB1F9A7" box="[665,880,1603,1627]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thapsus">
|
|
<emphasis id="67E2EAC5FFA6FF9A09DAEB08FCB1F9A7" box="[665,880,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Verbascum thapsus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L. (see Anonymous 2011).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |