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255 lines
30 KiB
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<mods:title id="351257B3D26DA71260EA90027A4C2025">Spotted males, uniform females and the lowest chromosome number in Tettigoniids recorded: Review of the genus Gonatoxia Karsch (Orthoptera, Phaneropterinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D85F24F7FFC86F0458DB725705B51EDD">Hemp, Claudia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC1F3FCE268147F167CE1F48210CA3E2">Heller, Klaus-Gerhard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5A3B1FD9245A0700C372AFF54665EAC3">Hemp, Andreas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D4D1B238927FF68E92790E1E0C3E3F85">Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift</mods:title>
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<treatment id="BD48A03A5D1D1109AF2F359C7DA1DC3B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127896785" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD48A03A5D1D1109AF2F359C7DA1DC3B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD48A03A5D1D1109AF2F359C7DA1DC3B" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="274" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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<subSubSection id="3F3DA4A3179E0E44750D4676B6C2BA5D" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9B73CAF99BE91F049D02E5AC79331994" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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<taxonomicName id="6EDA0243A36B3870998B706A8BDB844D" ID-CoL="6KP82" authority="Karsch, 1889" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata Karsch, 1889</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="53E63EC79FCC0D5E75F1E742DB2EAA6B" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="5B7587916251E2CE3C2B101C8F3F59A2" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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<taxonomicName id="990CA8A3E4A2AA4D04738734B8B999DE" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="D5C4C4B0A64C29CC504AEA7E4B8213E4" author="Karsch, F" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="12" pageNumber="283" pagination="415 - 464" title="Orthopterologische Beitraege III." volume="32" year="1889">Karsch 1889</bibRefCitation>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="1C81403AEB315966A5C6D06596381857" author="Karsch, F" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="12" pageNumber="283" pagination="415 - 464" title="Orthopterologische Beitraege III." volume="32" year="1889">1888</bibRefCitation>
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]. Berlin Ent. Z. 32:442.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4396C24E96156418120337324464016B" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="28BDBD4FF3E3B0E7B0F334B4F4DD9647" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">Material studied.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="676DF0E26017EE478DB47974DC850FE9" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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<normalizedToken id="67054B0C847183EEF7D32C8EA4BCE1DD" originalValue="Аll">All</normalizedToken>
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Tanzania, 1 male, Mt Kilimanjaro, southern slopes, Msaranga valley, submontane riverine forest relicts, 1300 m, April 2011; 4 females, Mt Kilimanjaro, western slopes, Sanja Juu, 1300 m, savanna woodland May 2013; 3 males, 3 females, Mt Kilimanjaro, southern slopes, Rau forest near Moshi, lowland wet forest, 800 m, March, July, August, December 2014 and July 2015; 3 males, 4 females, North Pare Mountains, southern slopes, Lembeni, dry deciduous woodland, 1250 m, March, May, August 2013, May, November 2014 and July 2015; 1 female, Mt Kilimanjaro, southern slopes, Mabungu Hill, savanna woodland, 910 m, December 2013; 2 females, Mt Kilimanjaro, eastern slopes, Kirua, submontane savanna woodland 1300 m, July 2014; 1 female, Mt Kilimanjaro, eastern slopes, Holili, savanna woodland, 1300 m, June 2013 (collection C. Hemp).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2A318B700585A955BC87E3F5705443C0" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="3892EC5D90EE5CFC2FE4971EE7B5D0A7" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">Further material studied.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8E8E9BEBF264DE1535A1C8E1543DD365" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">1 male, Somalia, Afgoi, Feb-March 1978, coll. A. Simonetta, B.M. 1979-543; 1 male, Kenya, Mombasa, coll. W. L. Sclater, 1911-7. Depository NHML.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0AAD4DD98A894975C92ABE0D4BAFE78D" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" type="description">
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<paragraph id="FF9F03B660A2D8F727D1A85A615679EA" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B67AA3E03E794473542E5BA8EBB5B147" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">Male. Males are characterized by a median deeply incised subgenital plate. The styli are long and slender and about 1.5 times longer than the median incision (Fig. 3C). The cerci are stout, the tips wear a sclerotized ridge with numerous teeth (Fig. 3A, B). On the tegmina 2-6 white to ivory white patches are usually present which vary in number and size between the individuals (compare Fig. 2A). Teeth of stridulatory file at underside of left tegmen increase gradually in size (Fig. 4A) towards the anal end. Mirror area as in Fig. 5A, B.</paragraph>
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<caption id="2E819A3FCF1993A875930F6FD38B72BF" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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<paragraph id="A78657B41D558624409AA16969284672" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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Figure 3. Morphological details of male
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<taxonomicName id="C3DFC5330F31F614D5C20E6A7D1921B9" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gonatoxia</taxonomicName>
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species.
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<normalizedToken id="79B28EF9983D993B33624E840E7F9E1C" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="F52DF148B3B9D1D7161B40DA76A151BB" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
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, apex, semilateral view (A), dorsal view on cerci and apex (B), subgenital plate (C)
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<normalizedToken id="884F3F9A75FED0FD16899D1A7FC55042" originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="14264EA600BC0EE538FD1AFE9C663240" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia immaculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">Gonatoxia immaculata</taxonomicName>
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, dorsal view on apex (D), right cercus (E), subgenital plate (F)
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<normalizedToken id="D1FE02B48E3B814EC336653E9F0855AB" originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="D09AF987F12069F778755E3C17A22EB5" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia furcata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcata">Gonatoxia furcata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., semilateral view on apex (G), left cercus (H) and subgenital plate (I).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="8E9759F941D0CFAAA3F7526E62934BA0" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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<paragraph id="A86B05824B660E252D9FB8C38B345E4B" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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Figure 4. Stridulatory files of male
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<taxonomicName id="DCC6B3B647C6795C5E7420E45B8D3B51" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
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(A),
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<taxonomicName id="3C3B1F7C5D66751EA4C0F904799D9ED4" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia immaculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">Gonatoxia immaculata</taxonomicName>
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(B) and
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<taxonomicName id="E59687D182F7FC6AD4D4D0991B02D59B" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia helleri" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">Gonatoxia helleri</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (C). The arrow points a the discontinuity (elevation midway) typical for
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<taxonomicName id="6258E0BBE54C3ABC4C46333F6EC3248B" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia helleri" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">Gonatoxia helleri</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. Scale bar 0.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="4C0B7B31A011C9AB4197560F5CFD78A5" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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<paragraph id="4F0AE132A708CCE7D3F1AD6CE5CF0F5C" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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Figure 5. Pronotum and mirror area of male
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<taxonomicName id="407BB8DEE92A3FE6B2AB52937D5E6646" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
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(A, B) and male
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<taxonomicName id="2D74FFC861B71D60FBA2FACBE606A830" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia helleri" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">Gonatoxia helleri</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (C, D). Differences are small, the mirror of
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<taxonomicName id="F9F800D9C4368197BCDB4F8E9E235268" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia helleri" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">Gonatoxia helleri</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. being more shiny and translucent. Scale bars 5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="C0B31815A692E232F85590571D5DE3CC" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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Female. General habitus and colour. Predominantly green with broad oval tegmina and strongly up-curved ovipositor. Venation of tegmina often light green and often with tiny white dots scattered over tegmina, thus resembling a leaf perfectly. Whitish dots also on pronotum and legs. A pair of yellowish to whitish lines often present starting in upper part of compound eye and running over head and pronotum. Abdominal tergite bright yellow (2 B), tarsi whitish. Head and antennae. Antennae thin and whitish, surpassing tegmina. Eyes round, except for yellowish-whitish upper part green or brown-green. Thorax. Pronotal disc flat, longer posteriorly than pro
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<pageBreakToken id="5CE4B632CC5CFFAB134BA71C11D87DFE" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" start="start">notal</pageBreakToken>
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lobes which are evenly rounded at lower part, with acute edge at insertion of tegmina and wings. Tegmina broad with leaf-like pattern of veins, truncate at tips, alae surpassing tegmina. Alae hyaline except for tips which are of same green colour than tegmina. Stridulatory teeth on the right tegmen for female response to male calling song as in Fig. 6A. Legs. As in male. Fore femora with 3-4 outer spines, mid femora with 1-2 outer spines. Hind femora with 6-8 inner spines long whole length, outer side with 4-5 smaller spines at distal end of femur. Hind tibiae about length of hind femora, stout, in diameter almost tri-angular, curved. Abdomen. Plump abdomen with ovipositor strongly up-curved, valves at posterior third weakly sclerotized and serrated (Fig. 7A). Bowl-like structure lateral at base of ovipositor with strongly elevated lower margin, densely hairy in this region (Fig. 7A, 8A). Subgenital plate narrowly tri-angular (Fig. 9A). Cerci unmodified with stout base and slender elongated tip, strongly setose (Fig. 7A).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DAF5BCBF3E818C41B7E3AB3973F846D3" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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<paragraph id="12C95BE62F95CCE0C9F61EFDADC11378" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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Figure 6. Right tegmen with stridulatory veins of female
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<taxonomicName id="8AEC0D86C3891FFA11FB5C7D25346D4A" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gonatoxia</taxonomicName>
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species A.
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<taxonomicName id="83304D91277A616AB9C16D3413138ABA" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
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B
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<taxonomicName id="59804041B332D785300B5F2DFF4BD15B" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia immaculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">Gonatoxia immaculata</taxonomicName>
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C
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<taxonomicName id="7B329DAAB95CA784FA912A3D3353E33F" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia helleri" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">Gonatoxia helleri</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. D
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<taxonomicName id="DA586F3C2FF32CDD1193F6A76AF12652" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia furcata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcata">Gonatoxia furcata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. Scale bars 5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="F8C9D2EAD1B3D97B0BDBCB6A72E4B7CF" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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<paragraph id="4D3155D68236A02D113966EC6F02B9E6" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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Figure 7. Lateral view on ovipositor of female
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<taxonomicName id="B1874E885283C37FCAD8884771771301" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gonatoxia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Note bowl-like structures laterally (arrows) A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3B4F0C908BFB5B64226ED7D929CC760" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4E7A797AC456EF0E5EA389018F7E87C" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia immaculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">Gonatoxia immaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
C.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29BD53EA5888344499EBB7ECA7C44FE7" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia furcata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcata">Gonatoxia furcata</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. D.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="996F411CB8242D81305C09D921B1DA3A" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia helleri" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">Gonatoxia helleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. Scale bars 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7C64C6C0E5B036F41C0A04B2703F9504" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE86BEA8E0554A3962006C109B7706F0" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
Figure 8. Bowl-like structures lateral at base of ovipositors of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8FA4D0A2F88E8DFAEB6E0757776BE7C" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gonatoxia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26747C305BF5F926604B96F72D7587A1" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4FBB8D7B164D62C9844A5D175DC7F485" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia helleri" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">Gonatoxia helleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. C.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F5B56C973E33A71167FE371CC2DAFC81" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia immaculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">Gonatoxia immaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
D.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87B0CB3A84CFB596387E7BC10630EC4B" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia furcata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcata">Gonatoxia furcata</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. Scale bars 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="1B965306CA860476198A872F62006F37" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<paragraph id="426DCD14F915F203A9BBE4FFD6AD850F" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
Figure 9. Subgenital plates of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FBDA0B755CDB34D245727101551C8E8" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gonatoxia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D693F85B7B78E654A498D190DDE44113" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F999995E0BE59E45A391530ED3BE9327" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia immaculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">Gonatoxia immaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
C.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0832BAFF1A3178BB2A2D79730B53ABD9" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia helleri" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">Gonatoxia helleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. D.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0CB059C07006E88A0159566454EA016E" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia furcata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcata">Gonatoxia furcata</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="817249C3D982ED0C92B542412F5F4A6B" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Nymphs. Nymphs similar to adults (Fig. 10A). When hatching recognized by curved hind tibiae (Fig. 11). Eggs are laid in rows glued to leaf tissue or along twigs (Fig. 12A, B).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D9CA1F1454D759C903199789856F81FC" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<paragraph id="F98A987D69CA31398FBE7D5EBA689EAF" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
Figure 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6BD5F68E48FE28F91CEA257B2B0766A" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gonatoxia</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs. A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A9868C33CE236F1D8139CBC7755CED92" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, last instar B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE638A0BB83F568526A85B1CE5A3CE2A" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia immaculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">Gonatoxia immaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
4th instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="31515F0A5D1EED8B12C74A383556E3EA" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD352A8AFEC1A63EBE81CE1436B437CD" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
Figure 11. Hatching nymph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15456018ED1A450A4F8C7303CB9C41CA" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="4E47943B7533E7007328E488B0D49DE5" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<paragraph id="0AC2B9E1553CDF09B60758C4CDC90EAE" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
Figure 12. Freshly laid eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF593A8AB9335C58522D63E7675ABF80" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A). 26 eggs were laid two days after mating and hatched 7 months later. (B) Eggs glued on a twig.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="445913FECD48EA69A3F759A20D93799E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="274" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="78A8FA6C5707B670FE3DFACC51B0FFF1" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Measurements (mm).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3272524A26A014208B278B591722F36" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Females (n = 5): Total length of body: 21.5-28.8; median length of pronotum: 6.1-6.3; length of hind femur: 26.2-27; length of tegmina: 41.8-44.7. Width of tegmina: 13.3-14.6; ovipositor: 5.3-5.8.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E578BB1EB0238B08AE3CFC3C9BB46C84" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
Since only data for the holotype male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56B44B721C173961F0EFF4A5E74A3AA2" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
are available at present, we provide more measurement data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="94E330C067176BFE8FFF4347854928F4" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="138378E9089DA505D4F47A23A94058C8" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" start="start">Males</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(n = 8): Total length of body: 23-28 (holotype 30); median length of pronotum: 6.1-6.6 (holotype: 7); length of hind femur: 25-27 (holotype 25); length of tegmina: 41-43.7 (holotype 41); width of tegmina: 10.3-14 (holotype 11.5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A0F55AAB11C8901277BC745A22A2DEB" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="82A56A112F9D291F5C6B7366F135B200" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="17A632F4096633DC03BCDBE2B0175428" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">A pair from Kilimanjaro mated on the 19th of November 2014. Mating only took a couple of minutes. A spermatophore containing a two-parted spermatophylax was transferred to the female (Fig. 13). Two days later the female laid 26 eggs into the tissue or on the margin of a broad leaf (Fig. 12A). When offered leaves and dried twigs, females usually laid eggs in series on twigs (Fig. 12B). First eggs from a further female (mating was not recorded) hatched on the 31st of July 2015 (Fig. 11) and the first adult moulted on the 11th of October 2015. Thus development of nymphs takes about 2.5 months (laboratory conditions).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="30BB09F535287A8137B60D029707FF5E" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
|
||
<paragraph id="3F63444A3AFF199ACA28BA72AE08BE46" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
|
||
Figure 13. Pair of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="881FC22F9646E9617CBF8AF026843171" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gonatoxia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatoxia maculata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">Gonatoxia maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
shortly after mating. Note the white spermatophore at the abdomen of the female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D57050C48B779735CEC93584B7D7F4A" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">In two matings (one male, two females; interval about two months) of culture-reared specimens the male weighed 1584 and 1590 mg and the females 1950 and 1830 mg (all before mating) and the two-parted spermatophores 214 and 169 mg (each value mean of male weight loss and female weight gain).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9C4F582A16CB676EC199613D0B769844" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph id="3FD7396D89E87F707D5701185EE77E23" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="85160D1B03BE2BC22213CAC8A21B07EA" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Savanna woodlands and deciduous dry forest up to submontane elevations.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C07F665CBD3E27E8360218B23B520712" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="BF9210514B1064B21892A1114AFB0568" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8C3AC4DE68DB41304774FF772947826B" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |