170 lines
19 KiB
XML
170 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AF48400F17417C0C0ABDE4D75CD9FF8F">Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A6ECEDCD8C677F58279103C1076897D8">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="565CB61C1C4C77A512F59A8E41F8260B">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4B85194B53B4D2418727EE380A7804A1">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8DA3523E2F92E527B441C6503CC2AC24">Hödl, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D2E574C2CD9711B08283ABB0C91DEB0F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7F15BA4225D8438C3C19A9668D5842C4">2022</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFDAFFF7E0D050D78C76FDBC" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDAFFF0E0D050D78C91FCC9" blockId="27.[151,438,762,789]" box="[151,438,762,789]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFDAFFF0E0D050D78C91FCC9" ID-CoL="CKM6" ID-ENA="1390194" box="[151,438,762,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Amazophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manaos">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDAFFF0E0D050D78C91FCC9" bold="true" box="[151,438,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Amazophrynella manaos</emphasis>
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<caption id="6FCF6625FFDAFFF0E0D055BC8CC0F811" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517978" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7517978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517978/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[151,250,1937,1961]" targetBox="[171,1411,817,1905]" targetPageId="27">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDAFFF0E0D055BC8CC0F811" blockId="27.[151,1436,1937,1997]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDAFFF0E0D055BC8C35F875" bold="true" box="[151,274,1937,1961]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
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Tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFDAFFF0E1CE55BC8FA3F875" box="[393,644,1937,1961]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Amazophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manaos">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDAFFF0E1CE55BC8FA3F875" box="[393,644,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Amazophrynella manaos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(INPA-H 1594) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDDFFF7E08052BB8C76FDBC" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E08052BB8CE9FF6C" bold="true" box="[199,462,150,176]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on thirteen tadpoles between Stages 32 and 38 (INPA 1594, MNRJ 7959). Total length 12.7 ±
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<quantity id="FC489B48FFDDFFF7E18752978F32FF09" box="[448,533,186,213]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
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(N = 4; tadpoles at Stages 36 and 37). Body oval in dorsal view and globular/depressed in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFDDFFF7E1E152F38F06FF24" box="[422,545,222,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[171,1411,817,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-231@27.[151,1436,813,1913]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 7. Tadpole of Amazophrynella manaos (INPA-H 1594) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517978/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout truncate in both dorsal and lateral views. Eyes medium-sized, dorsally positioned and dorsolaterally directed. Nostrils medium-sized, oval, dorsally positioned between the eyes and the snout, with opening dorsally directed, without a projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFDDFFF7E4DD530B89D5FE9C" box="[1178,1266,294,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[171,1411,817,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-231@27.[151,1436,813,1913]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 7. Tadpole of Amazophrynella manaos (INPA-H 1594) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517978/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral, non-emarginate; marginal papillae conical, uniseriate, with wide dorsal and ventral gaps. Submarginal papillae absent. LTRF 2/3; A1 and A2 of the same length; P1 and P2 of the same length, P3 slightly shorter than the others. Jaw sheaths narrow, finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped. Spiracle single, sinistral, conical, short and wide, posteriorly directed, opening on the posterior third of the body, with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube medial, fused to the ventral fin, with a medial opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to the pointed tip. Dorsal fin of moderate height, convex, originating at the tail-body junction; ventral fin of moderate heiht, convex. Tail tip rounded.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFDDFFF7E08050478E1CFC30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDDFFF7E08050478F6FFD10" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E08050478C07FD58" bold="true" box="[199,288,618,644]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Colour.</emphasis>
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In preservative, body and caudal musculature light brown, fins translucent with melanophores forming a reticulate pattern. In life, body light brown with individual brown chromatophores to dark brown, caudal musculature pale brown, tail fins translucent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDDFFF7E08050FB8C2EFCC8" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E08050FB8C18FD2C" bold="true" box="[199,319,726,752]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Variation.</emphasis>
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LTRF variable at Stage 25 (1/2, 2/0, 2/1 or 2/3) (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDDFFF7E32950FB8919FD2C" author="Menin, M. & Pegorini, R. J. & Carvalho, V. T. & Rojas, R. R. & Gordo, M." box="[878,1086,726,752]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="393 - 396" refId="ref80978" refString="Menin, M., Pegorini, R. J., Carvalho, V. T., Rojas, R. R. & Gordo, M. (2014) The tadpole of Amazophrynella manaos Rojas, Carvalho, Gordo, Avila, Farias and Hrbek, 2014 (Anura, Bufonidae) from the type locality and adjacent regions at Central Amazonia, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3826 (2), 393 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3826.2.9" type="journal article" year="2014">
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Menin
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E38750FA8EDEFD2C" box="[960,1017,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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). After Stage 26, LTRF consistently 2/3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDDFFF7E080513389BDFCE4" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1113]" box="[199,1178,798,825]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E08051338C4FFCE4" bold="true" box="[199,360,798,824]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Metamorphs.</emphasis>
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Dorsum dark brown; chest and limbs light brown; venter whitish-cream.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDDFFF7E080516F8E1CFC30" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E080516F8CA0FC80" bold="true" box="[199,391,834,860]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Eggs are laid on roots above lentic water as two gelatinous strings totaling 70 to
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<specimenCount id="2DB6FD24FFDDFFF7E571516F88BBFC81" box="[1334,1436,834,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="egg">250 eggs</specimenCount>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDDFFF7E0D8514B8C47FC5C" author="Lima, A. P. & Magnusson, W. E. & Menin, M. & Erdtmann, L. K. & Rodrigues, D. J. & Keller, C." box="[159,352,870,896]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref79759" refString="Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp." type="book" year="2012">
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<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFFDDFFF7E0D8514B8DFBFC5C" box="[159,220,870,896]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Lima</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E0A4514A8C3BFC5C" box="[227,284,870,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Tadpoles are found in small (usually <
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<quantity id="FC489B48FFDDFFF7E36B514B8E7FFC5D" box="[812,856,870,897]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
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<superScript id="CCC59BE5FFDDFFF7E31F514B8E47FCA8" attach="left" box="[856,864,870,884]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">2</superScript>
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) streamside ponds formed by rainfall or by stream flooding in terra-firme forests (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDDFFF7E1B351A78FE4FC78" author="Menin, M. & Pegorini, R. J. & Carvalho, V. T. & Rojas, R. R. & Gordo, M." box="[500,707,906,932]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="393 - 396" refId="ref80978" refString="Menin, M., Pegorini, R. J., Carvalho, V. T., Rojas, R. R. & Gordo, M. (2014) The tadpole of Amazophrynella manaos Rojas, Carvalho, Gordo, Avila, Farias and Hrbek, 2014 (Anura, Bufonidae) from the type locality and adjacent regions at Central Amazonia, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3826 (2), 393 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3826.2.9" type="journal article" year="2014">
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||
Menin
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E20151A68F58FC78" box="[582,639,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Tadpoles are found in most months of the year. Larvae are benthic and camouflaged against the substrate (this study). Larvae are exotrophic. In experiments tadpoles were found to be preyed upon by dragonfly larvae and fish (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDDFFF7E2F551FF8E08FC30" author="Hero, J-M." box="[690,815,978,1004]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref77845" refString="Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation, palatability and the distribution of tadpoles in the Amazon Rainforest. PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, 234 pp." type="book" year="1991">Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFDDFFF7E08051DB8EDAFB7C" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDDFFF7E08051DB8F44FB84" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E08051DB8C68FBCC" bold="true" box="[199,335,1014,1040]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Comments.</emphasis>
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Tadpoles from Central Amazonia drawn by Hero (1990; Plate 4) and those described by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDDFFF7E57F51DB8C22FBE8" author="Menin, M. & Pegorini, R. J. & Carvalho, V. T. & Rojas, R. R. & Gordo, M." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="393 - 396" refId="ref80978" refString="Menin, M., Pegorini, R. J., Carvalho, V. T., Rojas, R. R. & Gordo, M. (2014) The tadpole of Amazophrynella manaos Rojas, Carvalho, Gordo, Avila, Farias and Hrbek, 2014 (Anura, Bufonidae) from the type locality and adjacent regions at Central Amazonia, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3826 (2), 393 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3826.2.9" type="journal article" year="2014">
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||
Menin
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E5CF51DA8D93FBE8" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had no noticeable morphological variation relative to the ones herein characterized, except by the spiracle posteroventrally directed in Hero (1990).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDDFFF7E0D056AB8EDAFB7C" blockId="28.[151,1021,1158,1185]" box="[151,1021,1158,1185]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E0D056AB8C71FB7D" bold="true" box="[151,342,1158,1185]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E0AD56AB8C71FB7D" bold="true" box="[234,342,1158,1185]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFDDFFF7E0AD56AB8C75FB7D" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[234,338,1158,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Atelopus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Only one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFDDFFF7E20556AB8F83FB7C" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[578,676,1158,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDDFFF7E20556AB8F83FB7C" box="[578,676,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Atelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in Central Amazonia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |