450 lines
70 KiB
XML
450 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="CFC85ABBD18CE234F644F64B41EEAF4E" ID-CLB-Dataset="31506" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4079.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="14775d87-b4e0-47f1-9148-cd22a696baee" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1050867" ID-ZooBank="3736BD33-404F-442D-B50B-40C19869FCBB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1510811481776" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Borkent, Art & Grimaldi, David A." docDate="2016" docId="9C283051FFB0FFB2FF2FB0C4FB8DD85C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4079.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4079 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Burmaculex antiquus Borkent & Grimaldi 2004" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="464" masterDocId="60114829FFB1FFB5FFB8B300FFC9DF5F" masterDocTitle="The Cretaceous Fossil Burmaculex antiquus Confirmed as the Earliest Known Lineage of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="466" masterPageNumber="457" pageNumber="458" updateTime="1698492730646" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="974B1CB8A176BBB8EA2A2A63571FFFC6">The Cretaceous Fossil Burmaculex antiquus Confirmed as the Earliest Known Lineage of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="22D55A35062FE011F8D3BE8C83D2C088" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D07C8427352F8202531268C4A9A675D5">Borkent, Art</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="521A8B37266A84AF8509AA8B6043C533">Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="287CF3E74F62804D949E96C63BDD8DAE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="943313C246A05FC84375F0A885A551BA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="54DEB24B7E7CB57FFE95A14DDB94FF51">
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<mods:date id="68DB07B9302880F8FFFC3CC85AD4BBC4">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="53867D9285F3A86CD90D67929C1789B3">4079</mods:number>
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<treatment id="9C283051FFB0FFB2FF2FB0C4FB8DD85C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6089788" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137307376" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6089788" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C283051FFB0FFB2FF2FB0C4FB8DD85C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C283051FFB0FFB2FF2FB0C4FB8DD85C" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="464" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">
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<subSubSection id="5C9BD2CCFFB0FFB4FF2FB0C4FD6EDC80" box="[151,679,964,991]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="143E8147FFB0FFB4FF2FB0C4FD6EDC80" blockId="1.[151,679,964,991]" box="[151,679,964,991]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">
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<heading id="4F76362BFFB0FFB4FF2FB0C4FD6EDC80" bold="true" box="[151,679,964,991]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB0FFB4FF2FB0C4FD6EDC80" ID-CoL="9H87M" authority="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,679,964,991]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
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<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB0FFB4FF2FB0C4FD6EDC80" bold="true" box="[151,679,964,991]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">
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<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB0FFB4FF2FB0C4FE57DC81" bold="true" box="[151,414,964,990]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Burmaculex antiquus</emphasis>
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Borkent & Grimaldi
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5C9BD2CCFFB0FFB4FF2FB70CFA55DB1F" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="143E8147FFB0FFB4FF2FB70CFA55DB1F" blockId="1.[151,1436,1036,1088]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="3491A669FFB0FFB4FF2FB70CFA55DB1F" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">
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<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB0FFB4FF2FB70CFD16DB7D" ID-CoL="9H87M" authority="BorkenT & Grimaldi, 2008: 883" authorityName="BorkenT & Grimaldi" authorityPageNumber="883" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,735,1036,1058]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
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<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB0FFB4FF2FB70CFEBCDB7D" box="[151,373,1036,1058]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Burmaculex antiquus</emphasis>
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BorkenT & Grimaldi, 2008: 883
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</taxonomicName>
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. Mid-CreTaceous Burmese amber. Culicidae—Grimaldi,
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<treatmentCitation id="9520A756FFB0FFB4FAF8B70CFE6ADB1F" author="Engel" page="53" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" year="2002">
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<bibRefCitation id="7010FCB6FFB0FFB4FAF8B70CFE48DB1F" author="Engel" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" refString="Grimaldi, D., Engel, M. S. & Nascimbene, P. (2002) Fossiliferous CreTaceous amber fromBurma (Myanmar): iTs rediscovery, bioTic diversiTy, and paleonTological significance. American Museum Novitates, 3361, 1 - 72. hTTp: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2002) 361 <0001: FCAFMB> 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Engel & Nascimbene 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 53
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</treatmentCitation>
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(descripTion, illusTraTions, phoTo). Culicidae-Grimaldi &
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<treatmentCitation id="9520A756FFB0FFB4FC50B72AFB46DB1F" author="Engel" box="[1000,1167,1066,1088]" page="506" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" year="2005">
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<bibRefCitation id="7010FCB6FFB0FFB4FC50B72AFB96DB1F" author="Engel" box="[1000,1119,1066,1088]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" refString="Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M. S. (2005) Evolution of the insects. Cambridge UniversiTy Press, xv + 755 pp." type="book" year="2005">Engel 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 506
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</treatmentCitation>
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(discussion, illusTraTions).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5C9BD2CCFFB0FFB4FF2FB76DFE9CDA60" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="143E8147FFB0FFB4FF2FB76DFD87DBAB" blockId="1.[151,1437,1133,1997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">
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<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB0FFB4FF2FB76DFED8DBD9" bold="true" box="[151,273,1133,1158]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The only known species of
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<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB0FFB4FDEFB76DFD0ADBD9" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[599,707,1133,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
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with moderately elongate mouthparts (about 0.3–0.4x length of antenna) (
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FEB0B791FE78DBF6" box="[264,433,1169,1194]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Figs. 1A, C, E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FE07B792FE2CDBF5" box="[447,485,1170,1194]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[171,1415,193,1506]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">4A</figureCitation>
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). Also, the only known culicid lacking scales on the wing veins (scales are present only on the costa and the posterior margin of the wing) (
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FC8EB7B5FC76DB91" box="[822,959,1205,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1966,1988]" captionTargetBox="[167,1405,193,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[167,1405,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. LefT wing, dorsal view. B. AnTerodisTal porTion of lefT wing, dorsal view. C. PorTion of anTerior of lefT wing wiTh, in parT, anTerior bulge of R 1, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051692/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Figs. 2A–C</figureCitation>
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), and the only culicid having R1 with an anterior bend anterior to R2+3 (
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FE5FB7DCFD88DBAB" box="[487,577,1244,1269]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1966,1988]" captionTargetBox="[167,1405,193,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[167,1405,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. LefT wing, dorsal view. B. AnTerodisTal porTion of lefT wing, dorsal view. C. PorTion of anTerior of lefT wing wiTh, in parT, anTerior bulge of R 1, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051692/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="143E8147FFB0FFB4FF7FB603FE9CDA60" blockId="1.[151,1437,1133,1997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">The following description includes only those features that differ from or are additional to those by Borkent & Grimaldi (2004).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5C9BD2CCFFB0FFB2FF7FB64BFB8DD85C" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="464" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" type="description">
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<paragraph id="143E8147FFB0FFB4FF7FB64BFD82D846" blockId="1.[151,1437,1133,1997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">
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<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB0FFB4FF7FB64BFE9BDA3B" bold="true" box="[199,338,1355,1380]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Description</emphasis>
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(female). Body with scales on legs (
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FD4BB64BFC84DA3C" box="[755,845,1355,1380]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. Fore leg apex of Tarsomere 2, base of Tarsomere 3, laTeral view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 4 – 5, laTeral view. C. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051694/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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), anterior and posterior wing margins (
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FAB0B64BFA46DA3C" box="[1288,1423,1355,1380]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1966,1988]" captionTargetBox="[167,1405,193,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[167,1405,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. LefT wing, dorsal view. B. AnTerodisTal porTion of lefT wing, dorsal view. C. PorTion of anTerior of lefT wing wiTh, in parT, anTerior bulge of R 1, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051692/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Figs. 2A–C</figureCitation>
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), possibly on stem and knob of halter (
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FD89B66EFD4FDAD8" box="[561,646,1390,1415]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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) (no longitudinal ridges visible on scales). Antenna with flagellomeres 2–12 each with basal whorl of sensilla chaetica arising from ring of pale cuticle (
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FB8AB693FB42DAF4" box="[1074,1163,1427,1452]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
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). Mouthparts (
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FA8AB693FF02DA90" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Figs. 1A, C–E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FF62B6B7FF34DA90" box="[218,253,1463,1487]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[171,1415,193,1506]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">4A</figureCitation>
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) moderately elongate (length of labium / length of flagellum = 0.30–0.38). Labrum slender, elongate, curved in cross-section, abruptly tapered apically. Mandible not visible. Laciniae with transverse ridges along length. Labella well-developed, divided medially, details uncertain, ligula with 7 rounded, short apical projections. Wing as in
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FEADB523FE47D964" box="[277,398,1571,1596]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1966,1988]" captionTargetBox="[167,1405,193,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[167,1405,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. LefT wing, dorsal view. B. AnTerodisTal porTion of lefT wing, dorsal view. C. PorTion of anTerior of lefT wing wiTh, in parT, anTerior bulge of R 1, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051692/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Fig. 2A–C</figureCitation>
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, length =
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<quantity id="D3792CA2FFB0FFB4FE43B523FD4DD964" box="[507,644,1571,1596]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="1.9" valueMin="1.6">1.6–1.9 mm</quantity>
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, R1 with anterior bend anterior to R2+3, anal vein apex proximal to level of mcu-CuA fork, with slender setae on all veins (but not crossveins), remigium with four elongate setae, scales restricted to anterior (costa), posterior margin of wing, alula, slender microtrichia on membrane. Foreleg with femur, tibia, tarsomeres 1–4 thickly clothed with scales (
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<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FCA4B591FCBED9F5" box="[796,887,1681,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. Fore leg apex of Tarsomere 2, base of Tarsomere 3, laTeral view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 4 – 5, laTeral view. C. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051694/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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), Ta1 length 0.96 X Ta2–5 length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FB56B591FA80D9F5" box="[1262,1353,1681,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
); mid-, hind legs with numerous setae, scales; foreleg, hind leg claws without basal tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FBE9B5B8FB7CD98E" box="[1105,1205,1720,1745]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. Fore leg apex of Tarsomere 2, base of Tarsomere 3, laTeral view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 4 – 5, laTeral view. C. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051694/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Figs. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FB7BB5B9FAC0D98E" box="[1219,1289,1721,1745]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[171,1415,193,1506]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">4B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fore-, hind legs each with spiculose empodium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FD83B5DCFD57D9AA" box="[571,670,1756,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. Fore leg apex of Tarsomere 2, base of Tarsomere 3, laTeral view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 4 – 5, laTeral view. C. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051694/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Figs. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FD13B5DDFD3BD9AA" box="[683,754,1757,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[171,1415,193,1506]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">4B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdomen with well-developed sternite 8 overlapping base of moderately elongate cerci (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FE5EB400FDF7D846" box="[486,574,1792,1817]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. Fore leg apex of Tarsomere 2, base of Tarsomere 3, laTeral view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 4 – 5, laTeral view. C. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051694/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB0FFB4FF7FB424FBC0D892" blockId="1.[151,1437,1133,1997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB0FFB4FF7FB424FE1BD862" bold="true" box="[199,466,1828,1853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Taxonomic discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
This second specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB0FFB4FD43B425FCB2D863" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[763,891,1829,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB0FFB4FD43B425FCB2D863" box="[763,891,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in fairly poor condition (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB0FFB4FB0EB424FAD9D862" box="[1206,1296,1828,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="458">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Unlike the mostly deteriorated and partially cleared first specimen, the fossil at hand is largely opaque, collapsed and distorted. Nearly all of the body is present but there are only three attached legs, the left mid- (missing at least tarsomeres 3-5) and hind legs (one of these missing some terminal tarsomeres), and the right hind leg. A foreleg is near but detached from the body (identified as such by presence of tibial spur).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="40FED1CFFFB3FFB7FF2FB486FE3FD885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="459" targetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB3FFB7FF2FB486FE3FD885" blockId="2.[151,1436,1926,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB3FFB7FF2FB486FEDCD8C3" bold="true" box="[151,277,1926,1948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="459">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
STrucTures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB3FFB7FE13B486FD4CD8C2" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[427,645,1926,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB3FFB7FE13B486FD4CD8C2" box="[427,645,1926,1949]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="459">Burmaculex antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="40FED1CFFFB2FFB6FF2FB4AEFC62D8BC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051692/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" targetBox="[167,1405,193,1940]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB2FFB6FF2FB4AEFC62D8BC" blockId="3.[151,1436,1966,2023]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB2FFB6FF2FB4AEFEDBD89B" bold="true" box="[151,274,1966,1988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
STrucTures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB2FFB6FE18B4AEFDB1D89A" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[416,632,1966,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB2FFB6FE18B4AEFDB1D89A" box="[416,632,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Burmaculex antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. LefT wing, dorsal view. B. AnTerodisTal porTion of lefT wing, dorsal view. C. PorTion of anTerior of lefT wing wiTh, in parT, anTerior bulge of R1, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="40FED1CFFFB5FFB1FF2FB496FCD9D894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051694/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="461" targetBox="[181,1405,193,1921]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB5FFB1FF2FB496FCD9D894" blockId="4.[151,1436,1942,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="461">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB5FFB1FF2FB496FEDAD8F4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1942,1964]" pageId="4" pageNumber="461">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
STrucTures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB5FFB1FE1BB496FDB3D8F3" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[419,634,1942,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="461" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB5FFB1FE1BB496FDB3D8F3" box="[419,634,1942,1964]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="461">Burmaculex antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. Fore leg apex of Tarsomere 2, base of Tarsomere 3, laTeral view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 4–5, laTeral view. C. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="40FED1CFFFB4FFB0FF2FB6F7FDDBD973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="462" targetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB4FFB0FF2FB6F7FDDBD973" blockId="5.[151,1437,1527,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="462">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB4FFB0FF2FB6F7FEDAD953" bold="true" box="[151,275,1527,1549]" pageId="5" pageNumber="462">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
STrucTures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB4FFB0FE1BB6F7FDB2D951" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[419,635,1527,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB4FFB0FE1BB6F7FDB2D951" box="[419,635,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="462">Burmaculex antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB4FFB0FF7FB554FBA8D87F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1619,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="462">
|
||
Some of the mouthparts were visible in the fossil, confirming that the laciniae (both visible) have transverse ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB4FFB0FF49B577FE87D9CF" box="[241,334,1655,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[171,1415,193,1506]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="462">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and are slightly thickened mesially, features which are unique among the stylets of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB4FFB0FF2FB59BFECAD9EB" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[151,259,1691,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(mandibles lack these features) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7010FCB6FFB4FFB0FDCFB59CFC83D9EB" author="Lee" box="[631,842,1691,1716]" pageId="5" pageNumber="462" refString="Lee, M. K. W. & Craig, D. A. (1983) Cibarial sensilla and armaTure in mosquiTo adulTs (DipTera: Culicidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 633 - 646." type="journal article" year="1983">Lee & Craig 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The apices of the laciniae and labrum are obscured by the palpi and perhaps are within the apex of the labium. The mandibles are not visible (probably because they are either too close to the laciniae or are yet enclosed by the labium; in extant species they are extremely slender, with apical teeth at most, and are often difficult to locate in slide-mounted specimens).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB4FFB0FF7FB42BFE9FD888" blockId="5.[151,1437,1619,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="462">
|
||
Borkent & Grimaldi (2004) reported the possibility of a gap between palpal segments 2 and 3 but this is not present in this second specimen, indicating that this is likely an artifact of preservation in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CB3A3FE5FFB4FFB0FB7FB44FFAE4D837" box="[1223,1325,1871,1896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="462" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. There is, however, a lightening of the cuticle between segments 2 and 3 of at least the left palpus in this second specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB4FFB0FF27B497FF3CD8EF" box="[159,245,1943,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="462">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, a possible gap at the very base of R4+
|
||
<quantity id="D3792CA2FFB4FFB0FCA7B4A6FC8DD8EF" box="[799,836,1943,1972]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="5" pageNumber="462" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
||
the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CB3A3FE5FFB4FFB0FCCCB497FC10D8EF" box="[884,985,1943,1968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="462" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but not in this second specimen, is also likely an artifact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB7FFB3FF7FB397FCBEDE42" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">The amber piece holding the fossil has been cut into four pieces, with a small flat slab now bearing the specimen. The slab bearing the fossil also includes a trichome and a very small poorly preserved arthropod. The three separated pieces of amber cut away from the fossil include the anterior portion of a myriapod, several trichomes, various distorted parts of arthropods, as well as debris.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB7FFB3FF7FB227FAB1DEF2" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">
|
||
The fossil was collected from the same locality as the first
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FCDBB229FC2ADE60" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[867,995,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FCDBB229FC2ADE60" box="[867,995,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is housed in a small plastic box at the American Museum of Natural History, and is labeled with "BURMESE AMBER (Cretaceous E. Cenomanian),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6C96C1D7FFB7FFB3FF2FB270FEC0DED7" box="[151,265,368,392]" name="Myanmar" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D6454FA5FFB7FFB3FEACB26FFEA1DED7" box="[276,360,367,392]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">Kachin</collectingRegion>
|
||
, James Zigras Collection, JZC-Bu213, PIP:
|
||
<specimenCount id="02874ACEFFB7FFB3FCE6B270FCBADED8" box="[862,883,368,391]" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FC3AB26FFB4CDED7" authority="Burmaculex" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[898,1157,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae Burmaculex</taxonomicName>
|
||
", "
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D6454FA5FFB7FFB3FB1AB26FFB33DED7" box="[1186,1274,367,392]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">Kachin</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Tanai Village (on Ledo Rd.),
|
||
<quantity id="D3792CA2FFB7FFB3FEFBB294FE51DEF2" box="[323,408,404,429]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" unit="km" value="105.0">105 km</quantity>
|
||
NW Myitkyna,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6C96C1D7FFB7FFB3FDF7B294FD57DEF3" box="[591,670,404,428]" name="Myanmar" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
" and "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FD50B294FC1EDEF3" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[744,983,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FD50B294FC1EDEF3" box="[744,983,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">Burmaculex antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female, det. Borkent and Grimaldi".
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB7FFB3FF7FB2B7FCA2DD63" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FF7FB2B7FD22DE8F" bold="true" box="[199,747,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">
|
||
Phylogenetic position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FE52B2B7FD2DDE8F" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[490,740,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FE52B2B7FD2DDE8F" bold="true" box="[490,740,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">Burmaculex antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Borkent & Grimaldi (2004) provided a phylogenetic analysis of the features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FEE4B2DDFE12DEAB" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[348,475,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FEE4B2DDFE12DEAB" box="[348,475,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FDEAB2DCFD09DEAA" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[594,704,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with four synapomorphies defining the monophyly of the family including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FEB5B101FE5BDD48" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[269,402,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FEB5B101FE5BDD48" box="[269,402,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and four synapomorphies defining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FC85B2FFFC60DD47" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[829,937,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
exclusive of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FBE8B101FB1CDD48" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[1104,1237,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FBE8B101FB1CDD48" box="[1104,1237,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Here we report additional synapomorphies and an autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FD5CB125FCADDD63" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[740,868,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FD5CB125FCADDD63" box="[740,868,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="40FED1CFFFB7FFB3FF2FB42AFB7CD800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051698/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" targetBox="[388,1195,649,1810]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB7FFB3FF2FB42AFB7CD800" blockId="6.[151,1436,1834,1887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FF2FB42AFEDBD81F" bold="true" box="[151,274,1834,1856]" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Cladogram indicaTing The relaTionship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FD01B42AFC62D81F" authority="To" authorityName="To" box="[697,939,1834,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FD01B42AFC59D81F" box="[697,912,1834,1856]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">Burmaculex antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
To
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
oTher
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FC53B42AFB86D81F" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1003,1103,1834,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Circles refer To synapomorphies discussed in The TexT and numbered sTaTes are Those discussed more fully by BorkenT & Grimaldi (2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB7FFB2FF7FB48CFE22DF8A" blockId="6.[151,1437,1932,2029]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,1795]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="464" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">
|
||
The new
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FE88B48CFE7ED8FB" authorityName="Borkent & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2004" box="[304,439,1932,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB7FFB3FE88B48CFE7ED8FB" box="[304,439,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">Burmaculex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossil has abundant scales on the legs, from the base of the femur to at least tarsomere 4 of each leg, and these were particularly evident on the well-preserved foreleg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB7FFB3FBAEB4AFFBB8D897" box="[1046,1137,1967,1992]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. Fore leg apex of Tarsomere 2, base of Tarsomere 3, laTeral view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 4 – 5, laTeral view. C. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051694/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). This apomorphic state is shared with all other extant and fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB7FFB3FDF6B4D4FD73D8B2" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[590,698,2004,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB7FFB3FD73B4D4FCC6D8B2" box="[715,783,2004,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[388,1195,649,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[373,1203,625,1823]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cladogram indicaTing The relaTionship of Burmaculex antiquus To oTher Culicidae. Circles refer To synapomorphies discussed in The TexT and numbered sTaTes are Those discussed more fully by BorkenT & Grimaldi (2004)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051698/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="463">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) and is unique within at least the Culicomorpha. Among other nematocerous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FEC6B397FE1CDFEF" baseAuthorityName="McAlpine" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[382,469,151,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, leg scales are also present in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FCC0B397FBEBDFEF" box="[888,1058,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FBE4B397FB20DFEF" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[1116,1257,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
where they are clearly independently derived.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB6FFB2FF7FB3DFFAD5DDDB" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">
|
||
The presence of scales on the palpus of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FD07B3DFFCE3DFA7" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[703,810,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FC08B3E1FBFBDFA8" box="[944,1074,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FC08B3E1FBFBDFA8" box="[944,1074,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains a valid synapomorphy (synapomorphy 10 of Borkent & Grimaldi 2004) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FD5FB204FCF9DE42" box="[743,816,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[388,1195,649,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[373,1203,625,1823]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cladogram indicaTing The relaTionship of Burmaculex antiquus To oTher Culicidae. Circles refer To synapomorphies discussed in The TexT and numbered sTaTes are Those discussed more fully by BorkenT & Grimaldi (2004)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051698/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FCF1B204FBF5DE43" box="[841,1084,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FCF1B204FBF5DE43" box="[841,1084,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Burmaculex antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also lacks scales on the head capsule, thorax and abdomen. Although the latter may be through loss by rubbing and from flowing resin, we consider this unlikely since these surfaces on the insect show no traces of scales while they are abundantly present on the legs. Scales appear to be present on the head capsule and thorax of at least all extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FB51B26FFA9DDED7" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1257,1364,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(their presence or absence uncertain in some fossils). Most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FCD3B294FC33DEF2" box="[875,1018,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anophelinae">Anophelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack scales on the abdomen (tergites and sternites usually without scales, sternites always largely devoid of scales) and may have only narrow thoracic scales restricted to the scutellum of the thorax. As such, scales on the head capsule and at least the scutellum may be another synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FE66B2FFFD83DD47" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[478,586,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FD70B101FC8EDD48" box="[712,839,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FD70B101FC8EDD48" box="[712,839,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but perhaps directly related to the presence of scales on the palpus and wing veins (i.e. they may all be one character–"more broadly distributed scales"). The halter may have scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FE9DB147FEB3DD3F" box="[293,378,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
) but visibility was limited and this is uncertain. There is likely more phylogenetic information in the specific distribution of body scales in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FD3FB16CFD3BDDDA" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[647,754,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
but that is beyond the scope of the present paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB6FFB2FF7FB18FFADFDB07" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">
|
||
Borkent & Grimaldi (2004) pointed out that the presence or absence of wing vein scales (other than on the wing margin) was difficult to interpret cladistically because scales are present on the wing veins of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FAB5B1B4FA55DD92" box="[1293,1436,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaoboridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FF71B1D7FEA0DDAF" authorityName="Wood & Borkent" authorityYear="1986" box="[201,361,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corethrellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FEC2B1D7FDC2DDAF" box="[378,523,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaoboridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FCB5B1D7FCB1DDAF" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[781,888,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FC0CB1D7FB9DDDAF" authorityName="Wood & Borkent" authorityYear="1986" box="[948,1108,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corethrellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FBC7B1D7FAC7DDAF" box="[1151,1294,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaoboridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FA89B1D7FE9ADC4B" authority="(Borkent 2012))" authorityName="Burmaculex" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae (Borkent 2012))</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FEDAB1FCFE72DC4A" box="[354,443,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Dixidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dixidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack wing scales. Further information is now available regarding this character. The worldwide revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FE21B01FFDF0DC67" authorityName="Wood & Borkent" authorityYear="1986" box="[409,569,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corethrellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Borkent (2008) showed that all the early lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FB07B01FFA96DC67" authorityName="Wood & Borkent" authorityYear="1986" box="[1215,1375,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corethrellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have only quite slender scales on their wing veins. Unfortunately, the single specimen of the oldest fossil, from Lebanese amber,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FF49B068FDB5DCDF" authority="Szadziewski" authorityName="Szadziewski" authorityYear="1995" box="[241,636,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FF49B068FE16DCDF" box="[241,479,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Corethrella cretacea</emphasis>
|
||
Szadziewski
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is missing its wings. The earliest extant lineage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FABEB067FA51DCDF" box="[1286,1432,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaoboridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FF2FB08CFDFDDCFA" authority="Underwood" authorityName="Underwood" authorityYear="1903" box="[151,564,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Eucorethra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="underwoodi">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FF2FB08CFE6DDCFB" box="[151,420,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Eucorethra underwoodi</emphasis>
|
||
Underwood
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has only slender scales on its wing veins. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FB1DB08CFAA3DCFB" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1844" box="[1189,1386,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Mochlonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FB1DB08CFAEBDCFB" box="[1189,1314,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Mochlonyx</emphasis>
|
||
Loew
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FF2FB0B0FE6FDC97" authority="Lichtenstein" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1800" box="[151,422,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FF2FB0B0FEDDDC97" box="[151,276,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Chaoborus</emphasis>
|
||
Lichtenstein
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have very narrow scales that could also be called somewhat widened setae. As such, the broad wing scales of all extant and fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FDC0B0D4FD2DDCB2" authorityName="Burmaculex" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[632,740,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FCD1B0D5FC25DCB3" box="[873,1004,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FCD1B0D5FC25DCB3" box="[873,1004,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is unique and therefore considered a synapomorphy of that lineage. The simple setae on the wing veins of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FC11B0F9FBE0DB50" box="[937,1065,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FC11B0F9FBE0DB50" box="[937,1065,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be considered derived but the simple setae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FE38B71CFE10DB6A" box="[384,473,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Dixidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dixidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the rather small difference between the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FB3AB71DFACFDB6B" box="[1154,1286,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FB3AB71DFACFDB6B" box="[1154,1286,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FAA0B71CFA5DDB6B" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1844" box="[1304,1428,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Mochlonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FAA0B71CFA5DDB6B" box="[1304,1428,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Mochlonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FF2FB740FEDADB07" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1800" box="[151,275,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FF2FB740FEDADB07" box="[151,275,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Chaoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and early lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FDA9B73FFD78DB07" authorityName="Wood & Borkent" authorityYear="1986" box="[529,689,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corethrellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest this is at best a weak indicator of relationship.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB6FFB2FF7FB764FED1DA22" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">
|
||
The anterior curve of R
|
||
<quantity id="D3792CA2FFB6FFB2FE6DB773FE35DB22" box="[469,508,1124,1153]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
the portion anterior to R2+3 of the wing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FC5DB765FBAFDB23" box="[997,1126,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FC5DB765FBAFDB23" box="[997,1126,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FBC1B764FB1ADB23" box="[1145,1235,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1966,1988]" captionTargetBox="[167,1405,193,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[167,1405,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. LefT wing, dorsal view. B. AnTerodisTal porTion of lefT wing, dorsal view. C. PorTion of anTerior of lefT wing wiTh, in parT, anTerior bulge of R 1, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051692/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
) is unique within Culicomorpha (including all fossils) and is therefore considered an autapomorphy of the species. One of the two wings of the Middle to Late Jurassic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FD89B7ADFD09DB99" box="[561,704,1197,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaoboridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FCB2B7ADFBB3DB99" authority="Kalugina" authorityName="Kalugina" authorityYear="1985" box="[778,1146,1197,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Hypsocorethra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="toficola">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FCB2B7ADFBC4DB9A" box="[778,1037,1197,1221]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Hypsocorethra toficola</emphasis>
|
||
Kalugina
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7010FCB6FFB6FFB2FAA1B7ADFE66DBB5" author="Kalugina" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" refString="Kalugina, N. S. & Kovalev, V. G. (1985) Jurassic Diptera of Siberia [in Russian]. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 198 pp." type="book" year="1985" yearSuffix="b">Kalugina & Kovalev (1985: fig. 34b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows an anteriorly curved R1, but the other wing (their fig. 34a) is shown with this vein straight. The adult mouthparts of this species are relatively short and if the immatures are correctly associated,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FA39B7F8FF24DA6C" authorityName="Kalugina" authorityYear="1985" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Hypsocorethra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="toficola">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FA39B7F8FF24DA6C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">H. toficola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FDA5B61BFD65DA6B" box="[541,684,1307,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaoboridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(having larval synapomorphies with other members of the family). As such we consider any potential similarity between the R1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FCCBB63FFC24DA09" box="[883,1005,1342,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Hypsocorethra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="toticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FCCBB63FFC24DA09" box="[883,1005,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">H. toticola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D381FAC4FFB6FFB2FB9FB63FFB60DA09" box="[1063,1193,1343,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Burmaculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F55D55FFB6FFB2FB9FB63FFB60DA09" box="[1063,1193,1343,1366]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">B. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be, at best, due to homoplasy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB6FFB2FF7FB688FC9FDA9B" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">These hypotheses of character polarity are summarized in figure 5, with character states 4–10 referring to those discussed by Borkent & Grimaldi (2004) and listed as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="143E8147FFB6FFB2FF7FB6CFFB8DD85C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">
|
||
4. Short proboscis (plesiomorphic); moderately long proboscis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FC02B6CFFBA6DAB8" box="[954,1135,1487,1512]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Figs. 1A, C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FB38B6CFFB6ADAB8" box="[1152,1187,1487,1511]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[171,1415,193,1506]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) (apomorphic'); very elongate proboscis (apomorphic"). 5. Female labrum relatively short, broad, and dorsal to remaining mouthparts (plesiomorphic); labrum stylate, partially enclosed by the labium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FC33B515FC24D971" box="[907,1005,1557,1582]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Figs. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FC44B516FBD6D971" box="[1020,1055,1558,1582]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[171,1415,193,1506]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) (apomorphic). 6. Female lacinia either reduced or as a flattened blade with retrorse hooks (plesiomorphic); lacinia a long, slender stylet bearing fine, flattened, transverse ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FD92B55DFD40D92A" box="[554,649,1629,1654]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[171,1415,193,1506]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) (apomorphic). 7. Palpal segment 3 short or of moderate length (plesiomorphic); palpal segment 3 disproportionately elongate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FCD3B580FC26D9C7" box="[875,1007,1664,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Figs. 1C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FC45B581FBE9D9C6" box="[1021,1056,1665,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[171,1415,193,1506]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) (apomorphic). 8. Female palpus longer than other mouthpart elements (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FDE1B5A4FD28D9E3" box="[601,737,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. HabiTus, mosTly in venTral view buT wiTh head benT forward, presenTing oblique anTerior view. B. RighT halTer, dorsal view. C. Head, oblique anTerior view. D. Labium apex, oblique anTerior view. E. MouThparTs, oblique anTerior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051690/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">Figs. 1C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CBA9DC2FFB6FFB2FD57B5A4FCDBD9E3" box="[751,786,1700,1724]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1411,194,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[171,1415,193,1506]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. STrucTures of Burmaculex antiquus. A. MouThparTs, in oblique anTerior view. B. Foreleg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view. C. Hind leg Tarsomere 5, laTeral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051696/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="464">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) (plesiomorphic); palpus equal in length or shorter than other mouthpart elements (apomorphic). 9. Clypeus with setae (plesiomorphic); clypeus without setae (apomorphic). 10. Palpus without scales (plesiomorphic); with scales (apomorphic).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |