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<mods:title id="7B15D7A43D1E402E00F755AFEB704B28">Taxonomic revision of the Pachycondyla apicalis species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).</mods:title>
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<treatment id="2FE3561A48FD33DDB72FF730EAD1BEFE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6265199" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100126074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6265199" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2FE3561A48FD33DDB72FF730EAD1BEFE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2FE3561A48FD33DDB72FF730EAD1BEFE" lastPageNumber="15" pageNumber="13">
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<paragraph id="36F6618A3E33DCED1E131794D27FB677" pageNumber="13">
[[
<taxonomicName id="433CB74948459F25FE85F26536312A27" ID-CoL="4BQT4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">Pachycondyla apicalis</taxonomicName>
species complex ]]
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<subSection id="551D48C62318951EF73A9EEF8C52CD13" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="7768F47B7F9589C8F5B86B2766AE6D41" pageNumber="13">Species boundaries</paragraph>
</subSection>
<paragraph id="BE82E1E6966D1E6357A7A1D193621C43" pageNumber="13">
The morphological evidence considered in conjunction with geography supports the separation of the
<taxonomicName id="39E3ED9F98D021BD70E2CDF54E3B8E38" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">P. apicalis</taxonomicName>
complex into three species. All three are broadly sympatric from northern South America to southeastern Brazil, and the two more common species,
<taxonomicName id="3A08B40A09253BC5FF3C737B51D94602" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">P. apicalis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B817A348A35B886CD14AAD5587D20609" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
, co-occur in Central America north to southern Mexico (Fig. 11). It is notable that every record of the rarer species
<taxonomicName id="371DB2E44414FF8C0551F3E93E1F3873" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">P. obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
involves sympatry with
<taxonomicName id="ABDD962C2BA1CEAF0D38809DDEEA13D1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">P. apicalis</taxonomicName>
(2 sites),
<taxonomicName id="38347E4339D609DEE49D03AD67A3813B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
(2 sites), or both (3 sites). Furthermore, 29 of 81 records of
<taxonomicName id="C714C0E3FFA9585325F0A11E1C7108E5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">P. apicalis</taxonomicName>
(35.8%) show sympatry with at least one of the other two species, and 29 of 60 records of
<taxonomicName id="D608F8D8C3AE822AEBB069F934F84A29" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
(48.3%) indicate sympatry as well. This pattern is likely to be an underestimate of local sympatry given that many records result from haphazard hand collecting and not from thorough myrmecological surveys. Sites that have been extensively surveyed (e.g., La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica and the
<normalizedToken id="F95C752DD6670401AAADC6AD7F68C3FB" originalValue="Mbaracayú">Mbaracayu</normalizedToken>
Reserve in Paraguay) usually uncover at least 2 of the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7CE0C07D35D0D90726F87A936EFF2E1" lastPageNumber="14" pageNumber="13">
Figures 12-17 illustrate some of the morphometric differences among these species. These differences are consistent across the entire range of the
<taxonomicName id="1AD1A640AC1D902E409D912E8A750951" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
complex, including a number of sites where two or more species locally coexist. In particular,
<taxonomicName id="507318AB99FC4251548C574E90AFC788" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">P. obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
consistently has shorter antennal scapes than
<taxonomicName id="7BC2201253B3BCFDAFD49F21A68637DA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">P. apicalis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F0D694E523D6182F31013A3474D1546B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
(Figs. 12, 13), a relatively broader head (Fig. 14), and a more pubescent hypopygium (Fig. 8).
<taxonomicName id="D96A2B9FBD10AB2EF551B1241A66DB67" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">Pachycondyla apicalis</taxonomicName>
can be separated from
<taxonomicName id="3F0256E0E943D5E1EE8B12723778D6A9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
by a taller petiolar node (Fig. 17), by a broader head (Fig. 16), by the lack of strong margination of the petiolar node, by the coloration of the antennal apices, and in South America (but not Central America) by the more extensive pilosity.
<taxonomicName id="37B020367073F807D9EC5A87D7569BD4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">Pachycondyla apicalis</taxonomicName>
is usually larger in most measurements than
<taxonomicName id="02660CA1D484FB76052129F0756E49E1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
, but there is enough overlap that size alone is not always diagnostic. Given the strength and consistency of the morphological differences across multiple instances of sympatry, significant gene flow between these species is unlikely.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1FDC61C4BED1163D8E5BBECC9AAD092A" pageNumber="14">
The common species
<taxonomicName id="B51060CE3C96A9C40C716670D03892D7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C4524C1A272B63DFCC22DC3BE46CC4D2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">P. apicalis</taxonomicName>
both show considerable variation across their ranges in a number of characters, including petiole shape, head shape, scape length, eye size, and pilosity. This variation is either localized or broadly allopatric over a north-south cline, and thus in spite of the overall amount of variation there appears to be no justification for further division of the complex. In contrast,
<taxonomicName id="09EA4C79551506CF0F594A9EBF3A4721" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">P. obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
shows almost no variation across its range, suggesting a recent origin or a population bottleneck.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="894D8B3C70EB7D40FB95E36242D887BB" pageNumber="14">
Phylogenetic relationships among the three species are unknown. Some characters, such as antennal scape length and hypopygial pubescence, suggest a closer relationship between
<taxonomicName id="17ED15E8930F1F33245F4412F5C591D0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">P. apicalis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="729660A6FB3B4CE0DECF1BA8731B8583" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
, while others, such as mesosomal and petiolar configuration, indicate a relationship between
<taxonomicName id="AA637C6086E1C48ECB2FC661DE3CB51A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">P. obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F644559AC162585841A9D4D0D6D3ACA2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">P. apicalis</taxonomicName>
. Molecular genetic data will likely provide the most satisfactory resolution to the problem. Given the variation in the life-histories of these ants (e.g., monogyny in
<taxonomicName id="361C90F3AB12E8ED8F11B321AA26A904" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">P. apicalis</taxonomicName>
and polygyny in
<taxonomicName id="B46FDA68941ACA402EBAE589BEB84395" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
) and the amount of published biological information, a phylogeny could be of great utility.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F3A9BC42A828F7316E678EF8774C570F" pageNumber="14">Nomenclature</paragraph>
<paragraph id="93F152B907F1B920294C36F20A2D6308" pageNumber="14">
The amount of nomenclatural confusion in this complex is surprising considering the small number of species involved. Latreille (1802) described two similar species from South America,
<taxonomicName id="9E98714E8D8AA87F872403A309D3F2DA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:134312" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica flavicornis Fabricius" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">Formica flavicornis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C4180ED8989A2B52EC59DD289BDCCCFD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147699" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica apicalis Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">F. apicalis</taxonomicName>
. I have not seen type specimens of either, but the description of the shape of the node and the coloration of the antennal apices leaves little doubt about the identity of
<taxonomicName id="59A90D407F53D6A488452F039B53EFD6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
, a conclusion also reached by Brown (1957). The identity of
<taxonomicName id="2367B1FC814E57F12E813CD02353A0FB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:134312" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica flavicornis Fabricius" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">flavicornis</taxonomicName>
is not as clear. The name
<taxonomicName id="380F6431592FCB82684E3F223EF613E9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:134312" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica flavicornis Fabricius" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">flavicornis</taxonomicName>
is preoccupied by an older Fabricius (1798) species, and Forel (1905) provided
<taxonomicName id="8B4E8593CA24A4C1EB0BBD9EBB9D6D32" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142090" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera latreillei Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">Neoponera latreillei</taxonomicName>
as a replacement name. Brown (1957) placed
<taxonomicName id="EBA47AF5C6358D7BE0C5DB425A8C2719" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:134312" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica flavicornis Fabricius" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">flavicornis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="80E0398B0A69E11CAFD989E3DED91CAA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142090" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera latreillei Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">latreillei</taxonomicName>
as a synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="1827EDE74DC0A8D92EA7D9E3B4AAC03B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
on the basis of antennal coloration, a decision that I see no reason to challenge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CA94919E5FFD3DD77062DB142ED5426C" pageNumber="14">
Emery was alone among previous workers in correctly recognizing three distinct entities, although he misapplied the name
<taxonomicName id="CB7284B1D549F63997E6C3D297C2AE96" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147699" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica apicalis Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
. In his 1890 paper “Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela”, he discussed a form with a strongly marginate petiolar node (“
<taxonomicName id="6AFA7F981BAA822F5DB0535492AE41AA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147699" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica apicalis Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
”), a form with a more rounded node and yellow antennal tips (“
<taxonomicName id="9AB873151744DDF335E0A42D8A3C8090" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186734" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla flavicornis (Fabricius)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">flavicornis</taxonomicName>
”), and a new variety of
<taxonomicName id="80752AA6A281FDB54357E4012960D2EB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186734" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla flavicornis (Fabricius)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">flavicornis</taxonomicName>
with dark antennal tips (“
<taxonomicName id="E4BEC6BB8EF6988884DFA5711B92A75B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:141777" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla flavicornis var. obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavicornis" variety="obscuricornis">obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
”). Material determined by Emery in MHNG confirms that these names correspond to
<taxonomicName id="89F8639B0431B734E971C13A91676632" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B91281F7594FEC08388BFB844669B799" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">P. apicalis</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="90BE063EC666589CFB96E26C0557E22D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">P. obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
, respectively. Emery was content to keep the two forms with the more rounded node as varieties of a single species rather than as separate species, so he placed
<taxonomicName id="E44AE3958AC9E680D5689ABCE7AA470C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:141777" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla flavicornis var. obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavicornis" variety="obscuricornis">obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
as a variety of
<taxonomicName id="B704C792651B57EEF4D58FDBCD77405B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186734" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla flavicornis (Fabricius)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">flavicornis</taxonomicName>
, and later
<taxonomicName id="A1395BA17A3B155F8F533BEDCAA0E73C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:239973" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera obscuricornis var. latreillei" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="obscuricornis" variety="latreillei">latreillei</taxonomicName>
as a variety of
<taxonomicName id="ABC3F12007FCDD2490B47D2B86598638" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:239059" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera obscuricornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
in “Genera Insectorum ” (Emery 1911) once Forel (1905) proposed
<taxonomicName id="6F2DAD3380BAB9E5ECF52D6FCA0ABD21" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142090" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera latreillei Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">latreillei</taxonomicName>
as a replacement name for the preoccupied
<taxonomicName id="836B8943ECBCE51D4121F0EDBC769B64" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:134312" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica flavicornis Fabricius" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">flavicornis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8D26BD3BAE6D7A88B044712B864035D0" pageNumber="15">
Forel’s handling of the group parallels Emery’s but is less consistent. Examining the Forel collection at MHNG, I found that Forel largely followed Emery’s treatment of the species with the marginate node as
<taxonomicName id="759C6870066C2183297579255CC47CD1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
and that with the yellow antennal apices as
<taxonomicName id="9A138E45F46B116383F7A7A530425822" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:134312" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica flavicornis Fabricius" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">flavicornis</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="FFE1BB7E51DF15BB1E67ACD57A584CEC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142090" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera latreillei Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">latreillei</taxonomicName>
. Forel also provided new names for relatively slight variants,
<taxonomicName id="DA08E9484392779EEE054802E9DB3360" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142091" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera apicalis var. verenae Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="apicalis" variety="verenae">verenae</taxonomicName>
from Panama as a variety of
<taxonomicName id="ED6872F55EF8F0CA2B0A7A8CE8F8C0C3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="A07D336E20640DD5071BA5183AB4EAEC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:141776" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera obscuricornis r. latocciput Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="obscuricornis" subSpecies="latocciput">latocciput</taxonomicName>
from Ecuador as a race of
<taxonomicName id="C3BE1F558F0CA4401AC783E82CB86A37" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
. Why he assigned
<taxonomicName id="5F83F0E02BE04187771B3F731A73DEEC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:141776" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera obscuricornis r. latocciput Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="obscuricornis" subSpecies="latocciput">latocciput</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="1489BA61883AB823885306263E945F1C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
instead of
<taxonomicName id="DC02748C215B2F7E368FE4620FD371F1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142090" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera latreillei Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">latreillei</taxonomicName>
is not clear, all the more so since he acknowledges both taxa in the brief description. It is apparent, however, that he put more consideration into form than coloration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3440DD675DC35BDBF1ADCFA9A60DBD6D" pageNumber="15">
Brown’s (1957) primary contribution was the realization that Latreille’s original description of
<taxonomicName id="06F03CF3C959C33795291A00E4BDEBA5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147699" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica apicalis Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">Formica apicalis</taxonomicName>
matched the species that Forel and Emery had been calling first
<taxonomicName id="D5E8E48BED6734165119C28667BC8C6D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186734" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla flavicornis (Fabricius)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">flavicornis</taxonomicName>
and then
<taxonomicName id="FB8D7DF2616BD34E053B583D6F63F873" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142090" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera latreillei Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">latreillei</taxonomicName>
. He put these into synonymy under
<taxonomicName id="0BCA7F15F1BD65B9BB15640B48F37AD8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
. Brown evidently did not examine relevant specimens in either Forel or Emery’s collections, however, so he did not know that Emery and Forel used the name apicalis in a sense opposite to his own. This led him to infer erroneously that Forel’s
<taxonomicName id="A29D5789F905BAE92C2F8EE9F05C4631" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142091" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera apicalis var. verenae Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="apicalis" variety="verenae">Neoponera apicalis var. verenae</taxonomicName>
must be a variety of Latreille’s
<taxonomicName id="2D322CB3498D5DC58157F94DE853FA09" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
instead of the oldest available name for the species with the marginate petiole.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7AA039AA435BF020B80478C085BBBDCA" pageNumber="15">
Brown apparently did not see sufficient South American material prior to his 1957 publication to uncover the rarer species
<taxonomicName id="212527CBF42BD6435AC6B0AF2B663625" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">P. obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
, as he lays out a case for the existence of “two and only two species” (Brown 1957, pg 231). Brown’s two species, “
<taxonomicName id="050EF5005E38176779C83B6F3328D9E8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
” and “
<taxonomicName id="8E1C3CBF42D2982D1072586E813C6B47" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
”, are unambiguously
<taxonomicName id="5890F8B80DD913FA450FD4A3FF009A9F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis Latreille</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6EBE0E3ABEFB7A5A2F9322287A0317A6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">verenae Forel</taxonomicName>
. Under his two-species dichotomy, Brown argued in the absence of type material that Emery’s
<taxonomicName id="583B3D4DEDCC95451470D410A4689615" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:141777" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla flavicornis var. obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavicornis" variety="obscuricornis">obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
could not be
<taxonomicName id="8B9C467B45B71D66407EF36A339F8AC3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">apicalis</taxonomicName>
because of the antennal coloration. By default he treated it as the valid name for the other widespread species (
<taxonomicName id="0FC95C5316BFA14FF2FCE27D5A6CA630" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae [Forel]</taxonomicName>
in the present study). Apparently Brown did arrive much later at a three-species conclusion that was never published, although it is unlikely he recognized the third species as being Emery’s
<taxonomicName id="59E8359CD80FE49E02A0C3361B48518F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
(C. R. F.
<normalizedToken id="B4D4553EB9669C222ABD95CB3015B339" originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
, pers. comm).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF305CDEA056ABE62D7B84908422FF99" pageNumber="15">
Brown’s reorganization was perpetuated in an unpublished but widely circulated manuscript key to Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="CD0D7F2D2E4E4C39382912037D871B8D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
. Consequently, the common species
<taxonomicName id="3A1B66F1AC87BAA7369C1E0892D5D536" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
has been misdiagnosed consistently as
<taxonomicName id="F97B27B7FAB75BE702A4F75DEA183844" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">P. obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
in the literature and in museum collections. In those cases where voucher specimens of “
<taxonomicName id="F01C0D42DDA073B99C97EE41FE2DC2AB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
” were available in this study (Kempf 1972, Duelli &amp; Duelli-Klein 1976, Wild 2003, Longino 2004), as well as in Traniello and
<normalizedToken id="E6B05EAE4A70D7C1D9F21D4B876C7EDA" originalValue="Hölldobler">Hoelldobler</normalizedToken>
(1984) which contained sufficiently detailed photographs, all records actually pertain to
<taxonomicName id="20346A418BF9424B37035D7E24AC4857" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
. Since there are no collection records of true
<taxonomicName id="E2086EF35EB42A0AB8B69A84818DBFDC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">P. obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
from Central America, it is almost certain that other MesoAmerican studies of “
<taxonomicName id="7AA638AC60A143CC0B6EFC2AF72AB3DE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
” (e.g., Fresneau 1984, Oliveira &amp;
<normalizedToken id="93DF843571FB131B4BED9A0AE408028F" originalValue="Hölldobler">Hoelldobler</normalizedToken>
1991, Lommelen et al 2002) also pertain to
<taxonomicName id="DDB67FDAE3B62ED9275EAE65386D3A50" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
. More ambiguous are South American references (e.g., Wheeler et al 1999,
<normalizedToken id="5ECBFDC590DE1ECD3F647D3AF4017D9B" originalValue="Düssman">Duessman</normalizedToken>
et al 1996). Given the relative rarity of true
<taxonomicName id="F75D2D053FC0F724FF47648A91C36F58" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">P. obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
, most South American records may also refer to
<taxonomicName id="E3D9EE58E7EB16E54F32CAD39F562CB5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:186243" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla verenae (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">P. verenae</taxonomicName>
, but the identity of these cannot be verified without the examination of specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C081993BA09AE5DD285E0BCFC9D9962" pageNumber="15">
Unfortunately, taxonomic instability may continue to persist for some time in the
<taxonomicName id="2BC648D60681F27B9E386AFD80B1834B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">Pachycondyla apicalis</taxonomicName>
complex. While the species-level nomenclature may stabilize with the recognition of three species, it is almost certain that the heterogeneous genus
<taxonomicName id="2252FE605FFA22219458096E012662C5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
is paraphyletic with respect to much of the rest of the tribe
<taxonomicName id="1BD2A71C6DE18080E2BB8222827A7A1D" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
(C. Schmidt, unpublished molecular data). As generic taxonomy falls in line with new phylogenetic hypotheses, it is entirely possible that various generic names, including
<taxonomicName id="F5353A2496A8C268D194B059F8A6BC2A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147137" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Neoponera Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoponera</taxonomicName>
for the species discussed here, will be resurrected to retain monophyly of the ponerine genera.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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