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<document id="F0AA341D2561877CD9204194CD8ADF4C" ID-CLB-Dataset="55069" ID-DOI="10.5733/afin.056.0302" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3da60d4c-d1cc-4d44-9688-8b6ba41b0cc4" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7670510" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1676640696277" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Blakemore, Robert J." docDate="2015" docId="03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.56.3.527-548.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 56 (3)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5733/afin.056.0302" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0201127D758FBEB889983D376DC13FCB.4:AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="0201127D758FBEB889983D376DC13FCB" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Eudrilus eugeniae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="535" masterDocId="FFCBFFAB0778B106FFD5A015F17A747E" masterDocTitle="Eco-taxonomic profile of an iconic vermicomposter - the ‘ African Nightcrawler’ earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867)" masterLastPageNumber="548" masterPageNumber="527" pageNumber="528" updateTime="1699475394608" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="B3EBCD75AF88D285D1A6CD8165AADD07">Eco-taxonomic profile of an iconic vermicomposter - the ‘ African Nightcrawler’ earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3C6CF766DAA64F811F1CF1706DCF6169">Blakemore, Robert J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E6C4B6198A68197B7EC99ECF62153AE7">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5585ED8E219A4FA2E3D6FD0BFC646ED7">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670512" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209341685" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7670512" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="535" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<subSubSection id="C341654E077AB104FE07A407F2237053" box="[466,857,1042,1069]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FE07A407F2237053" blockId="2.[466,857,1042,1069]" box="[466,857,1042,1069]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<heading id="D0AC81A9077AB104FE07A407F2237053" box="[466,857,1042,1069]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FE07A407F2237053" ID-CoL="8885K" ID-ENA="169957" authority="(Kinberg, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[466,857,1042,1069]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FE07A407F3E47055" box="[466,670,1042,1068]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus eugeniae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FD78A407F22B7053" author="KINBERG, J. G. H." box="[685,849,1042,1069]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref13227" refString="KINBERG, J. G. H. 1867. Annulata nova. Ofersigt af Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 1866, Stockholm (1867) 23 (4): 97 - 103. (http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 100619 # page / 105 / mode / 1 up; accessed 25 / 07 / 2015)." type="journal article" year="1867">Kinberg, 1867</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C341654E077AB104FDB1A42FF3BD702B" box="[612,711,1082,1109]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FDB1A42FF3BD702B" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" box="[612,711,1082,1109]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<figureCitation id="13602A40077AB104FDB1A42FF3DF702B" box="[612,677,1082,1109]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[331,364,697,719]" captionTargetBox="[396,852,204,680]" captionTargetId="figure-293@3.[396,852,204,680]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. A Eudrilus eugeniae specimen from a vermicompost site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7670514/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Figs 1</figureCitation>
–4
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C341654E077AB104FF60A44AF312723D" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF60A44AF54570C0" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4B11EB077AB104FF60A44AF54570C0" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<treatmentCitation id="0AFA10D4077AB104FF60A44AF35A700A" author="KINBERG, J. G. H." box="[181,544,1119,1141]" page="98" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" year="1867">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FF60A44AF35A700A" authority="Kinberg, 1867: 98" authorityName="Kinberg" authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="1867" box="[181,544,1119,1141]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FF60A44AF015700A" box="[181,367,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Lumbricus eugeniae</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B333C98077AB104FEA3A44AF35A700A" box="[374,544,1119,1141]" collectionCode="BMNH" latitude="-15.933333" longLatPrecision="1283" longitude="-5.7166667" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" specimenCode="BMNH 1904.10" specimenCount="2">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FEA3A44AF35A700A" author="KINBERG, J. G. H." box="[374,544,1119,1141]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref13227" refString="KINBERG, J. G. H. 1867. Annulata nova. Ofersigt af Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 1866, Stockholm (1867) 23 (4): 97 - 103. (http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 100619 # page / 105 / mode / 1 up; accessed 25 / 07 / 2015)." type="journal article" year="1867">Kinberg, 1867: 98</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. [
<typeStatus id="54E08867077AB104FDFAA44AF325700A" box="[559,607,1119,1140]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Humid mounts and valley of St Helena (
<geoCoordinate id="EE6F5002077AB104FBFBA44AF50F700B" box="[1070,1141,1119,1141]" degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" precision="925" value="-15.933333">15°56'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6F5002077AB104FEC0A462F01C70F3" box="[277,358,1143,1165]" degrees="05" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" precision="925" value="-5.7166667">05°43'W</geoCoordinate>
).
<typeStatus id="54E08867077AB104FEA9A462F0C870F2" box="[380,434,1143,1164]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Types</typeStatus>
in Natural History Museum, London
<specimenCode id="DBFD9EBE077AB104FCC8A462F2CC70F3" box="[797,950,1143,1165]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">BMNH 1904.10</specimenCode>
.5.550 with Swedish Museum label: “
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FE7AA49AF29A70DA" box="[431,992,1167,1188]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FE7AA49AF22070DA" authority="Kinberg St Helena Swed." authorityName="Kinberg St Helena Swed." box="[431,858,1167,1188]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">Lumbricus Eugeniae Kinberg St Helena Swed.</taxonomicName>
State Museum
</emphasis>
.” The specimen was in moderate condition when briefly inspected in June, 2013 (Blakemore 2014: 122)].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF60A4AAF3FB7091" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4B11EB077AB104FF60A4AAF3FB7091" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<treatmentCitation id="0AFA10D4077AB104FF60A4AAF36370AB" author="Perrier" box="[181,537,1215,1237]" page="1176" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" year="1871">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FF60A4AAF36370AB" ID-CoL="8LSW4" authority="Perrier, 1871: 1176" authorityName="Perrier, 1871:" authorityPageNumber="1176" authorityYear="1176" box="[181,537,1215,1237]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FF60A4AAF01A70AA" box="[181,352,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus decipiens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FEB3A4AAF36370AB" author="Perrier" box="[358,537,1215,1237]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" pagination="1175 - 76" refId="ref14681" refString="Perrier, E. 1871. Description of Eudrilus and Eu. decipiens. Les Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des sciences, Paris 73: 1175 - 76." type="journal article" year="1871">Perrier, 1871: 1176</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; 1872: 78, figs 26–30;
<treatmentCitation id="0AFA10D4077AB104FD25A4D5F2FF70AB" author="HORST, R." box="[752,901,1216,1237]" page="247" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" year="1887">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FD25A4D5F2FF70AB" author="HORST, R." box="[752,901,1216,1237]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" pagination="248 - 291" refId="ref12969" refString="HORST, R. 1887. Description of Vermes. Notes from the Leyden Museum 9: 248 - 291." type="journal article" year="1887">Horst 1887: 247</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(syn.:
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FC13A4AAF02A7092" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FC13A4AAF57F70AA" ID-CoL="8LSW7" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[966,1029,1215,1236]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lacazii">lacazii</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FBDBA4D5F50870AB" ID-CoL="8LSW8" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[1038,1138,1216,1237]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peregrinus">peregrinus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FEC3A4C2F02A7092" ID-CoL="8LSW3" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1886" box="[278,336,1239,1260]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="boyeri">boyeri</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). [From Antilles.
<typeStatus id="54E08867077AB104FE27A4CDF3527093" box="[498,552,1240,1261]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Types</typeStatus>
in Paris].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF63A4E5F2BF7176" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" box="[182,965,1264,1288]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FF63A4E5F09C7178" ID-CoL="8LSW7" authority="Perrier, 1872: 75" authorityName="Perrier" authorityPageNumber="75" authorityYear="1872" box="[182,486,1264,1286]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lacazii">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FF63A4E5F03F717B" box="[182,325,1264,1285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus lacazii</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B333C98077AB104FE9EA4E5F09C7178" box="[331,486,1264,1286]" country="Martinique" location="From" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" specimenCount="1">Perrier, 1872: 75</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. [
<location id="8E84601E077AB104FE21A4E4F3527178" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E077AB104FE21A4E4F3527178" box="[500,552,1265,1286]" country="Martinique" name="From" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">From</location>
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077AB104FDF8A4E5F3E87178" box="[557,658,1264,1286]" name="Martinique" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Martinique</collectingCountry>
(collected 1826).
<typeStatus id="54E08867077AB104FCE3A4E4F2167178" box="[822,876,1265,1286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Types</typeStatus>
in Paris].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF63A51CF50D715E" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" box="[182,1143,1289,1312]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FF63A51CF37A7160" ID-CoL="8LSW8" authority="Perrier, 1872: 77" authorityName="Perrier" authorityPageNumber="77" authorityYear="1872" box="[182,512,1289,1311]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FF63A51CF01D7161" box="[182,359,1289,1311]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus peregrinus</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B333C98077AB104FEBEA51CF37A7160" box="[363,512,1289,1311]" location="From" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">Perrier, 1872: 77</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 76 (of ova). [
<location id="8E84601E077AB104FD4CA51CF3B67160" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E077AB104FD4CA51CF3B67160" box="[665,716,1289,1310]" name="From" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">From</location>
<collectingRegion id="499FF827077AB104FD05A51CF2357161" box="[720,847,1289,1311]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
(collected 1833).
<typeStatus id="54E08867077AB104FC38A51CF5587160" box="[1005,1058,1289,1310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Types</typeStatus>
in Paris].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF60A537F28F7147" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" box="[181,1013,1314,1337]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4B11EB077AB104FF60A537F28F7147" box="[181,1013,1314,1337]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<treatmentCitation id="0AFA10D4077AB104FF60A537F0857149" author="BEDDARD, F. E." box="[181,511,1314,1336]" page="302" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" year="1886">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FF60A537F0857149" ID-CoL="8LSW3" authority="Beddard, 1886: 302" authorityName="Beddard" authorityPageNumber="302" authorityYear="1886" box="[181,511,1314,1336]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="boyeri">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FF60A537F0397149" box="[181,323,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus boyeri</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B333C98077AB104FE9CA537F0857149" box="[329,511,1314,1336]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="New Caledonia" location="From" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" specimenCode="BMNH 1904" specimenCount="1">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FE9CA537F0857149" author="BEDDARD, F. E." box="[329,511,1314,1336]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" pagination="298 - 314" refId="ref10687" refString="BEDDARD, F. E. 1886. Descriptions of some new or little-known earthworms, together with an account of the variations in structure exhibited by Perionyx excavatus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1886: 298 - 314." type="journal article" year="1886">Beddard, 1886: 302</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. [
<location id="8E84601E077AB104FDD8A537F33B7149" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E077AB104FDD8A537F33B7149" box="[525,577,1314,1335]" country="New Caledonia" name="From" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">From</location>
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077AB104FD93A537F3AF7146" box="[582,725,1314,1336]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
.
<typeStatus id="54E08867077AB104FD08A537F2697149" box="[733,787,1314,1335]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Types</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="DBFD9EBE077AB104FCCCA537F2EC7147" box="[793,918,1314,1337]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">BMNH 1904</specimenCode>
:10:5:612].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF60A52FF56E712C" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" box="[181,1044,1338,1362]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FF60A52FF36C712E" ID-CoL="8LSWB" authority="Beddard, 1887: 372" authorityName="Beddard" authorityPageNumber="372" authorityYear="1887" box="[181,534,1338,1360]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sylvicola">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FF60A52FF0207131" box="[181,346,1338,1359]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus sylvicola</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B333C98077AB104FE8AA52FF36C712E" box="[351,534,1338,1360]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Guyana" location="From British" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" specimenCode="BMNH 1904" specimenCount="1">Beddard, 1887: 372</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. [
<location id="8E84601E077AB104FDF6A52EF3E1712E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E077AB104FDF6A52EF3E1712E" box="[547,667,1338,1360]" country="Guyana" name="From British" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">From British</location>
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077AB104FD75A52EF393712E" box="[672,745,1339,1360]" name="Guyana" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Guyana</collectingCountry>
.
<typeStatus id="54E08867077AB104FD24A52EF25D712E" box="[753,807,1339,1360]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Types</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="DBFD9EBE077AB104FCF8A52EF2D3712C" box="[813,937,1339,1362]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">BMNH 1904</specimenCode>
:10:20:408].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF60A546F2527115" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" box="[181,808,1363,1387]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FF60A546F0917117" ID-CoL="8LSW6" authority="Horst, 1890: 225" authorityName="Horst" authorityPageNumber="225" authorityYear="1890" box="[181,491,1363,1385]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jullieni">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FF60A546F0337116" box="[181,329,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus jullieni</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B333C98077AB104FE9AA541F0917117" box="[335,491,1363,1385]" country="Liberia" location="From" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" specimenCount="1">Horst, 1890: 225</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. [
<location id="8E84601E077AB104FE2DA541F3567117" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E077AB104FE2DA541F3567117" box="[504,556,1364,1385]" country="Liberia" name="From" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">From</location>
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077AB104FDE7A546F30C7117" box="[562,630,1363,1385]" name="Liberia" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Liberia</collectingCountry>
.
<typeStatus id="54E08867077AB104FDABA541F3CE7117" box="[638,692,1364,1385]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Types</typeStatus>
in Leiden?].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF60A579F23D71E5" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4B11EB077AB104FF60A579F23D71E5" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<treatmentCitation id="0AFA10D4077AB104FF60A579F36B71FF" author="MICHAELSEN, W." box="[181,529,1388,1410]" page="224" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" year="1892">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FF60A579F36B71FF" ID-CoL="8LSW9" authority="Michaelsen, 1892: 224" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityPageNumber="224" authorityYear="1892" box="[181,529,1388,1410]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FF60A579F03B71FC" box="[181,321,1388,1410]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus roseus</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B333C98077AB104FE90A579F36B71FF" box="[325,529,1388,1410]" country="Venezuela" location="From Caracas" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" specimenCount="1">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FE90A579F36B71FF" author="MICHAELSEN, W." box="[325,529,1388,1410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" pagination="209 - 261" refId="ref13896" refString="MICHAELSEN, W. 1892. Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung, II. Archiv fur Naturgeschiechte, Berlin 58: 209 - 261." type="journal article" year="1892">Michaelsen, 1892: 224</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 10. [
<location id="8E84601E077AB104FD8AA579F3A571FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E077AB104FD8AA579F3A571FF" box="[607,735,1388,1409]" country="Venezuela" name="From Caracas" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">From Caracas</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077AB104FD32A579F23C71FC" box="[743,838,1388,1410]" name="Venezuela" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">VeneZuela</collectingCountry>
.
<typeStatus id="54E08867077AB104FC99A579F2FB71FF" box="[844,897,1388,1409]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Types</typeStatus>
Humboldt Museum, Berlin 2162. Michaelsen notes “?
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FDD3A591F27E71E7" authority="E. Perr." authorityName="E. Perr." box="[518,772,1412,1434]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="perigrinus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FDD3A591F3C271E4" box="[518,696,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus perigrinus</emphasis>
E. Perr.
</taxonomicName>
” (sic)].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF63A588F3AE71CA" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" box="[182,724,1437,1460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4B11EB077AB104FF63A588F3AE71CA" box="[182,724,1437,1460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<treatmentCitation id="0AFA10D4077AB104FF63A588F09A71CC" author="UDE, H." box="[182,480,1437,1459]" page="71" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" year="1893">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FF63A588F09A71CC" ID-CoL="8G8MF" authority="Ude, 1893: 71" authorityName="Ude" authorityPageNumber="71" authorityYear="1893" box="[182,480,1437,1459]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="erudiens">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FF63A588F02D71CC" box="[182,343,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus erudiens</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B333C98077AB104FE88A588F09A71CC" box="[349,480,1437,1459]" country="Bermuda" location="From" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" specimenCount="1">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FE88A588F09A71CC" author="UDE, H." box="[349,480,1437,1459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" pagination="57 - 75" refId="ref16200" refString="UDE, H. 1893. Beitrage zur Kenntnis auslanderischer Regenwurmer. Zeitshrift fur Wissenschaftlishe Zoologie 57: 57 - 75." type="journal article" year="1893">Ude, 1893: 71</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. [
<location id="8E84601E077AB104FE3BA588F35871CC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E077AB104FE3BA588F35871CC" box="[494,546,1437,1458]" country="Bermuda" name="From" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">From</location>
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077AB104FDFDA588F30471CD" box="[552,638,1437,1459]" name="Bermuda" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
.
<typeStatus id="54E08867077AB104FD53A58BF3B871CA" box="[646,706,1438,1460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Types</typeStatus>
?].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF63A5A0F312723D" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FF63A5A0F37771B5" ID-CoL="8885K" authority=": Beddard 1895: 604" authorityName=": Beddard" authorityPageNumber="604" authorityYear="1895" box="[182,525,1461,1483]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FF63A5A0F02271B5" box="[182,344,1461,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Eudrilus eugeniae</emphasis>
: Beddard 1895: 604
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 30 (syn.:
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FD52A5A0F3B971B4" ID-CoL="8LSW7" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[647,707,1461,1482]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lacazii">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FD52A5A0F3B971B4" box="[647,707,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">lacazii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FD19A5A3F25671B5" ID-CoL="8LSW8" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[716,812,1462,1483]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FD19A5A3F25671B5" box="[716,812,1462,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">peregrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FCE3A5A0F2F171B4" ID-CoL="8LSW4" authorityName="Perrier, 1871:" authorityYear="1176" box="[822,907,1461,1482]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FCE3A5A0F2F171B4" box="[822,907,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">decipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FC41A5A0F2B771B4" ID-CoL="8LSW3" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1886" box="[916,973,1461,1482]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="boyeri">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FC41A5A0F2B771B4" box="[916,973,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">boyeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FC02A5A0F55D71B4" ID-CoL="8LSWB" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1887" box="[983,1063,1461,1482]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sylvicola">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FC02A5A0F55D71B4" box="[983,1063,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">sylvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FBE4A5A0F50A71B4" ID-CoL="8LSW6" authorityName="Horst" authorityYear="1890" box="[1073,1136,1461,1482]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jullieni">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FBE4A5A0F50A71B4" box="[1073,1136,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">jullieni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FEC3A5DBF02A719D" ID-CoL="8LSW9" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1892" box="[278,336,1486,1507]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FEC3A5DBF02A719D" box="[278,336,1486,1507]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">roseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FEB1A5D8F080719D" author="EISEN, G." box="[356,506,1485,1507]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" pagination="85 - 276" refId="ref12457" refString="EISEN, G. 1900. Researches in American oligochaetes with especial references to those of the Pacific Coast and adjacent Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2 (1): 85 - 276. (http: // biostor. org / reference / 110208; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1900">Eisen 1900: 135</bibRefCitation>
, figs 27–50, 95–97; Michaelsen 1900: 402 (syn.:
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FC10A5D8F561719C" ID-CoL="8LSW4" authorityName="Perrier, 1871:" authorityYear="1176" box="[965,1051,1485,1506]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FC10A5D8F561719C" box="[965,1051,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">decipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FBF3A5D8F518719C" ID-CoL="8LSW7" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[1062,1122,1485,1506]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lacazii">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FBF3A5D8F518719C" box="[1062,1122,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">lacazii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FEC3A5F3F0837185" ID-CoL="8LSW8" authority="Perrier, 1872" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[278,505,1509,1531]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FEC3A5F3F00D7185" box="[278,375,1510,1531]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">peregrinus</emphasis>
Perrier, 1872
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FDD1A5F0F3447184" ID-CoL="8LSW3" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1886" box="[516,574,1509,1530]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="boyeri">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FDD1A5F0F3447184" box="[516,574,1509,1530]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">boyeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FD9EA5F0F3E67184" ID-CoL="8LSWB" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1887" box="[587,668,1509,1530]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sylvicola">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FD9EA5F0F3E67184" box="[587,668,1509,1530]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">sylvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FD7CA5F0F3937184" ID-CoL="8LSW6" authorityName="Horst" authorityYear="1890" box="[681,745,1509,1530]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jullieni">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FD7CA5F0F3937184" box="[681,745,1509,1530]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">jullieni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FD22A5F3F24B7185" ID-CoL="8LSW9" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1892" box="[759,817,1510,1531]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FD22A5F3F24B7185" box="[759,817,1510,1531]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">roseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FCEBA5F0F2F67184" ID-CoL="8G8MF" authorityName="Ude" authorityYear="1893" box="[830,908,1509,1530]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="erudiens">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FCEBA5F0F2F67184" box="[830,908,1509,1530]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">erudiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FC77A5F0F5087185" author="STEPHENSON, J." box="[930,1138,1509,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" refId="ref15919" refString="STEPHENSON, J. 1923. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Oligochaeta. London: Taylor &amp; Francis. (http: // www. archive. org / stream / FBIOligochaeta / oligochaeta # page / n 7 / mode / 2 up; accessed 18 / 11 / 2013)." type="url" year="1923">Stephenson 1923: 486</bibRefCitation>
; 1930: 873;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FEA8A5EBF36E726D" author="GATES, G. E." box="[381,532,1534,1555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" pagination="61 - 144" refId="ref12670" refString="GATES, G. E. 1942. Notes on various peregrine earthworms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 89 (3): 61 - 144." type="journal article" year="1942">Gates 1942: 137</bibRefCitation>
; 1972: 51; 1982: 72; Sims &amp; Gerard 1999: 146, fig. 52; Sims 1987: 386;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FE97A600F3447255" author="CSUZDI, CS &amp; PAVLICEK, T." box="[322,574,1557,1579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" pagination="9 - 15" refId="ref12122" refString="CSUZDI, CS. &amp; PAVLICEK, T. 2009. New records of earthworms from Guadeloupe with description of a new species (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae, Acanthodrilidae, Megascolecidae and Eudrilidae). Opuscula Zoologica 40 (1): 9 - 15." type="journal article" year="2009">Csuzdi &amp; Pavlicek 2009: 13</bibRefCitation>
(excluding the
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077AB104FD1DA603F2537255" ID-CoL="8LSW8" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[712,809,1558,1579]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FD1DA603F2537255" box="[712,809,1558,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">peregrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
synonym by oversight?);
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077AB104FBC7A600F03C723D" author="BLAKEMORE, R. J." pageId="2" pageNumber="528" refId="ref10875" refString="BLAKEMORE, R. J. 1994. Earthworms of south-east Queensland and their agronomic potential in brigalow soils. PhD thesis, University of Queensland." type="book" year="1994">Blakemore 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 2002; 2012
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077AB104FE60A638F0BA723C" box="[437,448,1581,1602]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">b</emphasis>
; 2013; 2014: 122.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C341654E077AB10EFF60A647F3B776F7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="534" pageId="2" pageNumber="528" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077AB104FF60A647F05172F2" blockId="2.[181,1143,1082,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="528">Etymology: Named after Johan Gustaf Hjalmar Kinberg’s Swedish survey ship, the ‘Eugenie’.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF24664D077BB105FE9EA2ACF2EF76B1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670514" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7670514" box="[331,917,697,719]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7670514/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="529" startId="3.[331,364,697,719]" targetBox="[396,852,204,680]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FE9EA2ACF2EF76B1" blockId="3.[331,917,697,719]" box="[331,917,697,719]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
Fig. 1. A
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077BB105FE75A2ACF33C76B1" authorityName=": Beddard" authorityYear="1895" box="[416,582,697,719]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="529" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FE75A2ACF33C76B1" box="[416,582,697,719]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Eudrilus eugeniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen from a vermicompost site.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A317F0617762" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" box="[144,283,770,796]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Description:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A33EF0FC773B" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" box="[144,390,811,837]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A33EF004773B" box="[144,382,811,837]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">External morphology</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A346F33277B3" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A346F0607713" box="[144,282,851,877]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Body length</emphasis>
: Complete matures,
<quantity id="4CA39B20077BB105FDDBA347F3E67713" box="[526,668,850,877]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.375" metricValueMax="1.85" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="529" unit="mm" value="137.5" valueMax="185.0" valueMin="90.0">90–185 mm</quantity>
(pers. obs. and Gates 1972) or up to
<quantity id="4CA39B20077BB105FF45A367F05F77F3" box="[144,293,882,909]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="529" unit="mm" value="325.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="250.0">250–400 mm</quantity>
under optimal culture conditions (Viljoen &amp; Reinecke 1994; Parthasarathi 2007); posterior tapering, becoming thinly flattened in terminal ‘Zone of growth’ (Gates 1982).
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF0AA3A6F05A77B3" box="[223,288,947,973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Width</emphasis>
: Approximately
<quantity id="4CA39B20077BB105FE35A3A6F33977B3" box="[480,579,947,973]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="529" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="4.0">4–8 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A3C6F29A7793" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" box="[144,992,978,1006]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A3C6F1B17792" box="[144,203,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Mass</emphasis>
: Mean per adult
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FE5FA3C6F0D67792" box="[394,428,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">ca.</emphasis>
1.0 g (pers. obs.) or optimal maximum 5.0–6.0 g.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A3E6F0987033" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A3E6F1807073" box="[144,250,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Segments</emphasis>
: 161–211 (pers. obs. and Gates 1972) or 250–300 (Viljoen &amp; Reinecke 1994, suggesting that larger worms add segments); constriction of 40–46 seen in several Qld specimens may be artefactual.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A446F05070D3" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A446F1A47013" box="[144,222,1107,1133]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Colour</emphasis>
: Red-brown dorsum fading posteriorly; anterior with bright blue/green iridescent sheen from cuticle diffraction, ventrum beige, clitellum darker (sometimes lighter) than surroundings.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A4A6F35270B3" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" box="[144,552,1203,1229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A4A6F06270B2" box="[144,280,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Prostomium</emphasis>
: Small, open epilobous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A4C6F00F7093" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" box="[144,373,1235,1261]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A4C6F05B7092" box="[144,289,1235,1261]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Dorsal pores</emphasis>
: None.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A4E6F2ED7153" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A4E6F1B67173" box="[144,204,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Setae</emphasis>
: Eight per segment from 2, closely paired; setae a–b on 17 absent (dehisced); ratio of aa:ab:bc:cd:dd:U on 7 =6:1:5:1:10:0.5. Penial/genital setae absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A526F2757110" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A526F05A7133" box="[144,288,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Nephropores</emphasis>
: Just behind anterior furrow of each segment (longitudinal slits) from 3/
<quantity id="4CA39B20077BB105FB94A526F1DC7113" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="3" pageNumber="529" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
c lines or slightly more median (sometimes in d lines).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A566F2E571F3" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" box="[144,927,1394,1421]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A566F18271F3" box="[144,248,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Clitellum</emphasis>
: 13, 14, 15–18, usually 13, 14–18 and interrupted ventrally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A586F0347193" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A586F07771D2" box="[144,269,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Male pores</emphasis>
: In 17 on tips of longitudinally grooved, tapering, eversible penes in large ventral chambers, retracted as lateral slits with wrinkled lips just anterior to 17/
<quantity id="4CA39B20077BB105FBC2A5A6F52A71B3" box="[1047,1104,1459,1485]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="3" pageNumber="529" unit="in" value="18.0">18 in</quantity>
line with b setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A5E6F0CB7233" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A5E6F0597272" box="[144,291,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Female pores</emphasis>
: Combined with modified ‘spermathecal pores’ (see
<figureCitation id="13602A40077BB105FC88A5E6F2E67273" box="[861,924,1523,1549]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[145,178,1377,1399]" captionTargetBox="[210,1090,248,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-9@4.[181,1141,225,1638]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Eudrilus eugeniae: (a) ventral view of Qld specimen, (b) vasa deferentiaunite to form the muscular euprostates ducting to the centreof the copulatory chamber (characteristic Y-shaped gland onrhs ducts to lhs), (c) ‘spermathecal’ aperture and combined oviduct (unravelled) to ovisac opposite saccular gland at junction of duct and ‘ampulla’ (ovary not shown), (d) prostomium, (e) calciferous glands, hearts and dorsal vessel,(f)dorso-lateral viewof caudal segments narrowing to pygomere,(g) cocoon. BoXed are: Perrier’s (1872: figs 27, 28, 30) figures of male organs – with penis both retracted and everted – plus an enlargement of a seta (his fig. 29 differs somewhat in its internal organ details); Michaelsen’s (1892: fig. 10) figure of female organs also showing ovary “ov” (or ovisac?) on 12/13; plus Beddard’s (1895: fig. 30) figure of male organs with glandular appendices to bursa copulatriX sometimes fused to form a “single horseshoe-shaped” appendiX neXt to what Eisen (1900: fig. 44) called the silk-producing “Y-shaped gland” (indicated as “Y-sg”)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7671229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7671229/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) lateral, presetal in 14 as raised intrasegmental openings just anterior to c setae. Gates (1972: 51) calls these “vaginal apertures”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077BB105FF45A646F55672F3" blockId="3.[144,1104,770,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077BB105FF45A646F02A7213" box="[144,336,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="529">Genital markings</emphasis>
: Central raised pad centred in 17 between male pores, faintly repeated in 18; sometimes undeveloped or as elliptical, opaque area in 16–18 (Gates 1982).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077DB103FF45A0D9F0237498" blockId="5.[144,1104,204,1318]" box="[144,345,204,230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF45A0D9F02B749B" box="[144,337,204,230]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Internal anatomy</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077DB103FF45A0F9F3DD7578" blockId="5.[144,1104,204,1318]" box="[144,679,235,262]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077DB103FF45A0F9F0607578" authority=": From" authorityName="From" box="[144,282,236,262]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cymatiidae" genus="Septa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF45A0F9F1B47578" box="[144,206,236,262]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Septa</emphasis>
: From
</taxonomicName>
4/5; (6/)7/8/9 and 14/15 thickened.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077DB103FF45A119F0007518" blockId="5.[144,1104,204,1318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF45A119F00A7558" box="[144,368,268,294]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Dorsal blood vessel</emphasis>
: Single, truncated before anterior hearts in 7; according to Gates (1972: 51) connects to paired supra-oesophageals in 7–14 and paired extra-oesophageals median to the hearts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077DB103FF45A179F29975D9" blockId="5.[144,1104,204,1318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF45A179F1A675FB" box="[144,220,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Hearts</emphasis>
: In 7 lateral, in 8–11 latero-oesphageal, all distended with blood in some Qld specimens (cf. Gates (1972) who said the anterior hearts were undistended).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077DB103FF45A1B9F2E075B8" blockId="5.[144,1104,204,1318]" box="[144,922,427,454]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF45A1B9F19275B8" box="[144,232,428,454]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Gizzard</emphasis>
: Weakly muscular in 5 immediately behind pharyngeal mass.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077DB103FF45A1D9F0517718" blockId="5.[144,1104,204,1318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF45A1D9F0277598" box="[144,349,460,486]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Calciferous glands</emphasis>
: Ventral spheroidal sacs in 10 and 11 (concealed by seminal vesicles): large and pink due to blood supply with many internal lamellae; also in 12 (concealed by seminal vesicles) a pair of yellow, lobular ‘calciferous’ glands which are medially placed lateral to the oesophagus and ducted posteriorly into it in 13. This latter pair supplied by quite large blood vessels (from supra-oesophageal vessels). Michaelsen calls the median oesophageal sacs “chylustaschen” but Stephenson (1930) only called the paired glands in 12 “calciferous”.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077DB103FDE5A299F38C76D8" author="EISEN, G." box="[560,758,652,678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" pagination="85 - 276" refId="ref12457" refString="EISEN, G. 1900. Researches in American oligochaetes with especial references to those of the Pacific Coast and adjacent Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2 (1): 85 - 276. (http: // biostor. org / reference / 110208; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1900">Eisen (1900: 138)</bibRefCitation>
found neither crystals nor lime granules in the paired “diverticles” in 12, whereas Gates (1972: 51), after claiming calcareous granules in both median and paired glands, classed them all as calciferous.
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF45A2F9F18A777B" box="[144,240,748,773]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Intestine</emphasis>
: Origin in 14 or close to 14/15. Caeca and typhlosole absent. Small, supraintestinal glands present in eight to forty-two segments in some of 62–132 (Gates 1972: 52; 1982: table 8) may assist digestion and/or be implicated in the immune competency of the worms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077DB103FF45A379F07D77D8" blockId="5.[144,1104,204,1318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077DB103FF45A379F02177F8" authority=": Paired" authorityName="Paired" box="[144,347,876,902]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Nephridia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF45A379F07877F8" box="[144,258,876,902]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Nephridia</emphasis>
: Paired
</taxonomicName>
, large coiled holonephridia in each segment from 4, not obviously vesiculate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077DB100FF45A3B9F2837579" blockId="5.[144,1104,204,1318]" lastBlockId="6.[181,1142,204,1677]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="532" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF45A3B9F06077B8" box="[144,282,940,966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Male organs</emphasis>
: Holandric with two large, unpaired (or attached?) sacs seen ventrally in 10 and 11, each contain a testis anteriorly and funnels posteriorly, i.e. two pairs of testes in 10 and 11; paired seminal vesicles occupy 11 and 12 and are filled with coagulum. The testes funnels are small and free from iridescent spermatozoa which aggregate in the ducts and thus are easily missed. The male apparatus is complicated and descriptions differ somewhat; the copulatory chamber contains a pointed and curved penis plus a large round papilla or porophore of what
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077DB103FD9BA479F27170F8" author="EISEN, G." box="[590,779,1132,1158]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" pagination="85 - 276" refId="ref12457" refString="EISEN, G. 1900. Researches in American oligochaetes with especial references to those of the Pacific Coast and adjacent Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2 (1): 85 - 276. (http: // biostor. org / reference / 110208; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1900">Eisen (1900: 140</bibRefCitation>
, figs 44, 46) and Gates (1972) describe as a “Y-shaped gland” that opens into a groove going nearly to the tip of the penis. Eisen found the product of this Y-shaped gland to be a secretion similar to that of the silk gland of a caterpillar (possibly analogous to penial setae as found, for example, in
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077DB103FF78A4F9F3647178" authority="Segun, 1977" authorityName="Segun" authorityYear="1977" box="[173,542,1260,1286]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Nsukkadrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mbae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF78A4F9F0FC7178" box="[173,390,1260,1286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Nsukkadrilus mbae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077DB103FE5BA4F9F3647178" author="SEGUN, A. O." box="[398,542,1260,1286]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" pagination="255 - 262" refId="ref15354" refString="SEGUN, A. O. 1977. Eudrilin earthworms, including a new genus, from eastern Nigeria. Proceedings of the Biological Society, Washington 90 (2): 255 - 262." type="journal article" year="1977">Segun, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, to remove sperm of previous concopulant?). The Y-shaped gland is lacking in
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077DB103FE08A519F2097158" authority="Michaelsen, 1891" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1891" box="[477,883,1292,1318]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FE08A519F3DB7158" box="[477,673,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Eudrilus pallidus</emphasis>
Michaelsen, 1891
</taxonomicName>
and the copulatory chambers are absent from
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077EB100FE07A0D9F2777498" authority="Michaelsen, 1913" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1913" box="[466,781,204,230]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077EB100FE07A0D9F33E7498" box="[466,580,204,230]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">E. simplex</emphasis>
Michaelsen, 1913
</taxonomicName>
, serving to anatomically separate them from
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077EB100FEE7A0F8F0CC7578" authorityName=": Beddard" authorityYear="1895" box="[306,438,237,262]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077EB100FEE7A0F8F0CC7578" box="[306,438,237,262]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">E. eugeniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to Beddard (1895) and Gates (1972: 51).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF24664D077DB103FF44A574F25B7219" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7671229" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7671229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7671229/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" startId="5.[145,178,1377,1399]" targetBox="[210,1090,248,1626]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077DB103FF44A574F25B7219" blockId="5.[145,1104,1377,1639]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">
Fig. 2.
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077DB103FF05A574F00C7109" authorityName=": Beddard" authorityYear="1895" box="[208,374,1377,1399]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FF05A574F00C7109" box="[208,374,1377,1399]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Eudrilus eugeniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (a) ventral view of Qld specimen, (b)
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FD01A577F2247108" box="[724,862,1377,1399]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">vasa deferentia</emphasis>
unite to form the muscular euprostates ducting to the centre of the copulatory chamber (characteristic Y-shaped gland on rhs ducts to lhs), (c) ‘spermathecal’ aperture and combined oviduct (unravelled) to ovisac opposite saccular gland at junction of duct and ‘ampulla’ (ovary not shown), (d) prostomium, (e) calciferous glands, hearts and dorsal vessel, (f) dorso-lateral view of caudal segments narrowing to pygomere, (g) cocoon. BoXed are: Perrier’s (1872: figs 27, 28, 30) figures of male organs – with penis both retracted and everted – plus an enlargement of a seta (his fig. 29 differs somewhat in its internal organ details);
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077DB103FF05A61CF0FE7260" author="MICHAELSEN, W." box="[208,388,1545,1567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" pagination="209 - 261" refId="ref13896" refString="MICHAELSEN, W. 1892. Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung, II. Archiv fur Naturgeschiechte, Berlin 58: 209 - 261." type="journal article" year="1892">Michaelsen’s (1892</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 10) figure of female organs also showing ovary “ov” (or ovisac?) on 12/13; plus Beddard’s (1895: fig. 30) figure of male organs with glandular appendices to bursa copulatriX sometimes fused to form a “
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FE06A62CF3C97230" box="[467,691,1593,1614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">single horseshoe-shaped</emphasis>
” appendiX neXt to what
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077DB103FC41A62CF57E7230" author="EISEN, G." box="[916,1028,1593,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="531" pagination="85 - 276" refId="ref12457" refString="EISEN, G. 1900. Researches in American oligochaetes with especial references to those of the Pacific Coast and adjacent Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2 (1): 85 - 276. (http: // biostor. org / reference / 110208; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1900">Eisen (1900</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 44) called the silk-producing “
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077DB103FE14A644F3377218" box="[449,589,1617,1638]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="531">Y-shaped gland</emphasis>
” (indicated as “Y-sg”).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077EB100FF60A119F241773B" blockId="6.[181,1142,204,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077EB100FF60A119F0257558" box="[181,351,268,294]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">Female organs</emphasis>
: These are compleX and difficult to characterise correctly. Large eggfilled ovisacs attach to each spermathecal atrium (although
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FCE1A139F2827538" author="GATES, G. E." box="[820,1016,300,326]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="61 - 144" refId="ref12670" refString="GATES, G. E. 1942. Notes on various peregrine earthworms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 89 (3): 61 - 144." type="journal article" year="1942">Gates (1942: 142)</bibRefCitation>
mistakenly calls this the ‘diverticulum’) or duct by long, coiled oviduct tubes in 14, sited opposite a saccular gland.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FEAEA179F32375F8" author="EISEN, G." box="[379,601,364,390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="85 - 276" refId="ref12457" refString="EISEN, G. 1900. Researches in American oligochaetes with especial references to those of the Pacific Coast and adjacent Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2 (1): 85 - 276. (http: // biostor. org / reference / 110208; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1900">Eisen’s (1900: 139)</bibRefCitation>
description differed from Beddard’s (1895) but both (mistakenly?) agreed that ovaries in 13 are combined with ovisacs; and, whereas Eisen thought there were two pairs of ovaries in segment 13, Gates (1972: 52) had the second, functional pair in 14. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FDBBA1DEF20A7598" author="MICHAELSEN, W." box="[622,880,459,486]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="209 - 261" refId="ref13896" refString="MICHAELSEN, W. 1892. Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung, II. Archiv fur Naturgeschiechte, Berlin 58: 209 - 261." type="journal article" year="1892">Michaelsen (1892: 225</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10) clearly showed small ovaries paired behind septum 12/13 connecting with the saccular part of the spermatheca (what Sims (1987) calls the “receptaculum seminis”) and that the ovisac or “receptaculum ovorum” is terminal to a long second oviduct. Easily missed, this smaller oviduct connection to the spermatheca was figured by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FCB6A25EF2967618" author="EISEN, G." box="[867,1004,587,614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="85 - 276" refId="ref12457" refString="EISEN, G. 1900. Researches in American oligochaetes with especial references to those of the Pacific Coast and adjacent Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2 (1): 85 - 276. (http: // biostor. org / reference / 110208; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1900">Eisen (1900</bibRefCitation>
: figs 49–50) and reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FEA6A279F33876F8" author="GATES, G. E." box="[371,578,620,646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="61 - 144" refId="ref12670" refString="GATES, G. E. 1942. Notes on various peregrine earthworms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 89 (3): 61 - 144." type="journal article" year="1942">Gates (1942: 142)</bibRefCitation>
although
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FD62A27EF20276F8" author="SIMS, R. W." box="[695,888,619,646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="587 - 608" refId="ref15591" refString="SIMS, R. W. 1964. Internal fertilization and the functional relationship of the female and spermathecal systems in new earthworms from Ghana. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 143: 587 - 608." type="journal article" year="1964">Sims (1964: 303</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 6) says the small oviduct usually connects with the larger oviduct leading to the ovisac where the eggs mature (as described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FE10A2BEF30476B8" author="EISEN, G." box="[453,638,683,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="85 - 276" refId="ref12457" refString="EISEN, G. 1900. Researches in American oligochaetes with especial references to those of the Pacific Coast and adjacent Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2 (1): 85 - 276. (http: // biostor. org / reference / 110208; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1900">Eisen 1900: 139</bibRefCitation>
). Histological sections of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FC4BA2BEF50C76B8" author="VIJAYA, T. M. &amp; KUMAR, M. S. &amp; TALAMBEDU, U. &amp; ARUNA, H. K. &amp; BHARATHI, R. &amp; DEEPTI, S. &amp; GOVINDARAJ, G." box="[926,1142,683,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="165 - 170" refId="ref16326" refString="VIJAYA, T. M., KUMAR, M. S., TALAMBEDU, U., ARUNA, H. K., BHARATHI, R., DEEPTI, S. &amp; GOVINDARAJ, G. 2012. Morphological and histological studies on the vermicomposting Indian earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. World Journal of Zoology 7 (2): 165 - 170." type="journal article" year="2012">
Vijaya
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077EB100FC38A2B9F56476BB" box="[1005,1054,683,709]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">et al</emphasis>
. (2012)
</bibRefCitation>
showed a dense mass of sperm in the oviduct they took to confirm internal fertilisation, supporting its classification by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FDC3A2FEF3DA7778" author="SIMS, R. W." box="[534,672,747,774]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="587 - 608" refId="ref15591" refString="SIMS, R. W. 1964. Internal fertilization and the functional relationship of the female and spermathecal systems in new earthworms from Ghana. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 143: 587 - 608." type="journal article" year="1964">Sims (1964)</bibRefCitation>
as a “fertiliZation chamber” rather than a spermatheca. Gates (1972: 51) calls it a vagina whereas
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FCFDA31EF28A775B" author="SEGUN, A. O." box="[808,1008,779,805]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="255 - 262" refId="ref15354" refString="SEGUN, A. O. 1977. Eudrilin earthworms, including a new genus, from eastern Nigeria. Proceedings of the Biological Society, Washington 90 (2): 255 - 262." type="journal article" year="1977">Segun (1977: 261</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2) uses the terms “ovo-spermathecal duct” and “ovarian vesicle”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077EB100FF60A35EF2877078" blockId="6.[181,1142,204,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077EB100FF60A35EF02E771B" box="[181,340,843,869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">Spermathecae</emphasis>
: As just noted under ‘Female organs’, there is an atrium with muscular sheen in 14 that eXtends into a long flaccid, convoluted gland, filled with coagulum and enclosed in a sheath; at their junction a long oviduct attaches leading to the ovisac which is opposed by a small saccular outgrowth. The whole or just part of the structure may be referred to as a ‘fertilisation chamber’ as it functions for internal fertilisation of eggs with sperm, presumably before transfer of the embryos to the cocoon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077EB100FF60A419F3E070DB" blockId="6.[181,1142,204,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077EB100FF60A419F064705B" box="[181,286,1036,1061]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">Prostates</emphasis>
: Large pair of digitiform euprostates, with white muscular sheen from 18 extending to 23; acutely muscular enlargements of loop of paired sperm ducts which attach to apex of copulatory chamber mound centrally. As noted, a smaller blind duct — the Y-shaped gland — attaches to the base of the mound mesially, although Beddard (1895: fig. 30) shows a pair of such glands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077EB100FF60A4BEF0AD71FB" blockId="6.[181,1142,204,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077EB100FF60A4BEF0BA70BB" box="[181,448,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">Other internal features</emphasis>
: Small saccular ‘brown bodies’ formed from coelomocytes were observed loose in coelomic cavities from 7 posteriorly; these may enclose shed setal follicles (as also noted by Gates 1972: 52). Beddard (1891: figs 2–3) reported and figured sensory glands in the mid-body that he called “pacinian bodies” which
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FF60A53EF00F713B" author="EISEN, G." box="[181,373,1323,1349]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="85 - 276" refId="ref12457" refString="EISEN, G. 1900. Researches in American oligochaetes with especial references to those of the Pacific Coast and adjacent Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2 (1): 85 - 276. (http: // biostor. org / reference / 110208; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1900">Eisen (1900: 143</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 95–97) decided were partly sensory structures to detect sound as “primitive auditory organs” equivalent to otosomes found in
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077EB100FC8CA55EF298711B" authorityName="Schmarda" authorityYear="1861" box="[857,994,1355,1381]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Pontoscolex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077EB100FC8CA55EF298711B" box="[857,994,1355,1381]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">Pontoscolex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the function in both cases is unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077EB100FF60A59EF370719B" blockId="6.[181,1142,204,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">The gut contains soil and/or organic matter (depending on habitat) — this species appears to be an adaptive feeder and will survive in unaltered soil (as noted) but also flourishes on organic material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077EB10EFF60A5FEF0987578" blockId="6.[181,1142,204,1677]" lastBlockId="8.[181,1143,204,1678]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="534" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077EB100FF60A5FEF06F727B" box="[181,277,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">Cocoons</emphasis>
: Dark coloured with adhesions, tapered lemon-shape with one side usually being flatter, mean siZe approX. 6×
<quantity id="4CA39B20077EB100FE2EA61EF346725B" box="[507,572,1547,1573]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
(from Reineke &amp; Viljoen 1988, who also provide incubation and hatching data); may contain from one to eight hatchlings (Gates 1982). Distribution (
<figureCitation id="13602A40077EB100FE93A646F0FD7213" box="[326,391,1619,1645]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[143,176,794,816]" captionTargetBox="[195,1053,204,780]" captionTargetId="figure-315@7.[196,1051,204,778]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Distribution map from Michaelsen (1903: chart 1) (hash marks family distribution). Note that New Zealand was in error but other records outside its West African homeland are due mainly to human transportation and the worm’s acclimatisation; early Caribbean and Latin American introductions possibly relate to the 16th – 19th century Atlantic slave trade." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7670518/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="532">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
): After Michaelsen (1903: 122);
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077EB100FD30A646F2E87213" author="GATES, G. E." box="[741,914,1619,1645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="532" pagination="61 - 144" refId="ref12670" refString="GATES, G. E. 1942. Notes on various peregrine earthworms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 89 (3): 61 - 144." type="journal article" year="1942">Gates (1942: 98</bibRefCitation>
, 1972: 52, 1982: 72): West African origin from Upper
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plain or coastal forest including
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,
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,
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,
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,
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FE37A3A7F33177B2" box="[482,587,946,972]" name="Ghana" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Togoland</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FD8BA3A7F3DC77B3" box="[606,678,946,973]" name="Benin" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Benin</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FD69A3A7F26977B2" box="[700,787,946,972]" name="Nigeria" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FCF4A3A6F2E377B3" box="[801,921,947,973]" name="Cameroon" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FC73A3A7F28B77B2" box="[934,1009,946,972]" name="Gabon" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Gabon</collectingCountry>
and the
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; transported and peregrine to many tropical countries such as
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FC4DA3C7F5657792" box="[920,1055,978,1004]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
and the
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Islands (e.g.
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),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FDE6A3E7F3D17072" box="[563,683,1010,1036]" name="Seychelles" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FD6EA3E7F2237073" author="GERLACH, J." box="[699,857,1010,1037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" refId="ref12843" refString="GERLACH, J. 2011. Seychelles Fauna Monographs. Castleton: Siri Scientific Press." type="book" year="2011">Gerlach 2011</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FCBBA3E7F2A77072" box="[878,989,1010,1036]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
and
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(Michaelsen 1903;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FEB5A406F32E7052" author="STEPHENSON, J." box="[352,596,1042,1069]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" refId="ref15919" refString="STEPHENSON, J. 1923. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Oligochaeta. London: Taylor &amp; Francis. (http: // www. archive. org / stream / FBIOligochaeta / oligochaeta # page / n 7 / mode / 2 up; accessed 18 / 11 / 2013)." type="url" year="1923">Stephenson 1923: 486</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FD88A406F2247053" author="DHIMAN, N. &amp; BATTISH, S. K." box="[605,862,1042,1069]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" pagination="2135 - 2137" refId="ref12285" refString="DHIMAN, N. &amp; BATTISH, S. K. 2005. Earthworms from Northern Indian States with Ocnerodrilus occidentalis Eisen, 1878 as a new report from Punjab. Zoos' Print Journal 21 (1): 2135 - 2137." type="journal article" year="2005">Dhiman &amp; Battish 2005</bibRefCitation>
), and
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FC75A406F5367053" box="[928,1100,1043,1069]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
; the Americas: [e.g. Gates (1982: 74) said it owes its North American distribution since the 1950s solely to the fishing bait market having been shipped into every one of the lower 48
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FF22A466F0EA70F3" box="[247,400,1139,1165]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">United States</collectingCountry>
, such as
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,
<collectingRegion id="499FF827077FB101FD98A466F3CF70F3" box="[589,693,1139,1165]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Alabama</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="499FF827077FB101FD6AA466F26670F3" box="[703,796,1139,1165]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Georgia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="499FF827077FB101FCF0A466F21370F3" box="[805,873,1139,1165]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Texas</collectingRegion>
, and even to
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, as well as several Canadian provinces]; Central and South America, e.g.
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FC2CA486F52A70D3" box="[1017,1104,1171,1197]" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">MeXico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FF42A4A6F0B370B3" author="RODRIGUEZ-ARAGONES, C." box="[151,457,1203,1229]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" pagination="155 - 158" refId="ref15130" refString="RODRIGUEZ-ARAGONES, C. 1999. Nuevas Citas y Lista de Especies de Oligoquetos (Annelida) Colectadas en el Estado de Quintana Roo, MeXico. Caribbean Journal of Science 35 (1 - 2): 155 - 158. (http: // academic. uprm. edu / publications / cjs / Vol 35 a / p. 155 - 158. pdf; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1999">Rodriguez-Aragones 1999</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FE35A4A6F33170B3" box="[480,587,1203,1229]" name="Suriname" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Suriname</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FD88A4A6F3A570B3" author="HORST, R." box="[605,735,1203,1229]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" pagination="248 - 291" refId="ref12969" refString="HORST, R. 1887. Description of Vermes. Notes from the Leyden Museum 9: 248 - 291." type="journal article" year="1887">Horst 1887</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FD2FA4A6F22970B3" box="[762,851,1203,1229]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Panama</collectingCountry>
[from 1896 —
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FBC4A4A6F06B7093" author="EISEN, G." pageId="7" pageNumber="533" pagination="85 - 276" refId="ref12457" refString="EISEN, G. 1900. Researches in American oligochaetes with especial references to those of the Pacific Coast and adjacent Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2 (1): 85 - 276. (http: // biostor. org / reference / 110208; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1900">Eisen (1900: 135)</bibRefCitation>
said: “Judging from the number of specimens in the collection, this species must be the most common of the large terrestrial earthworms in
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FC84A4E7F2C87173" box="[849,946,1266,1293]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Panama</collectingCountry>
”],
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FC19A4E6F56E7173" box="[972,1044,1267,1293]" name="Belize" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">BeliZe</collectingCountry>
(also as an introduction from the then ‘British Honduras’ noted by Gates 1982),
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(e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077FB101FF12A526F0757132" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1892" box="[199,271,1331,1356]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077FB101FF12A526F0757132" box="[199,271,1331,1356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">roseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FEF3A526F0FA7133" box="[294,384,1331,1357]" name="Guyana" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Guyana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FE5FA526F0827133" box="[394,504,1331,1357]" name="Colombia" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FDD3A526F3B57133" author="FEIJOO, A. V. &amp; QUINTERO, H. V. &amp; FRAGOSO, C. &amp; MORENO, A. G." box="[518,719,1331,1357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" pagination="197 - 220" refId="ref12545" refString="FEIJOO, A. V., QUINTERO, H. V., FRAGOSO, C. &amp; MORENO, A. G. 2004. Patron de distribucion y listado de especies de las lombrices de tierra (Annelida, oligochaeta) en Colombia. Acta Zoologica Mexicana 20 (2): 197 - 220. (http: // www. ecologia. edu. mx / azm / documentos / 20 _ 2 / M-Feijoo. pdf; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="2004">
Feijoo
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077FB101FD83A526F3FC7133" box="[598,646,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FD37A526F2307133" box="[738,842,1331,1357]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FC82A526F28B7133" author="SCHULDT, M." box="[855,1009,1331,1357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" pagination="2013" refId="ref15283" refString="SCHULDT, M. 2009. Biotic potential of Eisenia fetida (' Californian' red earthworm) (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and Eudrilus eugeniae (African night crawler) (Oligochaeta, Eudrilidae). Species of vermicomposting importance. Estrucplan On Line (www. estrucplan. com. ar / Articulos / verarticulo. asp? IDArticulo = 2141; accessed 18 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="2009">Schuldt 2009</bibRefCitation>
),
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; the Caribbean: e.g.
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FEA3A546F0CB7113" box="[374,433,1363,1389]" name="Haiti" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Haiti</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FE6AA546F3587113" box="[447,546,1363,1389]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FDE5A546F3CA7113" box="[560,688,1363,1389]" name="Martinique" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Martinique</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FD6AA546F2477113" box="[703,829,1363,1389]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">St Thomas</collectingCountry>
, St CroiX,
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FC15A546F5367113" box="[960,1100,1363,1389]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FF45A566F05171F3" box="[144,299,1395,1421]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
(Michaelsen 1903, 1910;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FD9EA566F3B671F3" author="GATES, G. E." box="[587,716,1395,1421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" pagination="61 - 144" refId="ref12670" refString="GATES, G. E. 1942. Notes on various peregrine earthworms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 89 (3): 61 - 144." type="journal article" year="1942">Gates 1942</bibRefCitation>
, 1972),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FCF1A566F22571F3" box="[804,863,1395,1421]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Cuba</collectingCountry>
(Gates 1972; Alvarez &amp; Rodriguez-Aragones 2010),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FE21A586F32771D3" box="[500,605,1427,1453]" name="Bahamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
, Antilles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FD06A586F2FE71D3" author="GATES, G. E." box="[723,900,1427,1453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" pagination="61 - 144" refId="ref12670" refString="GATES, G. E. 1942. Notes on various peregrine earthworms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 89 (3): 61 - 144." type="journal article" year="1942">Gates 1942: 99</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FC1DA586F53571D3" box="[968,1103,1427,1453]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B34077FB101FF42A5A6F0D471B3" author="CSUZDI, CS &amp; PAVLICEK, T." box="[151,430,1459,1485]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" pagination="9 - 15" refId="ref12122" refString="CSUZDI, CS. &amp; PAVLICEK, T. 2009. New records of earthworms from Guadeloupe with description of a new species (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae, Acanthodrilidae, Megascolecidae and Eudrilidae). Opuscula Zoologica 40 (1): 9 - 15." type="journal article" year="2009">Csuzdi &amp; Pavlicek 2009</bibRefCitation>
— who found it in a natural setting indicating it may have become feral there as it is on St Helena); also the Atlantic:
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FCFCA5C6F2EA7193" box="[809,912,1491,1517]" name="Bermuda" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D46077FB101FC6AA5C6F5457193" authorityName="Ude" authorityYear="1893" box="[959,1087,1491,1517]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="erudiens">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD7077FB101FC6AA5C6F5457193" box="[959,1087,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">E. erudiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), St Helena (type-locality by introduction),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FDB9A5E6F3957273" box="[620,751,1523,1549]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
(from where it was introduced to New York (Gates 1982),
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FE1EA606F3267253" box="[459,604,1555,1581]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Fernando Po</collectingCountry>
[Bioko] and
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FD21A606F21F7253" box="[756,869,1555,1581]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">São Tomé</collectingCountry>
Islands (Michaelsen 1903, 1910). Elsewhere in America, Gates (1982: 72–74) explained in some detail how the first report from the
<collectingCountry id="F34C7655077FB101FE42A646F0C17213" box="[407,443,1619,1645]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">US</collectingCountry>
mainland was in 1950 from “Lake Geneva,
<collectingRegion id="499FF827077FB101FC76A646F28D7213" box="[931,1015,1619,1645]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">Florida</collectingRegion>
” from a “can of worms (bait) inadvertently left behind” and cultured by the camp owner (a Mr T. Baker), eventually shipped to all of the
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFD5EA0D9F3BB7498" box="[651,705,204,230]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">USA</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFD22A0D9F2317498" box="[759,843,204,230]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Canada</collectingCountry>
where it has been cultured both indoors and outdoors.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF24664D077FB101FF5AA30FF3957706" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670518" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7670518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7670518/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="533" startId="7.[143,176,794,816]" targetBox="[195,1053,204,780]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BE436C5077FB101FF5AA30FF3957706" blockId="7.[143,1104,794,888]" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">
Fig. 3. Distribution map from Michaelsen (1903: chart 1) (hash marks family distribution). Note that New Zealand was in error but other records outside its West African homeland are due mainly to human transportation and the worm’s acclimatisation; early Caribbean and Latin American introductions possibly relate to the 16
<superScript id="7C2E9B8D077FB101FE7DA377F0C87710" attach="left" box="[424,434,866,878]" fontSize="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">th</superScript>
– 19
<superScript id="7C2E9B8D077FB101FE35A377F0907710" attach="left" box="[480,490,866,878]" fontSize="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="533">th</superScript>
century Atlantic slave trade.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE436C50770B10EFF05A118F21B7519" blockId="8.[181,1143,204,1678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">
The first Australasian taXonomic confirmation was from near Brisbane, Queensland in 1991 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFEF5A138F09B7539" author="BLAKEMORE, R. J." box="[288,481,301,327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref10875" refString="BLAKEMORE, R. J. 1994. Earthworms of south-east Queensland and their agronomic potential in brigalow soils. PhD thesis, University of Queensland." type="book" year="1994">Blakemore 1994</bibRefCitation>
, 1999) with stock (surface sterilised cocoons) originally obtained from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFE8FA158F0D47519" box="[346,430,333,359]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Canada</collectingCountry>
(Mr G. Bosanquet pers. comm. 1991).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C50770B10EFF05A17BF50C7676" blockId="8.[181,1143,204,1678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">
In Europe it was introduced to Hamburg with plants from the West Indies (Michaelsen 1903: 12) and to Kew Gardens in Wardian cases from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFCD6A19BF2DF75D6" box="[771,933,398,424]" name="Guyana" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">British Guiana</collectingCountry>
(Beddard 1906). It is rarely reported from northern European glasshouses by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFCFDA1BBF55575B6" author="SIMS, R. W. &amp; GERARD, B. M." box="[808,1071,429,456]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref15741" refString="SIMS, R. W. &amp; GERARD, B. M. 1985. Earthworms. Keys and notes to the identification and study of the Species. Synopsis of the British Fauna (New series). No. 31. Leiden: E. J. Brill." type="book" year="1985">Sims and Gerard (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, albeit rarely, e.g. from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFEBDA1DBF0B57596" box="[360,463,462,488]" name="Denmark" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Denmark</collectingCountry>
(Blakemore 2007) and eastern Europe,
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFCAAA1DBF29A7596" box="[895,992,462,488]" name="Hungary" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Hungary</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFC39A1DBF1977676" author="CSUZDI CS &amp; PAVLICEK T. &amp; NEVO E." pageId="8" pageNumber="534" pagination="198 - 201" refId="ref12084" refString="CSUZDI CS., PAVLICEK T. &amp; NEVO E. 2007. Is Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891) the first domicile earthworm species? European Journal of Soil Biology 44: 198 - 201." type="journal article" year="2007">
Csuzdi
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFB95A1DBF50C7596" box="[1088,1142,462,488]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
); also maintained in laboratory cultures, e.g. Vigo,
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFCCAA1FBF2247676" box="[799,862,494,520]" name="Spain" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Spain</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFCBFA1FBF51C7676" author="DOMINGUEZ, J. &amp; EDWARDS, C. A. &amp; ASHBY, J." box="[874,1126,494,520]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" pagination="341 - 353" refId="ref12392" refString="DOMINGUEZ, J., EDWARDS, C. A. &amp; ASHBY, J. 2001. The biology and ecology of Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg) (Oligochaeta) bred in cattle wastes. Pedobiologia 45: 341 - 353." type="journal article" year="2001">
Dominguez
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFC26A1FBF5537676" box="[1011,1065,494,520]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C50770B10EFF05A21AF3B776F7" blockId="8.[181,1143,204,1678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFF05A21AF0107657" author="PLISKO, J. D." box="[208,362,527,553]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" pagination="289 - 312" refId="ref14738" refString="PLISKO, J. D. 2010. Megadrile earthworm taxa introduced to South African soils (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae). African Invertebrates 51 (2): 289 - 312." type="journal article" year="2010">Plisko (2010)</bibRefCitation>
notes that it was deliberately introduced to
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFCBEA21AF2877657" box="[875,1021,527,553]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFBDBA21AF5327657" box="[1038,1096,527,553]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">RSA</collectingCountry>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFF60A23AF0847637" author="REINECKE, A. J. &amp; VILJOEN, S. A." box="[181,510,559,585]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" pagination="23 - 27" refId="ref14967" refString="REINECKE, A. J. &amp; VILJOEN, S. A. 1988. Reproduction of the African earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta) - cocoons. Biology and Fertility of Soils 7: 23 - 27. (http: // link. springer. com / article / 10.1007 % 2 FBF 00260727 # page- 1; accessed 26 / 11 / 2013)." type="journal article" year="1988">Reinecke and Viljoen (1988)</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFD92A23AF3D57637" box="[583,687,559,585]" name="Germany" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Germany</collectingCountry>
in stock originating in West Africa and that this species is now widely used in
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFDBEA25AF3DA7617" box="[619,672,591,617]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">RSA</collectingCountry>
farms and is “adapting well to habitats in this country” suggesting its naturalisation there.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C341654E0770B10EFF05A285F3A67035" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE436C50770B10EFF05A285F3AC77F4" blockId="8.[181,1143,204,1678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFF05A285F0E676D7" ID-CoL="8885K" authorityName=": Beddard" authorityYear="1895" box="[208,412,656,682]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFF05A285F0E676D7" box="[208,412,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Eudrilus eugeniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is stated to be newly introduced to
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFCF7A285F21F76D4" box="[802,869,656,682]" name="Egypt" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFCA7A285F1AE76B4" author="MEDANY, M. &amp; YAHIA, E." pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref13819" refString="MEDANY, M. &amp; YAHIA, E. 2011. V ermiculture in Egypt: Current Development and Future Potential. Cairo: FAO / UN." type="book" year="2011">Medany &amp; Yahia 2011: 20</bibRefCitation>
), but what this paper actually says is: “Four
<typeStatus id="54E088670770B10EFD32A2A5F25876B4" box="[743,802,688,714]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">types</typeStatus>
of earthworms were brought to
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFF03A2C5F0637694" box="[214,281,720,746]" name="Egypt" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Egypt</collectingCountry>
from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFEB1A2C5F0AA7694" box="[356,464,720,746]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Australia</collectingCountry>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFE0BA2C5F2147694" authority="(Red Worm)" baseAuthorityName="Red Worm" box="[478,878,720,746]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbriscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubellus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFE0BA2C5F3AA7694" box="[478,720,720,746]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Lumbriscus Rubellus</emphasis>
(Red Worm)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFCA9A2C5F0727774" ID-CoL="84NDF" authority="Fetida (Tiger Worm)" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Eisenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFCA9A2C5F55C7694" box="[892,1062,720,746]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Eisenia Fetida</emphasis>
(Tiger Worm)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFEC2A2E5F3DF7775" authority="(Indian Blue)" baseAuthorityName="Indian Blue" box="[279,677,752,779]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Perionyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFEC2A2E5F0867777" box="[279,508,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Perionyx Excavatus</emphasis>
(Indian Blue)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFD3DA2E5F2BA7777" ID-CoL="8885K" authorityName=": Beddard" authorityYear="1895" box="[744,960,752,778]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFD3DA2E5F2BA7777" box="[744,960,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Eudrilus Eugeniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(African Night Crawler)”. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFE7CA305F2207754" ID-CoL="6R26H" authority="Hoffmeister, 1843" authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[425,858,784,810]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubellus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFE7CA305F3FF7754" box="[425,645,784,810]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Lumbricus rubellus</emphasis>
Hoffmeister, 1843
</taxonomicName>
has never been proven a vermicomposting worm (Blakemore 1999, 2002), thus it is likely only three species or fewer were involved.
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFE70A345F37F7714" ID-CoL="84NK2" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1871" box="[421,517,848,874]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFE70A345F37F7714" box="[421,517,848,874]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Eudrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is newly demonstrated in vermicompost and aquaponics filters in Jeddah,
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFEA0A365F37C77F4" box="[373,518,880,906]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFDC0A365F3B077F4" author="ALAMOODI, K." box="[533,714,880,906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref10386" refString="ALAMOODI, K. 2014. Video reports of Eudrilus eugeniae in Saudi Arabia. (https: // www. youtube. com / user / kalidabod / videos; accessed 25 / 07 / 2015)." type="url" year="2014">Alamoodi 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C50770B10EFF05A384F3A67035" blockId="8.[181,1143,204,1678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">
At least one worm farmer in
<collectingRegion id="499FF8270770B10EFDDFA384F3F977D5" box="[522,643,913,939]" country="Chile" name="Valparaiso" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Valparaiso</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFD58A384F3B077D5" box="[653,714,913,939]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Chile</collectingCountry>
and a technician (Mr Reinaldo Plasencia) in
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFED6A3A4F00C77B5" box="[259,374,945,971]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
claim to rear
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFDC7A3A4F30877B5" ID-CoL="84NK2" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1871" box="[530,626,945,971]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFDC7A3A4F30877B5" box="[530,626,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Eudrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(“la lombriz africana”) sometimes misspelled “
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFF17A3C4F0507795" box="[194,298,977,1003]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Fudrillus</emphasis>
spp” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFEA4A3C4F32D7795" author="LUMBRICULTURA" box="[369,599,977,1003]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref13494" refString="LUMBRICULTURA, 2014. Vermiculture website. (http: // www. lombricultura. cl / index. php; http: // www. lombricultura. cl / index. php? id = 240; accessed 17 / 11 / 2014)." type="url" year="2014">Lumbricultura 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFDB4A3C4F23F7795" author="MONOGRAPHIAS" box="[609,837,977,1003]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref14118" refString="MONOGRAPHIAS. 2014. Monographias. com website. http: // monografias. com / trabajos 12 / mncuarto / mncuarto. shtml; accessed 17 / 11 / 2014)." type="url" year="2014">Monographias 2014</bibRefCitation>
), which would both be new national reports. Mr Enzo Bollo Tapia (pers. comm. 2014) communicated that it can be cultivated in
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFE9FA404F0D37055" box="[330,425,1041,1067]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFE60A404F3597055" box="[437,547,1041,1067]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Colombia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFD89A404F3F57055" box="[604,655,1041,1067]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Peru</collectingCountry>
but that
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFD20A404F2487055" box="[757,818,1041,1067]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Chile</collectingCountry>
is unsuitable for its survival due to climate, although he did experiment there.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C341654E0770B10FFF05A447F26C701C" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="535" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE436C50770B10EFF05A447F50C7252" blockId="8.[181,1143,204,1678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">
Introduced to the
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFE40A447F3697012" box="[405,531,1106,1132]" name="Philippines" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Philippines</collectingCountry>
for vermicomposting in the 1980s,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFC77A446F55F7012" authorityName=": Beddard" authorityYear="1895" box="[930,1061,1107,1132]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFC77A446F55F7012" box="[930,1061,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">E. eugeniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is now distributed in worm-beds on farms over the whole country. A report of its spreading to some mountainous inland areas via agro-forest strips of
<collectingRegion id="499FF8270770B10EFCE4A487F57970D2" box="[817,1027,1170,1196]" country="Philippines" name="Negros Occidental" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Negros Occidental</collectingRegion>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFBFAA487F07A70B2" author="FLORES, D. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="534" pagination="2731" refId="ref12636" refString="FLORES, D. G. 2007. Earthworm distribution in selected islands of the Visayan (Central Philippines) Archipelago. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology 1 (1): 2731." type="journal article" year="2007">
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFBFAA487F50F70D2" box="[1071,1141,1170,1196]" name="Indonesia" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Flores</collectingCountry>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
is unsubstantiated as there is no proof that
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFD20A4A6F20170B2" authorityName=": Beddard" authorityYear="1895" box="[757,891,1203,1228]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFD20A4A6F20170B2" box="[757,891,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">E. eugeniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
itself was found. The report just says “
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFEBBA4C7F0B47092" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1871" box="[366,462,1234,1260]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFEBBA4C7F0B47092" box="[366,462,1234,1260]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Eudrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” based on a novice’s key to families. It is also newly reported from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFF3AA4E7F02E7172" box="[239,340,1266,1292]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, from an unpublished DNA barcode submission to GenBank in 2010/2011 (see Appendix) and recent reports from there (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFD0EA507F2087152" author="MALLIGA, T." box="[731,882,1298,1324]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref13569" refString="MALLIGA, T. 2010. The determination of protein and certain essential elements in earthworms Eudrilus eugeniae fed with different kinds of organic litters. MSc thesis, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand. (http: // www. sutir. sut. ac. th: 8080 / sutir / bitstream / 123456789 / 4211 / 2 / Fulltext. pdf; accessed 17 / 11 / 2014)." type="book" year="2010">Malliga 2010</bibRefCitation>
; Loongyaii
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFC26A506F5587152" box="[1011,1058,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">et al</emphasis>
. 2011).
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFF60A527F06F7132" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1871" box="[181,277,1330,1356]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFF60A527F06F7132" box="[181,277,1330,1356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Eudrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is used for soy bean residues and rice husks vermicomposting in
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFBDAA527F50C7132" box="[1039,1142,1330,1356]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFF38A547F0E27112" author="LIM, P. N. &amp; WU, T. Y. &amp; SIM, E. Y. &amp; LIM, S. L." box="[237,408,1362,1388]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" pagination="2637 - 2642" refId="ref13383" refString="LIM, P. N., WU, T. Y., SIM, E. Y. &amp; LIM, S. L. 2011. The potential reuse of soybean husk as feedstock of Eudrilus eugeniae in vermicomposting. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91 (14): 2637 - 2642." type="journal article" year="2011">
Lim
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFEF4A546F0237112" box="[289,345,1362,1388]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFE76A547F32D7112" author="SHAK, K. P. &amp; WU, T. Y. &amp; LIM, S. L. &amp; LEE, C. A." box="[419,599,1362,1388]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" pagination="1249 - 1359" refId="ref15390" refString="SHAK, K. P., WU, T. Y., LIM, S. L. &amp; LEE, C. A. 2014. Sustainable reuse of rice residues as feedstocks in vermicomposting for organic fertilizer production. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21 (2): 1249 - 1359." type="journal article" year="2014">
Shak
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFE35A546F36D7112" box="[480,535,1362,1388]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
) with the worms apparently imported as cocoons from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFF21A567F04B71F2" box="[244,305,1394,1420]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">India</collectingCountry>
. It is also reported from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFD9CA567F3CC71F2" box="[585,694,1394,1420]" name="Indonesia" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
where vermiculture operations in Solo,
<collectingRegion id="499FF8270770B10EFF60A587F03B71D2" box="[181,321,1426,1452]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Tengah" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Central Java</collectingRegion>
are advertised (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFDF1A587F38D71D2" author="INDONETWORK" box="[548,759,1426,1452]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref13033" refString="INDONETWORK 2014. Indonesian internet mart selling ANC. (http: // www. indonetwork. net / tradeoffers / 15 / lumbricus. html; accessed 17 / 11 / 2014)." type="url" year="2014">Indonetwork 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFCD7A587F57F71D2" author="CACINGLUMBRICUS" box="[770,1029,1426,1452]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref11841" refString="CACINGLUMBRICUS 2014. Indonesian internet mart selling ANC. (http: // cacinglumbricus. wordpress. com /; accessed 17 / 11 / 2014)." type="url" year="2014">Cacinglumbricus 2014</bibRefCitation>
). This has now been confirmed by the Animal Husbandry Faculty at Bogor Agricultural University,
<collectingRegion id="499FF8270770B10EFF60A5C7F05D7192" box="[181,295,1490,1516]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Barat" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">West Java</collectingRegion>
(Andy Darmawan pers. comm. via email
<date id="FFE510050770B10EFCD0A5C7F2FA7192" box="[773,896,1490,1516]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" value="2014-11">Nov. 2014</date>
). Recent reports from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFF60A5E7F0697272" box="[181,275,1522,1548]" name="Vietnam" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
are from the provinces of
<collectingRegion id="499FF8270770B10EFDE4A5E7F3E17272" box="[561,667,1522,1548]" country="Vietnam" name="Lang Son" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Lang Son</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="499FF8270770B10EFD1BA5E7F2417272" box="[718,827,1522,1548]" country="Vietnam" name="Cao Bang" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Cao Bang</collectingRegion>
by the Research Institute for Aquaculture [
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFE9EA607F3407252" author="THE ANH &amp; THI LAN ANH, N. &amp; QUANG THAI, N. &amp; HOLIKOVA, P." box="[331,570,1554,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref16047" refString="THE ANH, B., THI LAN ANH, N., QUANG THAI, N. &amp; HOLIKOVA, P. 2011. Technical support from Czech Government to aquaculture in mountain areas of Vietnam. Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1. (http: // www. ria 1. org / ria 1 / Defaults. aspx? ctl = newsdetail &amp; LangID = 2 &amp; p = &amp; aID = 275 &amp; stID = 356; accessed: 17 / 11 / 2014)." type="url" year="2011">
The Anh
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFE67A606F0937252" box="[434,489,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFD96A607F3817252" author="AFSPAN" box="[579,763,1554,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" pagination="2014" refId="ref10322" refString="AFSPAN. 2012. AFSPAN (Aquaculture for Food Security, Poverty Alleviation and Nutrition) Work Package 3: Preliminary report on desk study on Regional / International cooperation activities. Report # 02: 2012 (www. afspan. eu / publications / reports / wp 3 - regional-international-cooperation-report- 2012. pdf; accessed 17 / 11 / 2014)." type="journal article" year="2012">AFSPAN (2012)</bibRefCitation>
but mispelt “
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460770B10EFC58A607F5227252" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[909,1112,1554,1580]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="euganaie">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70770B10EFC58A607F5227252" box="[909,1112,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">Eudrilus euganaie</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C50770B10FFF05A626F2D37538" blockId="8.[181,1143,204,1678]" lastBlockId="9.[144,1104,203,1122]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="535" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550770B10EFF05A626F0177233" box="[208,365,1587,1613]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="534">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
records by Beddard (1895: 149), repeated by Michaelsen (1900, 1903),
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFED0A646F09B7210" author="HUTTON, F. W." box="[261,481,1619,1646]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref13014" refString="HUTTON, F. W. 1904. Index Faunae Novae Zealandiae. London: Bulau &amp; Co." type="book" year="1904">Hutton (1904: 355)</bibRefCitation>
, Gates (1972), and Sims and Easton (1985) were stated by Thompson (1922: 359),
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFE11A666F30972F0" author="BENHAM, W. B." box="[452,627,1651,1678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" pagination="324 - 328" refId="ref10836" refString="BENHAM, W. B. 1950. On Cryptochaeta, a new genus of earthworms; and a nomenclatural muddle solved. Transactions of the Royal Society, N. Z. 78: 324 - 328." type="journal article" year="1950">Benham (1950)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340770B10EFD7DA666F22672F0" author="LEE, K. E." box="[680,860,1651,1678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="534" refId="ref13292" refString="LEE, K. E. 1959. The Earthworm Fauna of New Zealand. Bulletin 130. Wellington: New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research." type="book" year="1959">Lee (1959: 365)</bibRefCitation>
to be an error introduced when Beddard (1891, 1895: 149) somehow mistook for
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460771B10FFCF5A0D9F28A749B" authorityName=": Beddard" authorityYear="1895" box="[800,1008,204,230]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="eugeniae">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70771B10FFCF5A0D9F28A749B" box="[800,1008,204,230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Eudrilus eugeniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Smith’s 1886 report of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460771B10FFEECA0F9F0E37578" authorityName="W. Smith" authorityYear="1887" box="[313,409,236,262]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Endrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70771B10FFEECA0F9F0E37578" box="[313,409,236,262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Endrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[sic lapsus for
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460771B10FFD9DA0F9F3D27578" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1871" box="[584,680,236,262]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70771B10FFD9DA0F9F3D27578" box="[584,680,236,262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Eudrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70771B10FFD6FA0F9F3977578" box="[698,749,236,262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">levis</emphasis>
[=
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460771B10FFCC3A0F9F2D87578" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1893" box="[790,930,236,262]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Octochaetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70771B10FFCC3A0F9F2D87578" box="[790,930,236,262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Octochaetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70771B10FFC63A0F9F2937578" box="[950,1001,236,262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">levis</emphasis>
(Hutton, 1877)] from
<collectingRegion id="499FF8270771B10FFEC9A119F0FB7558" box="[284,385,268,294]" country="New Zealand" name="Taranaki" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Taranaki</collectingRegion>
. Recent personal surveys of vermicomposting operations in
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFBCEA119F1907538" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
also failed to locate this species there (e.g. Blakemore 2012
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70771B10FFC5EA139F2E3753B" box="[907,921,300,325]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">a</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C50771B10FFF7FA158F35C7659" blockId="9.[144,1104,203,1122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">
<location id="8E84601E0771B10FFF7FA158F1AC7519" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E0771B10FFF7FA158F1AC7519" box="[170,214,333,359]" country="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" county="Gates's" municipality="Gates" name="The" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">The</location>
claim from the
<location id="8E84601E0771B10FFE40A158F3407519" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E0771B10FFE40A158F3407519" box="[405,570,333,359]" country="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" county="Gates's" municipality="Gates" name="French islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">French islands</location>
off the coast of
<location id="8E84601E0771B10FFD2AA158F2DF7519" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E0771B10FFD2AA158F2DF7519" box="[767,933,333,359]" country="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" county="Gates's" municipality="Gates" name="Newfoundland" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Newfoundland</location>
(
<location id="8E84601E0771B10FFC6DA158F5677519" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E0771B10FFC6DA158F5677519" box="[952,1053,333,359]" country="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" county="Gates's" municipality="Gates" name="St Pierre" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">St Pierre</location>
and
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFF45A178F18575F6" box="[144,255,365,392]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Miquelon</collectingCountry>
) of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D460771B10FFEF9A178F0EC75F9" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[300,406,365,391]" class="Clitellata" family="Eudrilidae" genus="Eudrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lacazii">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70771B10FFEF9A178F0EC75F9" box="[300,406,365,391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">E. lacazii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<location id="8E84601E0771B10FFE14A178F37775F9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E0771B10FFE14A178F37775F9" box="[449,525,365,391]" country="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" county="Gates's" municipality="Gates" name="Perrier" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Perrier</location>
(1872) was disputed by
<collectingMunicipality id="6B80ACBF0771B10FFCF7A178F21875F9" box="[802,866,365,391]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Gates</collectingMunicipality>
(1982: 72), although this is possibly
<collectingCounty id="62854E490771B10FFEE9A198F0F475D9" box="[316,398,397,423]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Gates’s</collectingCounty>
mistake as its
<typeStatus id="54E088670771B10FFDE6A198F31975D9" box="[563,611,397,423]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">type</typeStatus>
locality is Martinique in the Antilles, where there is also a town named St Pierre, rather than the one near
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFC83A1B8F2BD75B9" box="[854,967,429,455]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Miquelon</collectingCountry>
. No records of cultivation are confirmed from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFDC7A1D8F3007599" box="[530,634,461,487]" name="Germany" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Germany</collectingCountry>
(the supposed source some worms in the
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFF45A1F8F06B7679" box="[144,273,493,519]" name="Philippines" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Philippines</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFE85A1F8F0907676" box="[336,490,493,520]" name="South Africa" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">South Africa</collectingCountry>
), from a few southeast Asian countries neighboring
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFF45A218F1887659" box="[144,242,525,551]" name="Vietnam" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, or yet from
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFE54A218F0BF7659" box="[385,453,525,551]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">China</collectingCountry>
/
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFE1BA218F3587659" box="[462,546,525,551]" name="Taiwan" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C50771B10FFF45A223F329768E" blockId="9.[144,1104,203,1122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">
Locality: Specimens were collected from worm farms in Brisbane (1991) and samples sent to the author from Mackay, Qld (1992), and Menai, NSW (1996) [now in CSIRO/ ANIC, Canberra with registration nos. RB.95.9.4/11.2 (Blakemore 1995)]; also confirmed from lowland
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFE76A283F35B76CE" box="[419,545,662,688]" name="Philippines" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(specimens in Fishery collection of UPV, Miagao) but only close to worm beds; neither was it located ferally in surveys on Negros Island (pers. obs. 2009–2014, cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340771B10FFE6BA2C3F332768E" author="FLORES, D. G." box="[446,584,726,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" pagination="2731" refId="ref12636" refString="FLORES, D. G. 2007. Earthworm distribution in selected islands of the Visayan (Central Philippines) Archipelago. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology 1 (1): 2731." type="journal article" year="2007">
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFE6BA2C3F37E768E" box="[446,516,726,752]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Flores</collectingCountry>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C50771B10FFF45A2EAF56E77E7" blockId="9.[144,1104,203,1122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">
<collectingCounty id="62854E490771B10FFF45A2EAF19D7767" box="[144,231,767,793]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Habitat</collectingCounty>
:
<collectingMunicipality id="6B80ACBF0771B10FFF24A2EAF0087767" box="[241,370,767,793]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Originating</collectingMunicipality>
in shaded savannahs of
<location id="8E84601E0771B10FFD56A2EAF2707767" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E0771B10FFD56A2EAF2707767" box="[643,778,767,793]" country="Guadeloupe" county="Habitat" municipality="Originating" name="West Africa" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" stateProvince="Sulu">West Africa</location>
, it now thrives in worm beds on worm farms; it is reported in natural high moisture/organic sites such as waterfalls or riverbanks on
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFE80A32AF0A67727" box="[341,476,831,857]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
and also in gardens and some vegetable or fruit fields in
<location id="8E84601E0771B10FFF7BA34AF02C7707" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E0771B10FFF7BA34AF02C7707" box="[174,342,863,889]" country="Guadeloupe" county="Habitat" municipality="Originating" name="South America" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" stateProvince="Sulu">South America</location>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B340771B10FFEB3A34AF3C87707" author="BROWN, G. G. &amp; FRAGOSO, C." box="[358,690,863,889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" refId="ref11814" refString="BROWN, G. G. &amp; FRAGOSO, C. 2007. Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e Ecologia. Londrina: Embrapa Soja." type="book" year="2007">Brown &amp; Fragoso 2007: 372</bibRefCitation>
).
<location id="8E84601E0771B10FFD12A34AF3A27707" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E0771B10FFD12A34AF3A27707" box="[711,728,863,889]" country="Guadeloupe" county="Habitat" municipality="Originating" name="It" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" stateProvince="Sulu">It</location>
is newly found in vermifilters of aquaponics tanks at
<collectingRegion id="499FF8270771B10FFEA7A36AF0DF77E7" box="[370,421,895,921]" country="Philippines" name="Sulu" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Sulu</collectingRegion>
<location id="8E84601E0771B10FFE79A36AF3FD77E7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287D3077AB10FFE07A407F26C701C:8E84601E0771B10FFE79A36AF3FD77E7" box="[428,647,895,921]" country="Guadeloupe" county="Habitat" municipality="Originating" name="Gardens in Miagao" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" stateProvince="Sulu">Gardens in Miagao</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C76550771B10FFD46A36AF26B77E7" box="[659,785,895,921]" name="Philippines" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(pers. obs.
<date id="FFE510050771B10FFC46A36AF57277E7" box="[915,1032,895,921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" value="2014-02">
<collectingDate id="EFA1E9ED0771B10FFC46A36AF57277E7" box="[915,1032,895,921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535" value="2014-02">Feb. 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436C50771B10FFF45A3BDF26C701C" blockId="9.[144,1104,203,1122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">
<emphasis id="B92FEAD70771B10FFF45A3BDF07F77BC" box="[144,261,936,962]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Behaviour</emphasis>
: Hatchlings are reported to sometimes return to the cocoon when alarmed. Active with a rapid escape response when disturbed, but if captured the adult worms become placid and can be readily handled. The species will wander at night, leaving plant pots and escaping unsealed containers when there is no light source. For rapid field identification, slight pressure between the fingers will cause eversion of white penes that are shaped similar to a scorpion’s stinger (see
<figureCitation id="13602A400771B10FFD10A45DF273701C" box="[709,777,1096,1122]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[145,178,1377,1399]" captionTargetBox="[210,1090,248,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-9@4.[181,1141,225,1638]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Eudrilus eugeniae: (a) ventral view of Qld specimen, (b) vasa deferentiaunite to form the muscular euprostates ducting to the centreof the copulatory chamber (characteristic Y-shaped gland onrhs ducts to lhs), (c) ‘spermathecal’ aperture and combined oviduct (unravelled) to ovisac opposite saccular gland at junction of duct and ‘ampulla’ (ovary not shown), (d) prostomium, (e) calciferous glands, hearts and dorsal vessel,(f)dorso-lateral viewof caudal segments narrowing to pygomere,(g) cocoon. BoXed are: Perrier’s (1872: figs 27, 28, 30) figures of male organs – with penis both retracted and everted – plus an enlargement of a seta (his fig. 29 differs somewhat in its internal organ details); Michaelsen’s (1892: fig. 10) figure of female organs also showing ovary “ov” (or ovisac?) on 12/13; plus Beddard’s (1895: fig. 30) figure of male organs with glandular appendices to bursa copulatriX sometimes fused to form a “single horseshoe-shaped” appendiX neXt to what Eisen (1900: fig. 44) called the silk-producing “Y-shaped gland” (indicated as “Y-sg”)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7671229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7671229/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="535">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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