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<mods:title id="14CB17FAE16515BEFFA7493F910FC7C4">Revision of Chaetacanthus Seidler, 1922 (Annelida, Phyllodocida, Polynoidae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BFAF60FFFCEE55A66D0FAA3FE296229" blockId="2.[151,500,1333,1360]" box="[151,500,1333,1360]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
<heading id="D0B24163FFCEE55A66D0FAA3FE296229" bold="true" box="[151,500,1333,1360]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCEE55A66D0FAA3FE296229" ID-CoL="84M85" authority="Seidler, 1922" authorityName="Seidler" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,500,1333,1360]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCEE55A66D0FAA3FE296229" bold="true" box="[151,500,1333,1360]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCEE55A66D0FAA3FE936236" bold="true" box="[151,334,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Chaetacanthus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCEE55A6712FAA3FE296229" author="Seidler, H. J." box="[341,500,1333,1359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="301 - 303" refId="ref15783" refString="Seidler, H. J. (1922) Uber die Untergattung Euphione. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 54 (11 - 13), 301 - 303." type="journal article" year="1922">Seidler, 1922</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BFAF60FFFCEE55A66D0FAECFD7662F4" blockId="2.[151,683,1402,1426]" box="[151,683,1402,1426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB55D121FFCEE55A66D0FAECFD7662F4" box="[151,683,1402,1426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
<treatmentCitation id="0AE4D01EFFCEE55A66D0FAECFE2F62F4" author="Seidler, H. J." box="[151,498,1402,1426]" page="301" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" year="1922">
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCEE55A66D0FAECFE2F62F4" ID-CoL="84M85" authority="Seidler, 1922: 301" authorityName="Seidler" authorityPageNumber="301" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,498,1402,1426]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCEE55A66D0FAECFEF262F4" box="[151,303,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Chaetacanthus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCEE55A6771FAECFE2F62F4" author="Seidler, H. J." box="[310,498,1402,1426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="301 - 303" refId="ref15783" refString="Seidler, H. J. (1922) Uber die Untergattung Euphione. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 54 (11 - 13), 301 - 303." type="journal article" year="1922">Seidler, 1922: 301</bibRefCitation>
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; 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCEE55A67BBFAECFD7B62F4" author="Seidler, H. J." box="[508,678,1402,1426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="1 - 217" refId="ref15811" refString="Seidler, H. J. (1924 (1923 )) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Polynoiden, 1. Archiv f ̡ r Natugeschichte Berlin, 89 (11), 1 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 4830110105" type="journal article" year="1924">Seidler 1924: 97</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<paragraph id="8BFAF60FFFCEE55A66D0FA56FC9C62BD" blockId="2.[151,1437,1472,2039]" box="[151,833,1472,1499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCEE55A66D0FA56FEEF62BC" bold="true" box="[151,306,1472,1498]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
<typeStatus id="54FE48ADFFCEE55A66D0FA56FF0F62BC" box="[151,210,1472,1498]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCEE55A677EFA56FD4162BC" authority="Grube, 1876" authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1876" box="[313,668,1472,1498]" class="Polychaeta" family="Iphionidae" genus="Iphione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCEE55A677EFA56FDDB62BC" box="[313,518,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Iphione magnifica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCEE55A644AFA56FD4162BC" author="Grube, A. E." box="[525,668,1472,1498]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="46 - 72" refId="ref13845" refString="Grube, A. E. (1876) Bemerkungen ʾ ber die Familie der Aphroditeen (Gruppe Polyonina, Acoetea, Polylepidea). Jahres-Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft f ̡ r vaterlandische Cultur, 1875, 46 - 72." type="journal article" year="1876">Grube, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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, by monotypy.
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<paragraph id="8BFAF60FFFCEE55A6680FA72FE766090" blockId="2.[151,1437,1472,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCEE55A6680FA72FE9F6298" bold="true" box="[199,322,1508,1534]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCEE55A6700FA72FE346298" authorityName="Willey" authorityYear="1902" box="[327,489,1508,1534]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lepidonotinae">Lepidonotinae</taxonomicName>
with 26 segments. Prostomium Lepidonotinae-type, bilobed, without cephalic peaks, facial tubercle well-developed. Two pairs of circular eyes on posterior prostomial half, anterior eyes area often bulked. Three antennae, median antenna with ceratophore inserted frontally, style smooth, slender, subdistally swollen. Lateral antennae with ceratophores inserted terminally, style smooth, subdistally swollen. Palps thick with longitudinal rows of large papillae. Pharynx with 12 pairs of marginal, bottle-shaped papillae; jaws with cutting edge smooth. Tentacular segment not visible dorsally, tentaculophores with a few chaetae, tentacular cirri similar to antennae. Segment two projected over prostomium as a short nuchal lobe. Twelve pairs of elytra completely covering dorsum; elytra inserted on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23; first pair almost circular, following oval, outer posterior margins with long fimbriae, and a distinctive bundle on posterior border. Elytral surface with numerous spinous microtubercles and macrotubercles, sometimes with distinctive groups of ambercolour, honeycomb-like macrotubercles. Parapodia biramous. Neuropodia thick, longer than notopodia, truncate. Branchial filaments attached to lateral sides of notopodia. Dorsal cirri with thick cirrophores, cirrostyles resembling antennae. Cirrigerous segments without pseudelytra. Ventral cirri and venter smooth. Nephridial papillae of similar size throughout body. Notochaetae abundant; slender, long; neurochaetae unidentate, upper region short, with a few rows of subdistal spines.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C35FA584FFCFE55B6680FF01FB686233" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFAF60FFFCFE55B6680FF01FC8466CB" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6680FF01FEE667D7" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B6704FF01FE3867D7" author="Seidler, H. J." box="[323,485,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="301 - 303" refId="ref15783" refString="Seidler, H. J. (1922) Uber die Untergattung Euphione. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 54 (11 - 13), 301 - 303." type="journal article" year="1922">Seidler (1922)</bibRefCitation>
proposed 
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<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B641BFF01FCD967D7" box="[604,772,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Chaetacanthus</emphasis>
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and newly combined 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B65B8FF01FB1067D7" authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1876" box="[1023,1229,151,177]" class="Polychaeta" family="Iphionidae" genus="Iphione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B65B8FF01FB1067D7" box="[1023,1229,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Iphione magnifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B62B3FF01FE6767B0" authority="(Grube, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Grube" baseAuthorityYear="1876" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B62B3FF01FECF67B3" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Chaetacanthus magnificus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B6766FF2DFE6F67B0" author="Grube, A. E." box="[289,434,187,214]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="46 - 72" refId="ref13845" refString="Grube, A. E. (1876) Bemerkungen ʾ ber die Familie der Aphroditeen (Gruppe Polyonina, Acoetea, Polylepidea). Jahres-Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft f ̡ r vaterlandische Cultur, 1875, 46 - 72." type="journal article" year="1876">Grube, 1876</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, as its 
<typeStatus id="54FE48ADFFCFE55B6442FF2DFDE867B3" box="[517,565,187,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">type</typeStatus>
species. In the same contribution, he redefined 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B620DFF2DFAAC67B3" authority="McIntosh, 1885" authorityName="McIntosh" authorityYear="1885" box="[1098,1393,186,213]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Euphione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B620DFF2DFB6867B3" box="[1098,1205,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Euphione</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B62FAFF2DFAAC67B3" author="McIntosh, W. C." box="[1213,1393,186,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 554" refId="ref14766" refString="McIntosh, W. C. (1885) Report on the Annelida Polychaeta collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76 under the Command of Captain George S. Nares, R. N., F. R. S. and the late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R. N., Zoology, 12, 1 - 554." type="journal article" year="1885">McIntosh, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. He later (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B669EFF49FE45679F" author="Seidler, H. J." box="[217,408,222,249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 217" refId="ref15811" refString="Seidler, H. J. (1924 (1923 )) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Polynoiden, 1. Archiv f ̡ r Natugeschichte Berlin, 89 (11), 1 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 4830110105" type="journal article" year="1924">Seidler 1924: 15</bibRefCitation>
) regarded 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B6453FF49FC87679F" authority="Seidler, 1922" authorityName="Seidler" authorityYear="1922" box="[532,858,223,249]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6453FF49FD61679F" box="[532,700,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Chaetacanthus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B6482FF49FC87679F" author="Seidler, H. J." box="[709,858,223,249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="301 - 303" refId="ref15783" refString="Seidler, H. J. (1922) Uber die Untergattung Euphione. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 54 (11 - 13), 301 - 303." type="journal article" year="1922">Seidler, 1922</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B65D3FF49FB66679F" authority="McIntosh, 1885" authorityName="McIntosh" authorityYear="1885" box="[916,1211,222,249]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Euphione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B65D3FF49FC22679F" box="[916,1023,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Euphione</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B624FFF49FB66679F" author="McIntosh, W. C." box="[1032,1211,222,249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 554" refId="ref14766" refString="McIntosh, W. C. (1885) Report on the Annelida Polychaeta collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76 under the Command of Captain George S. Nares, R. N., F. R. S. and the late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R. N., Zoology, 12, 1 - 554." type="journal article" year="1885">McIntosh, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as resembling each other by having similar numbers of segments and pairs of elytra, and branchial filaments on parapodia. These genera were separated because in 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B678EFEB1FDAC6627" authorityName="Seidler" authorityYear="1922" box="[457,625,295,321]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B678EFEB1FDAC6627" box="[457,625,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Chaetacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
neurochaetae are spinulose, with a few spread separate spines, and the dorsum does not have parelytrophores or pseudelytra, whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B652AFEDDFC056603" authorityName="McIntosh" authorityYear="1885" box="[877,984,331,357]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Euphione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B652AFEDDFC056603" box="[877,984,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Euphione</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
neurochaetae are fringed, with abundant thin spines, and the dorsum has parelytrophores or pseudelytra. The latter are well-defined, smooth, dorsal plate-like structures, visible in cirrigerous segments of 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B64C9FE05FD2466CB" authorityName="McIntosh" authorityYear="1885" box="[654,761,403,429]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Euphione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B64C9FE05FD2466CB" box="[654,761,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Euphione</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFAF60FFFCFE55B6680FE21FAA5645F" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
After 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B674CFE21FE1A66B7" author="Fauchald, K." box="[267,455,439,465]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref13721" refString="Fauchald, K. (1977) The polychaete worms: Definitions and keys to the Orders, Families and Genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, 28, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1977">Fauchald (1977)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B6792FE21FDA066B7" authorityName="Seidler" authorityYear="1922" box="[469,637,439,465]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6792FE21FDA066B7" box="[469,637,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Chaetacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups with eight other lepidonotin genera by having well-developed palps, 12 pairs or elytra, and 26 segments. However, only three genera have branchial filaments in interparapodial spaces: 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B66A8FE69FDCB657F" authority="McIntosh, 1885" authorityName="McIntosh" authorityYear="1885" box="[239,534,510,537]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Euphione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B66A8FE69FE87657F" box="[239,346,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Euphione</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B6725FE69FDCB657F" author="McIntosh, W. C." box="[354,534,510,537]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 554" refId="ref14766" refString="McIntosh, W. C. (1885) Report on the Annelida Polychaeta collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76 under the Command of Captain George S. Nares, R. N., F. R. S. and the late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R. N., Zoology, 12, 1 - 554." type="journal article" year="1885">McIntosh, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B6466FE69FC9A657F" authority="Monro, 1936" authorityName="Monro" authorityYear="1936" box="[545,839,511,537]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Euphionella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6466FE69FD77657F" box="[545,682,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Euphionella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B64F6FE69FC9A657F" author="Monro, C. C. A." box="[689,839,511,537]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="59 - 198" refId="ref14934" refString="Monro, C. C. A. (1936) Polychaete worms. 2. Discovery Reports, 12, 59 - 198." type="journal article" year="1936">Monro, 1936</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B65C6FE69FBF4657F" authorityName="Seidler" authorityYear="1922" box="[897,1065,511,537]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B65C6FE69FBF4657F" box="[897,1065,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Chaetacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These three genera can be separated by the presence of dorsal plates, or pseudelytra, and by the 
<typeStatus id="54FE48ADFFCFE55B6521FDB5FC4B655B" box="[870,918,547,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">type</typeStatus>
of neurochaetae. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B621CFDB5FACE655B" author="Fauchald, K." box="[1115,1299,547,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref13721" refString="Fauchald, K. (1977) The polychaete worms: Definitions and keys to the Orders, Families and Genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, 28, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1977">Fauchald (1977)</bibRefCitation>
keyed these genera out by indicating that 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B6798FDD1FDB56507" authorityName="Monro" authorityYear="1936" box="[479,616,583,609]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Euphionella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6798FDD1FDB56507" box="[479,616,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Euphionella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has pseudoelytra, whereas the two other genera lack them, although 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B6329FDD1FEDA65E3" author="Day, J. H." pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 458" refId="ref13398" refString="Day, J. H. (1967) Polychaeta of Southern Africa, Part 1. Errantia. British Museum (Natural History), Publication, 656, 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1967">Day (1967: 43</bibRefCitation>
; key to genera) indicated pseudelytra are present in 
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6517FDFDFC1F65E3" box="[848,962,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B6517FDFDFC6365E3" authorityName="McIntosh" authorityYear="1885" box="[848,958,619,645]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Euphione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Euphione</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and they are visible in a photo of the 
<typeStatus id="54FE48ADFFCFE55B632BFDFDFA4165E3" box="[1388,1436,619,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">type</typeStatus>
species available in the internet (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B644AFD19FCB265CF" author="Natural History Museum" box="[525,879,655,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" refId="ref14716" refString="Natural History Museum (2014) Dataset: Collection specimens. Resource: Specimens. Natural History Museum Data Portal Available from: https: // data. nhm. ac. uk / (accessed 30 September 2020) https: // doi. org / 10.5519 / 0002965" type="url" year="2014">Natural History Museum 2014</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of pseudoelytra is uncertain; they were not mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B67D9FD25FD9065AB" author="Imajima, M." box="[414,589,691,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 131" refId="ref14258" refString="Imajima, M. (1997) Poychaetous annelids from Sagami Bay and Sagami Sea collected by the Emperor Showa of Japan and deposited at the Showa Memorial Institute. National Science Museum. Tokyo. Families Polynoidae and Acoetidae. National Science Museum Monograph, 13, 1 - 131." type="journal article" year="1997">Imajima (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and in recent publications they have not been well illustrated. However, the relevant differences among these genera are in the neurochaetae; these three genera can be separated by their 
<typeStatus id="54FE48ADFFCFE55B6308FD41FAA26597" box="[1359,1407,727,753]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">type</typeStatus>
of neurochaetae because they are completely smooth, without rows of spines in 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B65B6FD6DFAFD6470" authority="(Monro 1936)" baseAuthorityName="Monro" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[1009,1312,763,790]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Euphionella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B65B6FD6DFBA76473" box="[1009,1146,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Euphionella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B62CFFD6DFAC56470" author="Monro, C. C. A." box="[1160,1304,763,790]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="59 - 198" refId="ref14934" refString="Monro, C. C. A. (1936) Polychaete worms. 2. Discovery Reports, 12, 59 - 198." type="journal article" year="1936">Monro 1936</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; spinulose, with a few rows of spines in 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B679DFC89FD5F645F" authorityName="Seidler" authorityYear="1922" box="[474,642,799,825]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B679DFC89FD5F645F" box="[474,642,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Chaetacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and hirsute with long and fine spines in 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B6217FC89FAA9645F" authority="(Imajima 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Imajima" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1104,1396,799,825]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Euphione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6217FC89FB66645F" box="[1104,1211,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Euphione</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B628EFC89FAB1645F" author="Imajima, M." box="[1225,1388,799,825]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 131" refId="ref14258" refString="Imajima, M. (1997) Poychaetous annelids from Sagami Bay and Sagami Sea collected by the Emperor Showa of Japan and deposited at the Showa Memorial Institute. National Science Museum. Tokyo. Families Polynoidae and Acoetidae. National Science Museum Monograph, 13, 1 - 131." type="journal article" year="1997">Imajima 1997</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFAF60FFFCFE55B6680FCD5FBA3633F" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
As herein redefined, 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B67F5FCD5FD2B643B" authority="Seidler, 1922" authorityName="Seidler" authorityYear="1922" box="[434,758,835,861]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B67F5FCD5FD87643B" box="[434,602,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Chaetacanthus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B6426FCD5FD2B643B" author="Seidler, H. J." box="[609,758,835,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="301 - 303" refId="ref15783" refString="Seidler, H. J. (1922) Uber die Untergattung Euphione. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 54 (11 - 13), 301 - 303." type="journal article" year="1922">Seidler, 1922</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
includes two groups of species regarding elytral ornamentation. The first group has large amber-colour macrotubercles, sclerotized, arranged in a honeycomb-like group, and includes the 
<typeStatus id="54FE48ADFFCFE55B6760FC1DFE8A64C3" box="[295,343,907,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">type</typeStatus>
species, herein included in the senior synonym, 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B65C4FC1DFAEE64C0" authority="(de Quatrefages, 1866)" authorityName="Salazar-Silva &amp; López-Sánchez &amp; Salazar-Vallejo" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="de Quatrefages" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[899,1331,907,934]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B65C4FC1DFBFB64C3" box="[899,1062,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B6270FC1DFAF764C0" author="de Quatrefages, A." box="[1079,1322,907,934]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" refId="ref13596" refString="de Quatrefages, A. (1866 (1865 )) Histoire Naturelle des Anneles marines et d'Eau Douce: Annelides et gephyriens. Vol. 1. Roret, Paris, 578 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 122818" type="book" year="1866">de Quatrefages, 1866</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the Grand Caribbean, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B67D2FC39FDD164AE" authority="Salazar-Silva &amp; López-Sánchez &amp; Salazar-Vallejo, 2020" authorityName="Salazar-Silva &amp; López-Sánchez &amp; Salazar-Vallejo" authorityYear="2020" box="[405,524,943,969]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ornatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B67D2FC39FDD164AE" box="[405,524,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">C. ornatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2029766FFCFE55B6455FC39FD9364AF" box="[530,590,943,969]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
from the Eastern Pacific. The other group does not have these honeycomblike groups of macrotubercles and includes 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B64CBFC45FCD3648B" authority="Salazar-Silva &amp; López-Sánchez &amp; Salazar-Vallejo, 2020" authorityName="Salazar-Silva &amp; López-Sánchez &amp; Salazar-Vallejo" authorityYear="2020" box="[652,782,979,1005]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="harrisae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B64CBFC45FCD3648B" box="[652,782,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">C. harrisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2029766FFCFE55B6550FC45FC8A648B" box="[791,855,979,1005]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B6522FC45FB71648B" authority="(Treadwell, 1937)" authorityName="Salazar-Silva &amp; López-Sánchez &amp; Salazar-Vallejo" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Treadwell" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[869,1196,979,1005]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pilosus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6522FC45FC0A648B" box="[869,983,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">C. pilosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B65AFFC45FB7E648B" author="Treadwell, A. L." box="[1000,1187,979,1005]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="139 - 159" refId="ref16030" refString="Treadwell, A. L. (1937) The Templeton Crocker Expedition, 8. Polychaetous annelids from the West coast of Lower California, the Gulf of California and Clarion Island. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 22, 139 - 159, Pls 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1937">Treadwell, 1937</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2029766FFCFE55B62F2FC45FAC6648B" box="[1205,1307,979,1005]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, reinstated, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B6680FC61FDCF6377" authority="(Kinberg, 1856)" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[199,530,1014,1041]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pomareae">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6680FC61FE8A6376" box="[199,343,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">C. pomareae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B6721FC61FDD76377" author="Kinberg, J. G. H." box="[358,522,1014,1041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="381 - 388" refId="ref14336" refString="Kinberg, J. G. H. (1856) Nya slagten och arter af Annelider. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhhandlingar Stockholm, 12 (9 - 10), 381 - 388." type="journal article" year="1856">Kinberg, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the South Central Pacific. It is interesting that 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B6227FC61FAD56377" authorityName="Seidler" authorityYear="1922" box="[1120,1288,1015,1041]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" genus="Chaetacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6227FC61FAD56377" box="[1120,1288,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Chaetacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been recorded from the Western African or Indian Ocean localities, but their low abundance, combined with the fact that they are apparently cryptic, living inside rock crevices, might explain the lack of records.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFAF60FFFCFE55B6680FBF5FB686233" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
There are other 
<typeStatus id="54FE48ADFFCFE55B673BFBF5FE6A631B" box="[380,439,1123,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">types</typeStatus>
of branchiae among polynoids, especially in those living in hydrothermal vent environments. However, their branchiae are more complex and arise along elytrophoral margins; again, at least after their position, they are unlikely homologous with those present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B657AFB3DFC0463A3" authorityName="Willey" authorityYear="1902" box="[829,985,1195,1221]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lepidonotinae">lepidonotinae</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B65A5FB3DFB4163A3" author="Wehe, T." box="[994,1180,1195,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="23 - 197" refId="ref16179" refString="Wehe, T. (2006) Revision of the scale worms (Polychaeta: Aphroditoidea) occurring in the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula, 1. Polynoidae. Fauna of Arabia, 22, 23 - 197." type="journal article" year="2006">Wehe (2006: 47)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that they can be globular, plicate in 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B67C8FB59FCC4638F" authority="Pettibone, 1985 a" authorityName="Pettibone" authorityYear="1985" box="[399,793,1230,1257]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Branchiplicatinae">
Branchiplicatinae 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B641CFB59FCC4638F" author="Pettibone, M. H." box="[603,793,1230,1257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="150 - 157" refId="ref15230" refString="Pettibone, M. H. (1985 a) An additional new scale worm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the hydrothermal rift area off Western Mexico at 21 ° N. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 98, 150 - 157." type="journal article" year="1985">Pettibone, 1985a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, or arborescent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B65A1FB59FA41638F" authority="Pettibone, 1985 b" authorityName="Pettibone" authorityYear="1985" box="[998,1436,1230,1257]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Branchinotogluminae">
Branchinotogluminae 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B6298FB59FA41638F" author="Pettibone, M. H." box="[1247,1436,1230,1257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="447 - 469" refId="ref15277" refString="Pettibone, M. H. (1985 b) Additional branchiate scale-worms (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from Galapagos hydrothermal vent and rift-area off Western Mexico at 21 ° N. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 98, 447 - 469." type="journal article" year="1985">Pettibone, 1985b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B6680FB65FD8B626B" authority="Pettibone, 1984" authorityName="Pettibone" authorityYear="1984" box="[199,598,1267,1293]" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Branchipolynoinae">
Branchipolynoinae 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B67E4FB65FD8B626B" author="Pettibone, M. H." box="[419,598,1267,1293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="226 - 239" refId="ref15189" refString="Pettibone, M. H. (1984) A new scale-worm commensal with deep-sea mussels on the Galapagos hydrothermal vent (Polychaeta: Polynoidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97, 226 - 239." type="journal article" year="1984">Pettibone, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. It is interesting that despite the differences in branchiae, and on the extent of elytral cover along dorsum, the two former subfamilies have been merged with 
<taxonomicName id="4C458D8CFFCFE55B620EFA81FF126233" authority="Pettibone, 1983" authorityName="Pettibone" authorityYear="1983" class="Polychaeta" family="Polynoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lepidonotopodinae">
Lepidonotopodinae 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B636CFA81FF126233" author="Pettibone, M. H." pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref15145" refString="Pettibone, M. H. (1983) A new scale worm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the hydrothermal rift-area off Western Mexico at 21 ° N. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96, 392 - 399." type="journal article" year="1983">Pettibone, 1983</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
after molecular studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD48BFEFFCFE55B67A3FAADFD736233" author="Zhang, Y. &amp; Sun, J. &amp; Rouse, G. W. &amp; Wiklund, H. &amp; Pleijel, F. &amp; Watanabe, H. K. &amp; Chen, C &amp; Qian, P. - Y. &amp; Qiu, J. - W." box="[484,686,1339,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" pagination="220 - 231" refId="ref16282" refString="Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Rouse, G. W., Wiklund, H., Pleijel, F., Watanabe, H. K., Chen, C, Qian, P. - Y. &amp; Qiu, J. - W. (2018) Phylogeny, evolution and mitochondrial gene order rearrangement in scale worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 125, 220 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.04.002" type="journal article" year="2018">
Zhang 
<emphasis id="B9312A1DFFCFE55B6473FAADFDB86233" box="[564,613,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
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