232 lines
27 KiB
XML
232 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1FBF339D7577E6903AF509365637F46B">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 11. Heteropterinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5FE7BCE685ABFF2C71068FE7E4207CDF">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E7D0C800E3E2CB1D8D5ED1E7ABDD6DA9">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2D5BF1ECE18CC6B0A21082C8BDA81974">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="496E39FFC2767DA16C5CB58805CE8053">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="6140B34B4B1A04441C97FCD9FCF8FF31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5670004" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127628020" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5670004" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6140B34B4B1A04441C97FCD9FCF8FF31" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6140B34B4B1A04441C97FCD9FCF8FF31" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">
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<subSubSection id="A1F351D64B1A04421C97FCD9FAC3FC0C" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B1A04421C97FCD9FD72FCFE" blockId="11.[151,690,797,823]" box="[151,690,797,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">
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<heading id="B21EB5314B1A04421C97FCD9FD72FCFE" bold="true" box="[151,690,797,823]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1A04421C97FCD9FD72FCFE" ID-CoL="5JNQ2" authority="Evans, 1937" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,690,797,823]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="quadrisignatus" subSpecies="nanda">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1A04421C97FCD9FD72FCFE" bold="true" box="[151,690,797,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1A04421C97FCD9FDD6FCFE" bold="true" box="[151,534,797,823]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Metisella quadrisignatus nanda</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1A04421E1DFCD9FD72FCFE" author="Evans" box="[541,690,797,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp. [30 plates.]" type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B1A04421C97FCA1FAC3FC0C" blockId="11.[151,1437,868,1433]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">
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<materialsCitation id="598108004B1A04421C97FCA1FDCAFC68" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1426520788" country="Kenya" elevation="1980" location="Central" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central">
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1A04421C97FCA1FEEEFCB4" author="Evans" box="[151,302,869,893]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp. [30 plates.]" type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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described this subspecies from
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B1A04421E99FCA1FD22FCB4" box="[665,738,869,893]" name="Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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(Escarpment,
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<elevation id="62C4E56E4B1A04421F87FCA1FC16FCB4" box="[903,982,869,893]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="1980.0">1980m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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[
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<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1A04421FE4FCA0FB84FCB4" box="[996,1092,868,893]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" unit="ft" value="6500.0">
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<elevation id="62C4E56E4B1A04421FE4FCA0FB84FCB4" box="[996,1092,868,893]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" unit="ft" value="6500.0">6,500 ft</elevation>
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</quantity>
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.]) and its range is restricted to the
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<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1A04421CC3FC4CFED5FC68" box="[195,277,904,929]" country="Zambia" name="Central" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Central</collectingRegion>
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Highlands of
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B1A04421DBDFC4DFDCAFC68" box="[445,522,905,929]" name="Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="598108004B1A04421E16FC4CFAC3FC0C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1426520778" country="Malawi" location="Zomba" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zomba">
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The nominate subspecies,
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1A04421F46FC4CFB45FC68" authority="Butler, 1894" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1894" box="[838,1157,904,929]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrisignatus">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1A04421F46FC4CFC2EFC68" box="[838,1006,904,929]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">quadrisignatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1A04421FF8FC4CFB45FC68" author="Butler" box="[1016,1157,904,929]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" refString="Butler, A. G (1894) On two Collections of Lepidoptera sent by H. H. Johnston, Esq., C. B., from British Central Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893, 643 - 684. [plate LX.]" type="proceedings paper" year="1894">Butler, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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is smaller with reduced spotting, and was described from
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<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1A04421E11FC68FDA0FC0C" box="[529,608,940,965]" country="Malawi" name="Zomba" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Zomba</collectingRegion>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B1A04421E6FFC68FD08FC0C" box="[623,712,940,965]" name="Malawi" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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) and is also recorded from
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B1A04421FFAFC68FB9FFC0C" box="[1018,1119,940,965]" name="Tanzania" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1A0442186DFC69FB36FC0C" author="Evans" box="[1133,1270,941,965]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp. [30 plates.]" type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A1F351D64B1A04441CC7FC14FCF8FF31" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="500" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B1A04421CC7FC14FEBCFB08" blockId="11.[151,1437,868,1433]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">
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The four orange spots on the fore wing upper side make this species distinctive. Specimens with reduced spotting are not rare; MJWC has one with only the spot in space 7 remaining and a few orange scales at the other spot positions. The hindwing upper side orange markings are also variable in extent and although the submarginal band may be absent, the cell spot is usually present. Even specimens with reduced spotting are unlikely to be confused with
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1A04421D3FFBA5FD80FBB0" authority="Neave" authorityName="Neave" box="[319,576,1121,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trisignatus">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1A04421D3FFBA5FE1DFBB1" box="[319,477,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">M. trisignatus</emphasis>
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(Neave)
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</taxonomicName>
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as that species never has a trace of a cell spot on the fore wing upper side. There is little sexual dimorphism, except that the presence of an orange spot in space 1B F is perhaps more common in females.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B1A04421CC7FB08FA89FAC0" blockId="11.[151,1437,868,1433]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">
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<materialsCitation id="598108004B1A04421CC7FB08FA89FAC0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1426520775" collectorName="Van Someren" elevation="1980" location="Chyulu Hills" municipality="This" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central">
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<collectingMunicipality id="093298274B1A04421CC7FB08FF39FB2C" box="[199,249,1228,1253]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">This</collectingMunicipality>
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subspecies is quite common in forests of the
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<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1A04421EF0FB08FC82FB2C" box="[752,834,1228,1253]" country="Zambia" name="Central" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Central</collectingRegion>
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Highlands, particularly around Nairobi. It also occurs in the
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<location id="EC3654864B1A04421CDDFB34FEAFFAC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6140B34B4B1A04441C97FCD9FCF8FF31:EC3654864B1A04421CDDFB34FEAFFAC0" box="[221,367,1264,1289]" municipality="This" name="Chyulu Hills" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" stateProvince="Central">Chyulu Hills</location>
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, where it is common in the borders of forests to
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<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1A04421F8DFB35FC1CFAC0" box="[909,988,1265,1289]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="1980.0">
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<elevation id="62C4E56E4B1A04421F8DFB35FC1CFAC0" box="[909,988,1265,1289]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="1980.0">1980m</elevation>
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||
</quantity>
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||
(
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||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1A04421FE9FB34FB86FAC0" box="[1001,1094,1264,1289]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" unit="ft" value="6500.0">
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<elevation id="62C4E56E4B1A04421FE9FB34FB86FAC0" box="[1001,1094,1264,1289]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" unit="ft" value="6500.0">6,500 ft</elevation>
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</quantity>
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.) (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1A04421861FB35FAFCFAC0" author="Van" box="[1121,1340,1265,1289]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1939) Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the hills. April - July 1938. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 14, 130 - 151." type="journal article" year="1939">
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<collectorName id="441C678B4B1A04421861FB35FB3AFAC0" box="[1121,1274,1265,1289]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Van Someren</collectorName>
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1939
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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).
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||
</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1A04421CC7FAD0FDFFFA50" blockId="11.[151,1437,868,1433]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">
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||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1A04421CC7FAD0FE4DFAE4" bold="true" box="[199,397,1300,1325]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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. It flies low along tracks and margins of woods, sometimes extending to hedgerows with trees. As with others of the genus it rests with its wings open when sunbathing (Figure 12.1) and otherwise with its wings closed. It occasionally visits flowers, when it is an easy prey for crab spiders (Figure 12.2), perhaps because it is a relatively weak skipper species.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="BD9652D54B1A04421C97F861FAA0F810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265102/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" targetBox="[151,1436,1488,1932]" targetPageId="11">
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||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1A04421C97F861FAA0F810" blockId="11.[151,1435,1956,2009]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1A04421C97F861FEDAF873" bold="true" box="[151,282,1957,1979]" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">FIGURE 12</emphasis>
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. Adults of
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1A04421D8FF860FD14F873" box="[399,724,1956,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="quadrisignatus" subSpecies="nanda">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1A04421D8FF860FD14F873" box="[399,724,1956,1978]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Metisella quadrisignatus nanda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. 1, upper side in sunbathing position, Muguga, NW of Nairobi, 5 Jul 1988; 2, underside of specimen caught by white crab spider on
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1A04421F18F800FCB4F810" box="[792,884,1988,2009]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="498">Ƒernonia</emphasis>
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sp. flower, Ngong Forest, Nairobi, 16 Oct 1988.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1D04451CC7FF53FB9DFEAC" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451CC7FF53FE9DFF79" bold="true" box="[199,349,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Food plants.</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1D04451D67FF5CFDC7FF79" author="Larsen" box="[359,519,152,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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correctly anticipates that the food plants are ‘almost certainly various grasses’. Along forests tracks at Muguga, NW of Nairobi, MJWC believes the food plant is
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1D0445186CFF78FAA1FF1C" box="[1132,1377,188,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nlemfuensis">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D0445186CFF78FAA1FF1C" box="[1132,1377,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Cynodon nlemfuensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; this identification however was based on flowering specimen from Nairobi, since this grass was not found in flower at Muguga. MJWC has not found caterpillars easy to locate and has not found them in other forests around Nairobi where
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1D04451CE7FEEDFE7AFE89" box="[231,442,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrisignatus">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451CE7FEEDFE7AFE89" box="[231,442,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">M. quadrisignatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is common.
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1D04451E59FEEDFD34FE89" box="[601,756,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451E59FEEDFD34FE89" box="[601,756,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Zenonia zeno</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs on the same food plants in the same areas as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1D0445197DFEEDFEFFFEAC" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrisignatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D0445197DFEEDFEFFFEAC" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">M. quadrisignatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the early instars (green with a black head) were not distinguished.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1D04451CC7FEABFA88FE64" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="598108004B1D04451CC7FEABFA88FE64" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1426520782" location="A" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451CC7FEABFEA9FE41" bold="true" box="[199,361,367,392]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1D04451D72FEB4FE46FE41" box="[370,390,368,392]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
final instar caterpillar (88/107B) made a shelter from a leaf blade, pulling the edges of the central portion downwards and holding them with silk; feeding truncated the leaf blade distal to the shelter.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1D04451CC7FE73FADDFE3C" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451CC7FE73FE8BFE19" bold="true" box="[199,331,439,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
. Observations were made on the final and penultimate instars (88/107), but earlier instars were not reared through and would not have been distinguished from similar stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1D04451FF9FE19FB8AFE3D" box="[1017,1098,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451FF9FE19FB8AFE3D" box="[1017,1098,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Z. zeno</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1D044518C1FE18FAD9FE3C" box="[1217,1305,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1D04451CC7FE3BFE33FD4C" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">
|
||
The penultimate instar (Figure 13.1, 88/107D, E) grew to
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1D04451F5BFE3BFC67FDD1" box="[859,935,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" unit="mm" value="15.0">15mm</quantity>
|
||
; head 1.4 x
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1D04451832FDC4FB41FDD1" box="[1074,1153,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high; pale green, with narrow brown stripe along epicranial and adfrontal sutures, and broad brown stripe from apex to stemmata; pronotum narrow, dark; body yellowish green with pale subdorsal and dorsolateral lines; conspicuous black near rectangular mark on anal plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1D04451CC7FD4BFCFEFC94" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">
|
||
The final instar (Figure 13.2–3, 88/107B) grows to
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1D04451F1AFD54FCA5FD61" box="[794,869,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" unit="mm" value="23.0">23mm</quantity>
|
||
; head 1.8 x
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1D04451FF6FD54FB84FD61" box="[1014,1092,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high, matt green with brown stripe from apex, anterolaterally to stemmata, widest in middle; T1 concolorous with body; body smooth, but corrugated at intersegmental areas; pale whitish green; dorsal line defined by a pair of weak, diffuse, white subdorsal lines; strong, narrow, white dorsolateral line T1–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1D04451F3DFD38FC94FCDD" box="[829,852,764,788]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
9; trace of a diffuse line laterally; anal plate green. Individual 89/107E differed in that the broad stripe on the head was dark, almost black (cast head capsule in
|
||
<figureCitation id="71D21ED84B1D04451953FCDBFF75FC95" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="13.[151,250,892,914]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,867]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,303,867]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 14. Dorsolateral view of pupa of Metisella quadrisignatus nanda collected 31 Oct 1988 on Cynodon nlemfuensis, South Muguga Forest, NW of Nairobi; pupated 16 Nov; photographed 16 Nov 88; adult female 29 Nov; 18 mm; 88 / 107 E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265104/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the posterior margin of the head was narrowly dark.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BD9652D54B1D04451C97F939FED1F8A6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265103/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" targetBox="[151,1436,916,1766]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1D04451C97F939FED1F8A6" blockId="12.[151,1436,1789,1903]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451C97F939FEDAF8DB" bold="true" box="[151,282,1789,1811]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">FIGURE 13</emphasis>
|
||
. Caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1D04451DC3F939FCC9F8DA" box="[451,777,1789,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="quadrisignatus" subSpecies="nanda">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451DC3F939FCC9F8DA" box="[451,777,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Metisella quadrisignatus nanda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected 31 Oct 1988 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1D0445181CF939FB36F8DA" box="[1052,1270,1789,1811]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nlemfuensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D0445181CF939FB36F8DA" box="[1052,1270,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Cynodon nlemfuensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, South Muguga Forest, NW of Nairobi.
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451D86F8D8FE53F8F8" bold="true" box="[390,403,1820,1841]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">1</emphasis>
|
||
, penultimate instar, dorsal view; photographed 31 Oct; moulted to final instar 5 Nov; 15mm; 88/107E;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451C97F8FFFF64F899" bold="true" box="[151,164,1851,1872]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">2</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, dorsal view; photographed 1 Nov; pupated 9 Nov; 23mm; 88/107B;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451FEFF8FFFC3BF899" bold="true" box="[1007,1019,1851,1872]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">3</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, detail of head, anterodorsal view; as #2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1D04441CC7F858FCF8FF31" blockId="12.[151,1437,1948,2009]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="500" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1D04451CC7F858FECCF87C" bold="true" box="[199,268,1948,1973]" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71D21ED84B1D04451D94F858FDC6F87C" box="[404,518,1948,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="13.[151,250,892,914]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,867]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,303,867]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 14. Dorsolateral view of pupa of Metisella quadrisignatus nanda collected 31 Oct 1988 on Cynodon nlemfuensis, South Muguga Forest, NW of Nairobi; pupated 16 Nov; photographed 16 Nov 88; adult female 29 Nov; 18 mm; 88 / 107 E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265104/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) is typical of the genus and formed in the last leaf shelter. Individual 88/107E (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71D21ED84B1D04451C9EF804FED2F811" box="[158,274,1984,2009]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="13.[151,250,892,914]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,867]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,303,867]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 14. Dorsolateral view of pupa of Metisella quadrisignatus nanda collected 31 Oct 1988 on Cynodon nlemfuensis, South Muguga Forest, NW of Nairobi; pupated 16 Nov; photographed 16 Nov 88; adult female 29 Nov; 18 mm; 88 / 107 E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265104/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="499">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) measured
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1D04451D9DF804FE24F811" box="[413,484,1984,2008]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="499" unit="mm" value="18.0">18mm</quantity>
|
||
long, including 2.0mm frontal spike; dull light green, becoming paler with age; obscure faint, dark dorsal line from tip of frontal spike to cremaster; angles dorsolateral line from above eye; white subdorsal line from near front of T2 to about
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1C04441EA3FF78FD1BFF1D" box="[675,731,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="500" unit="mm" value="2.0">2mm</quantity>
|
||
short of cremaster; black dots on T2 and T3 adjacent to hind wing. The pupa takes 12–13 days to complete development.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |